And the problems of And the problems of tolerancetoleranceCymru am byth (Welsh)

"Wales Forever"

Map of WalesMap of Wales

GeographyGeography Wales is located on a Wales is located on a peninsulapeninsula in central-west in central-west GreatGreat BritainBritain. Its area, . Its area, thethe

sizesize ofof Wales Wales, is about 20,779 km² (8,023 square miles - about the same , is about 20,779 km² (8,023 square miles - about the same size as size as MassachusettsMassachusetts, , SloveniaSlovenia or or ElEl SalvadorSalvador and about a quarter of the and about a quarter of the size of size of ScotlandScotland). It is about 274 km (170 miles) ). It is about 274 km (170 miles) northnorth--southsouth and 97 km and 97 km (60 miles) (60 miles) easteast--westwest. Wales is bordered by England to the east and by sea . Wales is bordered by England to the east and by sea in the other three directions: the in the other three directions: the MôrMôr HafrenHafren (Bristol Channel) to the south, (Bristol Channel) to the south, StSt. . George'sGeorge's ChannelChannel to the west, and the to the west, and the IrishIrish SeaSea to the north. Altogether, to the north. Altogether, Wales has over 1,200 km (750 miles) of coastline. There are several Wales has over 1,200 km (750 miles) of coastline. There are several islandsislands off the Welsh mainland, the largest being off the Welsh mainland, the largest being YnysYnys MônMôn (Anglesey) in (Anglesey) in the northwest.the northwest.

The main population and industrial areas are in The main population and industrial areas are in SouthSouth Wales Wales, consisting of , consisting of the cities of the cities of CardiffCardiff ( (CaerdyddCaerdydd), ), SwanseaSwansea ( (AbertaweAbertawe) and ) and NewportNewport ((CasnewyddCasnewydd) and surrounding areas, with another significant population in ) and surrounding areas, with another significant population in the north-east around the north-east around WrexhamWrexham ( (WrecsamWrecsam).).

DemographyDemography The population of Wales in the 2001 The population of Wales in the 2001 censuscensus was 2,903,085, which has risen to 2,958,876 according to was 2,903,085, which has risen to 2,958,876 according to

2005 estimates. This would make Wales the 132nd largest 2005 estimates. This would make Wales the 132nd largest countrycountry byby populationpopulation if it were a sovereign if it were a sovereign state.state.

According to the 2001 census, 96% of the population was According to the 2001 census, 96% of the population was WhiteWhite BritishBritish, and 2.1% non-white (mainly of , and 2.1% non-white (mainly of AsianAsian origin). origin). [4][4] Most non-white groups were concentrated in the southern cities of Most non-white groups were concentrated in the southern cities of CardiffCardiff, , NewportNewport and and SwanseaSwansea. Welsh Asian communities developed mainly through immigration since . Welsh Asian communities developed mainly through immigration since WorldWorld WarWar II II. More . More recently, parts of Wales have seen an increased number of immigrants settle from recent recently, parts of Wales have seen an increased number of immigrants settle from recent EU EU accessionaccession countriescountries such as such as PolandPoland - although some Poles also settled in Wales in the immediate aftermath of - although some Poles also settled in Wales in the immediate aftermath of WorldWorld WarWar II II..

RoaldRoald DahlDahl PlassPlass, , CardiffCardiff In the 2001 Labour Force Survey, 72% of adults in Wales considered their national identity as wholly In the 2001 Labour Force Survey, 72% of adults in Wales considered their national identity as wholly

Welsh and another 7% considered themselves to be partly Welsh (Welsh and British were the most Welsh and another 7% considered themselves to be partly Welsh (Welsh and British were the most common combination). A recent study estimated that 35% of the Welsh population have surnames of common combination). A recent study estimated that 35% of the Welsh population have surnames of Welsh origin (5.4% of the English population and 1.6% of the Scottish also bore 'Welsh' names). Welsh origin (5.4% of the English population and 1.6% of the Scottish also bore 'Welsh' names). [5][5] However, some names identified as English (such as 'Greenaway') may be corruptions of Welsh However, some names identified as English (such as 'Greenaway') may be corruptions of Welsh ('Goronwy'). Other names common in Wales, such as 'Richards', may have originated simultaneously in ('Goronwy'). Other names common in Wales, such as 'Richards', may have originated simultaneously in other parts of Britain.other parts of Britain.

In 2001 a quarter of the Welsh population were born outside Wales, mainly in England; about 3% were In 2001 a quarter of the Welsh population were born outside Wales, mainly in England; about 3% were born outside the UK. The proportion of people who were born in Wales differs across the country, with the born outside the UK. The proportion of people who were born in Wales differs across the country, with the highest percentages in the highest percentages in the SouthSouth Wales Wales ValleysValleys, and the lowest in , and the lowest in MidMid Wales Wales and parts of the north-east. In and parts of the north-east. In both Blaenau Gwent and Merthyr Tydfil 92% were Welsh-born, compared to only 51% in Flintshire and both Blaenau Gwent and Merthyr Tydfil 92% were Welsh-born, compared to only 51% in Flintshire and 56% in Powys. [6] One of the reasons for this is that the locations of the most convenient hospitals in 56% in Powys. [6] One of the reasons for this is that the locations of the most convenient hospitals in which to give birth are over the border in Englandwhich to give birth are over the border in England

HistoryHistory Offa's Dyke largely remained the frontier between the Welsh and English, Offa's Dyke largely remained the frontier between the Welsh and English,

though the Welsh would recover by the 12th century the area between the though the Welsh would recover by the 12th century the area between the DeeDee and the Conwy known then as the and the Conwy known then as the PerfeddwladPerfeddwlad. By the 8th century the . By the 8th century the eastern borders with the eastern borders with the Anglo-SaxonsAnglo-Saxons had broadly been set. had broadly been set.

Following the successful examples of Following the successful examples of CornwallCornwall in 722 and in 722 and BrittanyBrittany in 865, in 865, the Britons of Wales made their peace with the the Britons of Wales made their peace with the VikingsVikings and asked the and asked the Norsemen to help the Britons fight the Norsemen to help the Britons fight the Anglo-SaxonsAnglo-Saxons of of MerciaMercia to prevent to prevent an Anglo-Saxon conquest of Wales. In 878 AD the Britons of Wales an Anglo-Saxon conquest of Wales. In 878 AD the Britons of Wales unified with the Vikings of Denmark to destroy an Anglo-Saxon army of unified with the Vikings of Denmark to destroy an Anglo-Saxon army of Mercians. Like Cornwall in 722, this decisive defeating of the Saxons gave Mercians. Like Cornwall in 722, this decisive defeating of the Saxons gave Wales some decades of peace from Anglo-Saxon attack. In 1063, the Wales some decades of peace from Anglo-Saxon attack. In 1063, the Welsh prince Welsh prince GruffyddGruffydd apap LlywelynLlywelyn made an alliance with Norwegian made an alliance with Norwegian Vikings against Mercia which, as in 878 AD was successful, and the Vikings against Mercia which, as in 878 AD was successful, and the Saxons of Mercia defeated. As with Cornwall and Saxons of Mercia defeated. As with Cornwall and BrittanyBrittany, Viking , Viking aggression towards the Saxons/Franks ended any chance of the Anglo-aggression towards the Saxons/Franks ended any chance of the Anglo-Saxons/Franks conquering their Saxons/Franks conquering their CelticCeltic neighbours. neighbours.

Map of Welsh-speakersMap of Welsh-speakers

LanguagesLanguages The official languages in Wales are The official languages in Wales are WelshWelsh and and EnglishEnglish. English is spoken by almost all people in Wales . English is spoken by almost all people in Wales

and is the and is the de factode facto main language (see main language (see WelshWelsh EnglishEnglish). However, northern and western Wales retain many ). However, northern and western Wales retain many areas where Welsh is spoken as a first language by the majority of the population, and English is learnt as a areas where Welsh is spoken as a first language by the majority of the population, and English is learnt as a second language. Wales is officially second language. Wales is officially bilingualbilingual, with 21.7% of the population able to speak or read Welsh to , with 21.7% of the population able to speak or read Welsh to some degree (based on the 2001 census questionnaire) although only 16% claim to be able to read, write some degree (based on the 2001 census questionnaire) although only 16% claim to be able to read, write and speak Welsh and a larger proportion having some knowledge of the Welsh language according to a and speak Welsh and a larger proportion having some knowledge of the Welsh language according to a 2004 language survey. Today there are very few truly monoglot Welsh speakers, other than small children, 2004 language survey. Today there are very few truly monoglot Welsh speakers, other than small children, but individuals still exist who may be considered less than fluent in English and rarely speak it. There were but individuals still exist who may be considered less than fluent in English and rarely speak it. There were still many monoglots as recently as the middle of the 20th century.still many monoglots as recently as the middle of the 20th century. [9][9] The The WelshWelsh LanguageLanguage ActAct 1993 1993 and and the the GovernmentGovernment ofof Wales Wales ActAct 1998 1998 provide that the Welsh and English languages should be treated on a provide that the Welsh and English languages should be treated on a basis of equality. Public bodies are required to prepare and implement a Welsh Language Scheme. Thus basis of equality. Public bodies are required to prepare and implement a Welsh Language Scheme. Thus the Welsh Assembly, local councils, police forces, fire services and the health sector use Welsh as an the Welsh Assembly, local councils, police forces, fire services and the health sector use Welsh as an official language, issuing official literature and publicity in Welsh versions (e.g. letters to parents from official language, issuing official literature and publicity in Welsh versions (e.g. letters to parents from schools, library information, and council information). All road signs in Wales should be in English and schools, library information, and council information). All road signs in Wales should be in English and Welsh, including both versions of place names in Wales where names or versions exist in both languages Welsh, including both versions of place names in Wales where names or versions exist in both languages e.g. "Cardiff" and "Caerdydd".e.g. "Cardiff" and "Caerdydd".

During the 20th century a number of small communities of speakers of languages other than English or During the 20th century a number of small communities of speakers of languages other than English or Welsh, such as Welsh, such as BengaliBengali or or CantoneseCantonese, have established themselves in Wales as a result of immigration. , have established themselves in Wales as a result of immigration. This phenomenon is almost exclusive to urban Wales. The Italian Government funds the teaching of This phenomenon is almost exclusive to urban Wales. The Italian Government funds the teaching of ItalianItalian to Welsh residents of Italian ancestry. These other languages however have no official status, although to Welsh residents of Italian ancestry. These other languages however have no official status, although public services may produce information leaflets in minority ethnic languages where there is a specific public services may produce information leaflets in minority ethnic languages where there is a specific need, as happens elsewhere in the United Kingdom.need, as happens elsewhere in the United Kingdom.

Not only is Welsh and English spoken in Not only is Welsh and English spoken in NorthNorth Wales Wales but also a primarily Welsh language that is mixed but also a primarily Welsh language that is mixed with English called "Cofi". This language is primarily used in with English called "Cofi". This language is primarily used in CaernarfonCaernarfon in the county of in the county of GwyneddGwynedd in in North Wales. Caernarfon has the highest percentage of Welsh users in the entire country and is famous for North Wales. Caernarfon has the highest percentage of Welsh users in the entire country and is famous for its its castlecastle which is a world heritage site. which is a world heritage site.

The Brecon BeaconsThe Brecon Beacons

Welsh national clothingWelsh national clothing

A church in ChesterA church in Chester

A street of the town))A street of the town))

Проект подготовили ученики 5 и 7 класса:

Ф.Челемер, Д.Локшин, А.Лещенко, П.Выборнов, В.Антошвили, М.Гуторина при содействии И.Кана и под руководством Александровой Т.П., Свешниковой Е.Л. и Мухиной Е.Л.