and ipm for weeds florida’s...

16
Invasion pathways and IPM for selected Florida weeds Lyn Gettys, PhD – University of Florida FLREC [email protected] Florida’s environment How invaders get here… And how they spread Keep ‘em out! IPM Maintenance management What to do??? All the tools in the toolbox Cultural Mechanical Biological Chemical Integrated Pest Management

Upload: others

Post on 09-Jul-2020

2 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: and IPM for weeds Florida’s environmentsfyl.ifas.ufl.edu/media/sfylifasufledu/lake/docs/...Invasion pathways and IPM for selected Florida weeds Lyn Gettys, PhD –University of Florida

Invasion pathways and IPM for selected Florida weeds

Lyn Gettys, PhD – University of Florida [email protected]

Florida’s environment

How invaders get here… And how they spread

Keep ‘em out!

IPM

Maintenance management

What to do???All the tools in the toolbox

CulturalMechanicalBiologicalChemical

Integrated Pest Management

Page 2: and IPM for weeds Florida’s environmentsfyl.ifas.ufl.edu/media/sfylifasufledu/lake/docs/...Invasion pathways and IPM for selected Florida weeds Lyn Gettys, PhD –University of Florida

Growing requirements/cultural conditions

Cultural control Cultural control: mulches

Cultural control: barriers Cultural control: drawdown

Cultural control: otherDisrupt, damage or remove

Mechanical control

Page 3: and IPM for weeds Florida’s environmentsfyl.ifas.ufl.edu/media/sfylifasufledu/lake/docs/...Invasion pathways and IPM for selected Florida weeds Lyn Gettys, PhD –University of Florida

Mechanical control: digging Mechanical control: cutting

Mechanical control: cultivating/chopping Mechanical control: burning

Mechanical control: harvestingNatural enemies

Biological control

Page 4: and IPM for weeds Florida’s environmentsfyl.ifas.ufl.edu/media/sfylifasufledu/lake/docs/...Invasion pathways and IPM for selected Florida weeds Lyn Gettys, PhD –University of Florida

Host‐specificSelf‐sustaining

Biological control requirementsHerbicides

Crops: 200+ROW/NA: not as manyAquatic: 17 a.i.

Act on plant processesAuxins/hormonesPhotosynthesisAA/protein productionCell integrity

Chemical control

Auxins = plant hormones (systemic)Synthetics mimic naturally occurring auxinsAbnormal growthTwisting, curling

2,4‐D, triclopyr, florpyrauxifen‐benzyl

Synthetic auxins (3)Photosynthesis – food production

Complex process: CO2 + H2O + sun  sugarsDirect interference – fast

Diquat, copper

Photosynthesis inhibitors (2)

Enzymes regulate plant processesLow toxicity to critters

ALS:Imazamox, imazapyr, penoxsulam, bispyribac

EPSPS: glyphosatePPO (protox): carfentrazone, flumiHPPD: topramezonePDS: fluridoneACCase: sethoxydim

Enzyme inhibitors (6 enzymes, 10 total)Cell membranes regulate movement in cellsLeaky – improper cell functionFast‐acting

Endothall (AA salt – toxic to fish, K salt – submersed weeds)Hydrogen peroxide

Membrane disruptors (2)

Page 5: and IPM for weeds Florida’s environmentsfyl.ifas.ufl.edu/media/sfylifasufledu/lake/docs/...Invasion pathways and IPM for selected Florida weeds Lyn Gettys, PhD –University of Florida

CulturalMechanicalBiologicalChemical

IPM toolbox Some of Florida’s aquatic weeds

1880s

WaterhyacinthEichhornia crassipes (Pontederiaceae)Brazil, S. AmericaFlorida Prohibited Aquatic Plant

Plant height to 3’Leaves 5”, round

Leathery/rubberySpongy petioles; basal

Roots dark, featheryShowy purple flowers

Waterhyacinth

WaterhyacinthCultural: not really

Barriers – not for floating plantsDrawdowns – triggers seed germinationHand‐pull – small populations

Mechanical: sometimesHarvesting – limited, indiscriminate, disposal

Waterhyacinth

Page 6: and IPM for weeds Florida’s environmentsfyl.ifas.ufl.edu/media/sfylifasufledu/lake/docs/...Invasion pathways and IPM for selected Florida weeds Lyn Gettys, PhD –University of Florida

Chemical: yes!2,4‐D, triclopyr, diquat, glyphosateALS (imazamox, imazapyr, penoxsulam)

Biological: yes!Weevils

Neochetina bruchi (1974)Neochetina eichhorniae (1972)Widely distributed; substantial damage

Moths, mites (negligible effects)Plant hopper

Megamelus scutellaris (S. America, 2010)

Waterhyacinth

+

4 qpa +4 qpa ‐

Waterhyacinth IPM

Alligatorweed1800s Alternanthera philoxeroides (Amaranthaceae): exotic

S. AmericaFL Prohibited Aquatic Plant

Plant height to 1’Leaves simple, to 4”

Elliptic to lanceolateSmooth marginsOpposite

Hollow stemsWhite flower on peduncle

Alligatorweed

AlligatorweedCultural: not really

Barriers – too big, indiscriminateDrawdowns – “all‐terrain”Hand‐pull – fragile, roots, sections, fragments

Mechanical: not reallyCutting – fragmentsBurning – not in aquatics

Alligatorweed

Page 7: and IPM for weeds Florida’s environmentsfyl.ifas.ufl.edu/media/sfylifasufledu/lake/docs/...Invasion pathways and IPM for selected Florida weeds Lyn Gettys, PhD –University of Florida

Chemical: yes!Imazapyr (2003), imazamox (2008)Glyphosate (1977), triclopyr (2002)

Biological: yes!Beetle, stem borer (moth)Thrips (not very effective; terrestrial)

AlligatorweedAlligatorweed flea beetle

Agasicles hygrophilaArgentina (1964)South: near‐completeNorth: negligible

Alligatorweed stem borerArcola (=Vogtia) malloiArgentina (1971)Upper Mississippi Valley

Alligatorweed

Alligatorweed1950s

Hydrilla

Hydrilla verticillata (Hydrocharitaceae)Multiple origins – Korea, India* (FL: dioecious ♀)Federal Noxious Weed

Plant height to 25’Leaves strap‐shaped, 0.5”

Coarse serrationsVerticillate (4 to 8)

Rooted; tubers, turionsWhite flower to 0.25”; long peduncle

Hydrilla Hydrilla

Page 8: and IPM for weeds Florida’s environmentsfyl.ifas.ufl.edu/media/sfylifasufledu/lake/docs/...Invasion pathways and IPM for selected Florida weeds Lyn Gettys, PhD –University of Florida

Cultural: sometimesBarriers – huge areas, indiscriminate, tubers, turionsDrawdowns – ok but indiscriminateHand‐pull – fragile, roots, sections, fragments

Mechanical: sometimesCutting – fragmentsHarvesting – limited, indiscriminate, by‐catch, disposal

HydrillaChemical: yes!

Fluridone*** (1986)Endothall (1960), diquat (1962)ALS (imazamox, penoxsulam, bispyribac – 2000s)

Biological: yes!Weevils, midge, flies, mothGrass carp

Hydrilla

Two weevilsBagous affinis – India (1987)B. hydrillae – Australia (1991)Not established

Hydrilla tip mining midgeCricotopus lebetisUnknown – adventiveNegligible but damages growing tips

HydrillaTwo flies

Hydrellia balciunasi – Australia (1989)Hydrellia pakistanae – India (1987)Negligible; H. pakistanae widely distributed on DH

Parapoynx mothParapoynx diminutalisAsia – adventiveNegligible but occasional heavy damageIndiscriminate

Hydrilla

Grass carp: Ctenopharyngodon idella – China (1963)Substantial; indiscriminateTriploid only; requires permit

HydrillaRAMP (Risk Avoidance & Mitigation Project)

UF/IFAS Research and Extension, USACE, FAMU, USDA

Integrated strategyHerbicide: Imazamox  branching  tipsInsect: Cricotopus lebetismidge  damages tipsFungus: Mycoleptodiscus terrestris attacks damaged tips

Hydrilla IPM

Page 9: and IPM for weeds Florida’s environmentsfyl.ifas.ufl.edu/media/sfylifasufledu/lake/docs/...Invasion pathways and IPM for selected Florida weeds Lyn Gettys, PhD –University of Florida

1990s

Crested floatingheartNymphoides cristata (Menyanthaceae)AsiaFlorida Noxious Weed

Leaves 6”, cordateDark red markingsSmooth

Ridged white flowers~5 petals

Spikey ramet

Crested floatingheart

Crested floatingheart Crested floatingheart

1990s

Yellow floatingheartNymphoides peltata (Menyanthaceae)AsiaFlorida Noxious Weed

Leaves 4”, round to cordate~ purple lower~ scalloped marginFlat papery yellow flowers

5 petalsSmall/no rametsCopious seed production

Yellow floatingheart

Page 10: and IPM for weeds Florida’s environmentsfyl.ifas.ufl.edu/media/sfylifasufledu/lake/docs/...Invasion pathways and IPM for selected Florida weeds Lyn Gettys, PhD –University of Florida

Yellow floatingheart Yellow floatingheart

1990s

RotalaRotala rotundifolia (Lythraceae)AsiaFLEPPC Category 2

Plant height to 8”/16’Leaves simple, smooth margins, opposite or whorled

Emergent round, to 0.5”Submersed elliptic, to 1”

Bright red to green stemsSpike of bright pink flowers

Rotala

Rotala Rotala

Page 11: and IPM for weeds Florida’s environmentsfyl.ifas.ufl.edu/media/sfylifasufledu/lake/docs/...Invasion pathways and IPM for selected Florida weeds Lyn Gettys, PhD –University of Florida

Some of Florida’s upland weeds1700s

Chinese tallow

Triadica (Sapium) sebifera (Euphorbiaceae)E. Asia (Taiwan, Japan, China)FL Noxious Weed

Plant height to 30’Leaves simple, 2 x 3”

Rhomboid/ovateAlternateYellow spikeBrown capsule with white fruit

Chinese tallow Chinese tallow

Chinese tallowCultural and mechanicalNo biocontrolHerbicides

1850s

Brazilian pepper

Page 12: and IPM for weeds Florida’s environmentsfyl.ifas.ufl.edu/media/sfylifasufledu/lake/docs/...Invasion pathways and IPM for selected Florida weeds Lyn Gettys, PhD –University of Florida

Schinus terebinthifolius (Anacardiaceae)Argentina, Paraguay, BrazilFL Noxious Weed

Plant height to 30’Leaves compound

3‐13 oblong leaflets 2”~ Serrate; red midrib

AlternateWhite flowers, red berries

Brazilian pepper Brazilian pepper

Cultural: fire kills seeds…Mechanical: digging  resprout

HerbicidesCut stump – glyphosate or triclopyrBasal bark in fall – triclopyr + penetrating oil

Biocontrol: thrips (Pseudophilothrips ichini)

Brazilian pepper1800s

Melaleuca

Melaleuca quinquenerviaAustraliaFlorida Noxious Weed

Wet feet, high and dryLeaves simple, ellipticSmooth marginsAlternate arrangementTree with papery barkWhite bottlebrush flowers

Melaleuca Melaleuca

Page 13: and IPM for weeds Florida’s environmentsfyl.ifas.ufl.edu/media/sfylifasufledu/lake/docs/...Invasion pathways and IPM for selected Florida weeds Lyn Gettys, PhD –University of Florida

Cultural: sometimesMulches – no effect on mature treesDrawdowns – “all‐terrain”Hand‐pull – may not be practical or accessible

Mechanical: sometimesCutting – hard to get to, dense thicketsBurning bad – volatile oils; burn hot to the canopy, trees survive, throw seeds, smoke allergenic

MelaleucaChemical: yes!

Imazapyr, glyphosate, triclopyrCut stump, hack/squirt, fringe/girdle

Biological: yes!WeevilPsyllidFlies (not very effective or not established)

Melaleuca

Melaleuca weevilOxyops vitiosa (Australia, 1997)Substantial damage – new leavesCan’t establish in permanently flooded sites 

Melaleuca psyllidBoreioglycaspis melaleucae (Australia, 2002)Substantial damage

Melaleuca Melaleuca

1905

Air potatoDioscorea bulbifera (Asia)FL Noxious Weed

Herbaceous vine to 70’Leaves simple, cordateSmooth marginsAll veins arise from leaf baseAlternate arrangementAerial bulbils

Air potato

Page 14: and IPM for weeds Florida’s environmentsfyl.ifas.ufl.edu/media/sfylifasufledu/lake/docs/...Invasion pathways and IPM for selected Florida weeds Lyn Gettys, PhD –University of Florida

Air potatoCultural: sometimes

Mulches – no effectCollect bulbils – so many… some buriedHand‐pull – may not be practical or accessible

Mechanical: sometimesCutting/mowing (8”/day; also may spread)Burning damages native “scaffolding”

Air potato

Chemical: yes!Glyphosate, triclopyrOff‐target damage

Biological: yes!Leaf beetle: Lilioceris cheni (Asia, 2011)Substantial damageRarely feed on bulbils

Air potato Air potato

1920s

Downy rosemyrtleRhodomyrtus tomentosa (Myrtaceae)Asia, India, PhilippinesFL Noxious WeedPlant height to 10’Leaves simple, 3”

Elliptic, smooth marginsMarginal vein

OppositeShowy pink/fuchsia flowersDark purple fruit

Downy rosemyrtle

Page 15: and IPM for weeds Florida’s environmentsfyl.ifas.ufl.edu/media/sfylifasufledu/lake/docs/...Invasion pathways and IPM for selected Florida weeds Lyn Gettys, PhD –University of Florida

Downy rosemyrtleCultural and mechanical

Pull ‘em out, dig ‘em up, cut ‘em downCollect fruitNo biocontrolHerbicides (foliar)

Downy rosemyrtle

1930s (J), 1950s (OW)

Climbing fernsLygodium japonicum, L. microphyllum (Lygodiaceae)

– Japanese: E Asia, E Indies, Australia 1930s– Old World: Africa, Asia, Australia 1950s

Both: FL Noxious Weeds; OWCF: FederalPlant height to 100’Stems undergroundFronds compound

– Multiple opposite pinnae– Twining rachis

Spores

Climbing ferns

Japanese climbing fern Old World climbing fern

Page 16: and IPM for weeds Florida’s environmentsfyl.ifas.ufl.edu/media/sfylifasufledu/lake/docs/...Invasion pathways and IPM for selected Florida weeds Lyn Gettys, PhD –University of Florida

Mechanical  sporesFire  ladder

Climbing fernsHerbicides“Poodle cut”

Lygodium moth2008 (SE Asia, Australia)Neomusotima conspurcatalis

In the works:Moth, sawfly, stem borers

Climbing ferns

WaterhyacinthHydrillaCrested floatingheartYellow floatingheartRotalaChinese tallowBrazilian pepperMelaleucaAir potatoDowny rosemyrtleJapanese climbing fern

AlligatorweedOld World climbing fern

Importance as vectorsLots of weeds – water and landKeep ‘em out!!!Some tools, never enoughUse an integrated approach when possibleTry new things!Safety first!!!

Take home message

Thanks! Questions?

Lyn Gettys, PhD – University of Florida [email protected]