Deworming Broiler BreedersDeworming Broiler Breeders

Mike Agar- Ba,Bsc-Ag.Mike Agar- Ba,Bsc-Ag.

Intervet Canada Ltd.Intervet Canada Ltd.

IntroductionIntroduction

Industry has made immense progress Industry has made immense progress in nutrition/housing/genetics...in nutrition/housing/genetics...

Long standing problem: i.e. Ascarids.Long standing problem: i.e. Ascarids. Parasite eggs are extremely resistant. Parasite eggs are extremely resistant.

- Require live steam to kill- Require live steam to kill

Breeders exposed to worm challenge.Breeders exposed to worm challenge.

Parasite ControlParasite Control

Seldom see clinical parasitic disease.Seldom see clinical parasitic disease. Sub-clinical diseaseSub-clinical disease

– major effect not from competition for major effect not from competition for nutrients but from:nutrients but from:

host tissue damagehost tissue damage alteration of physiological functionalteration of physiological function host reaction to the parasitehost reaction to the parasite

– slows down life cycleslows down life cycle– reduces egg sheddingreduces egg shedding

adverse immune reactionsadverse immune reactions suppression of the hosts immune responsesuppression of the hosts immune response

Immune SuppressionImmune Suppression

Increased susceptibility to other Increased susceptibility to other parasitesparasites

– increased susceptibility to bacterial and increased susceptibility to bacterial and viral diseasesviral diseases

– response to vaccinesresponse to vaccines

HairwormsHairworms((CapillariaCapillaria spp.) spp.)

Hairworms (Capillaria)Hairworms (Capillaria)

Worldwide distributionWorldwide distribution Intermediate host - none or Intermediate host - none or

earthwormearthworm Adult – thin Hair like Adult – thin Hair like

-intestine - 6- 25mm long -intestine - 6- 25mm long -crop & esophagus - 12-80mm -crop & esophagus - 12-80mm

Difficult to see on gross examination Difficult to see on gross examination - gut contents washed through fine mesh - gut contents washed through fine mesh sievesieve

Hairworms – Hairworms – Life cycle - directLife cycle - direct

Eggs passed in feces, become Eggs passed in feces, become infectiveinfective

Eggs ingested by birdsEggs ingested by birds Maturation in gut, no migrationMaturation in gut, no migration Prepatent period – 3 weeksPrepatent period – 3 weeks

Hairworms - Hairworms - Clinical SignsClinical Signs

Inflammation, thickening or Inflammation, thickening or hemorrhage of gut wallhemorrhage of gut wall

Clinical signs – emaciation, Clinical signs – emaciation, weakness, bloody diarrhea weakness, bloody diarrhea (Extreme)(Extreme)

Decreased egg production possible Decreased egg production possible

Hairworms - Hairworms - DiagnosisDiagnosis

Necropsy- dead bird or sacrificeNecropsy- dead bird or sacrifice

Fecal float – for presence of eggsFecal float – for presence of eggs

Cecal wormsCecal worms((Heterakis gallinarum)Heterakis gallinarum)

Cecal WormCecal Worm

Worldwide distributionWorldwide distributionAdults – 7 – 15mm longAdults – 7 – 15mm longEggs - ovoid, smooth shellEggs - ovoid, smooth shell Infest cecal pouchesInfest cecal pouches

Cecal worm - Cecal worm - life cyclelife cycle

Eggs passed in feces – become Eggs passed in feces – become infectiveinfective

Birds ingest eggs directlyBirds ingest eggs directlyLarvae hatch in the intestine Larvae hatch in the intestine

mature in Cecamature in CecaPrepatent period – 1 monthPrepatent period – 1 month

Cecal worm – Cecal worm – Pathogenesis/clinical signsPathogenesis/clinical signs

Thickening of cecal mucosa(lining)Thickening of cecal mucosa(lining)Hemorrhages – only in heavy Hemorrhages – only in heavy

infectionsinfectionsBlack head in turkeys as carrier of Black head in turkeys as carrier of

Histomonis meleagridis Histomonis meleagridis (protozoan)(protozoan)

Turkey

Round wormsRound worms((AscaridiaAscaridia spp.) spp.)

Roundworm – Roundworm – AscaridiaAscaridia spp.spp.

Worldwide distributionWorldwide distributionAdults – 16 – 120mm longAdults – 16 – 120mm longEggs - oval, smooth shellEggs - oval, smooth shell Infest Lumen and walls of the Infest Lumen and walls of the

intestine.intestine.

Large Roundworms

Roundworm - Roundworm - life cyclelife cycle

Adults live in the intestine for Adults live in the intestine for approximately 6 monthsapproximately 6 months

Eggs can survive in contaminated Eggs can survive in contaminated environments for 2 - 7 yearsenvironments for 2 - 7 years

Eggs are resistant to disinfectants, Eggs are resistant to disinfectants, they are killed by steam they are killed by steam

Roundworm - Roundworm - life cyclelife cycle

Eggs passed in fecesEggs passed in feces Develop into infective eggs – 10 daysDevelop into infective eggs – 10 days Infective eggs ingested by bird Infective eggs ingested by bird

- contaminated food, water, litter - contaminated food, water, litter Larvae hatch to gut lumen and migrate to Larvae hatch to gut lumen and migrate to

mucosa(Lining)mucosa(Lining) Mature to adult stage Mature to adult stage Prepatent period 5- 8 weeks Prepatent period 5- 8 weeks

Life Cycle-roundwormLife Cycle-roundworm

Female >1000 fertile Female >1000 fertile eggs/day/small intestine.eggs/day/small intestine.

Eggs passed in the litter in Eggs passed in the litter in droppingsdroppings

Optimal conditions eggs become in Optimal conditions eggs become in infective . 12 days summer:20days infective . 12 days summer:20days winter.winter.

Life cycle of roundworm Life cycle of roundworm cont’dcont’d

Pyramid population : Visual10 % in Pyramid population : Visual10 % in intestine:30 % L4,60 %in L3intestine:30 % L4,60 %in L3

Roundworm – Roundworm – Pathogenesis/Pathogenesis/Clinical signsClinical signs

Most serious in birds 1 – 3 months but Most serious in birds 1 – 3 months but throughout production as wellthroughout production as well

Mucosa damage from migrating Larvae – Mucosa damage from migrating Larvae – Hemorrhage & enteritisHemorrhage & enteritis

Clinical – diarrhea, unthriftiness, emaciation, Clinical – diarrhea, unthriftiness, emaciation, weakness, decreased egg productionweakness, decreased egg production

Adult worms may migrate up oviduct and be Adult worms may migrate up oviduct and be present in egg present in egg

Roundworm - diagnosisRoundworm - diagnosis

Adult Worms at necropsy, post Adult Worms at necropsy, post PiperazinePiperazine

Eggs in feces – fecal floatationEggs in feces – fecal floatation

Roundworm - Roundworm - economic economic losseslosses

ProductionProduction– competition for nutrientscompetition for nutrients

reduced growth rate and feed conversion reduced growth rate and feed conversion add 5% to 13% to the cost of productionadd 5% to 13% to the cost of production

Egg numbersEgg numbers

Hygromix –B Hygromix –B (Hygormycin)(Hygormycin)

No longer available in CanadaNo longer available in Canada Continuous feeding for 8 weeksContinuous feeding for 8 weeks Adults only – Roundworms, Adults only – Roundworms,

HairwormsHairworms Fairly narrow safety marginFairly narrow safety margin Cautions in handling in feed millCautions in handling in feed mill

Piprazine dewormerPiprazine dewormer Piprazine:Approved dewormer.Piprazine:Approved dewormer. Piprazine targets adult Roundworm only !Piprazine targets adult Roundworm only ! Piprazine stuns adult worms.expelled live.Piprazine stuns adult worms.expelled live. Piprazine must be consumed in 5-6 hours.Piprazine must be consumed in 5-6 hours. Mistakes;administration over 24 hours or Mistakes;administration over 24 hours or

same dosage for different weights.same dosage for different weights. Can be administered via water or feed.Can be administered via water or feed. Not effective against other wormsNot effective against other worms

Safe-Guard Safe-Guard (Fenbendazole)(Fenbendazole)

Multi-species dewormer:Multi-species dewormer:– EquineEquine– BovineBovine– PorcinePorcine– CanineCanine

– Avian – exceptions Avian – exceptions ((Canada requires Vet. Canada requires Vet. ScriptScript))

First registered in 1971, registered in First registered in 1971, registered in Canada in 1989Canada in 1989

Safe at 200X therapeutic doseSafe at 200X therapeutic dose

Safe-GuardSafe-GuardOnly Class II dewormer in the MIBOnly Class II dewormer in the MIB

– AscaridsAscarids – LL22 stage stage

– LL33 stagestage

– LL44 stagestage

– LateLate L L44 stage and stage and earlyearly and and mature adultmature adult

Safe-GuardSafe-GuardAlso Effective against – Also Effective against – Hairworms (Capillaria) – 60ppmHairworms (Capillaria) – 60ppm

Caecal Worms (Heterakis)Caecal Worms (Heterakis)

Safe-GuardSafe-Guard

Ovacidal and larvacidal activity Ovacidal and larvacidal activity has been shown against relevant has been shown against relevant parasite speciesparasite species

– egg shedding stops shortly after treatmentegg shedding stops shortly after treatment– larvae are non-viable shortly after deworminglarvae are non-viable shortly after deworming

Safe-GuardSafe-Guard Treatment choices Treatment choices

– can be fed over a 3 to 12 day periodcan be fed over a 3 to 12 day period Formulations Formulations (fenbendazole is tasteless)(fenbendazole is tasteless)

– palatable and readily consumed:palatable and readily consumed: 20% fenbendazole pre-mix20% fenbendazole pre-mix

No fasting/water starvation prior to No fasting/water starvation prior to treatmenttreatment

Zero withdrawal in other species Zero withdrawal in other species ((UponUpon Vet Script -Vet Script - cgFARAD – 24 days cgFARAD – 24 days recognized by CFIArecognized by CFIA))

Safe-Guard Safe-Guard

Benefits and AdvantagesBenefits and Advantages– complete worm control vs. other complete worm control vs. other

dewormersdewormers controls all economically significant controls all economically significant

wormsworms controls the L3 stage of the ascarid controls the L3 stage of the ascarid

worm; gut mucosa will not be damaged worm; gut mucosa will not be damaged shuts down egg shedding within 36 hrsshuts down egg shedding within 36 hrs

Safe-Guard Safe-Guard

Benefits and AdvantagesBenefits and Advantages– Withdrawal not concern on shipping Withdrawal not concern on shipping

(timing)(timing)– no residue in the manureno residue in the manure– non-toxicnon-toxic

Safe-GuardSafe-Guard

Benefits and AdvantagesBenefits and Advantages– deworm in the feed with non-handling deworm in the feed with non-handling

forms forms

Safe-Guard dewormer.Safe-Guard dewormer.

Broad spectrum. All stages.Broad spectrum. All stages. Non toxic.Non toxic. 30ppm concentration for 5 30ppm concentration for 5

feedings.feedings. Cleared for other species.Cleared for other species. Vet script required.Vet script required.

The 5-Step Approach to Internal The 5-Step Approach to Internal Parasite ControlParasite Control

Step 1Step 1- Diagnosis and - Diagnosis and assessmentassessment

Step 2Step 2- Design a control program - Design a control program - - including treatment, sanitation, litter including treatment, sanitation, litter managementmanagement

Step 3Step 3- Treatment- Treatment Step 4Step 4- Monitor/Follow-up- Monitor/Follow-up Step 5Step 5- Adjusting programs - Adjusting programs

Parasite - Parasite - Diagnosis/MonitoringDiagnosis/Monitoring

Fecal samplesFecal samples– composite of stool samples 2 x per composite of stool samples 2 x per

year i.e. pullets, post peakyear i.e. pullets, post peak

THE END, finally!THE END, finally!