ancient rome. risingflourishing declinelegacy what were the geographic conditions of ancient rome?...
TRANSCRIPT
Ancient Rome
Rising Flourishing
Decline Legacy
• What were the geographic conditions of Ancient Rome?
• How would this affect unity and political rule?
Geographic Factors for the Rise of Rome
• Link between Europe and Africa: Italian Peninsula is central in Mediterranean world (halfway between east and west)
• Seclusion: rugged mountains separate northern Italy from the rest of Europe which provide good protection but made communication difficult
• Agricultural Climate: mild climate, fertile land, river beds, volcanic soil, mountain deposits
• Rivers: Po and Tiger allowed for transport and created borders from other peoples
People of Ancient Italy
• A small group called the Latins lived in the region of Latium
• These Latins were herders and farmers
• 2 most significant settlers in Italy were the Greeks and the Etruscans
Rome 9th – 8th Century
• Rome was founded at a small settlement in the Tiber River Valley = Seven Hills of Palatine
Founding of Rome: Video
Rome’s Early Kings
• According to the Aeneid, Aeneas carried his father from the burning city of Troy , and after searching, he finally settled in Italy
• Romulus was the first king of Rome in 753BC
• There were 7 Etruscans kings• Last one was said to be very, very cruel• According to tradition, he was overthrown in 509BC – and the nobles created a new government
What’s going on here?
Early Republic
Patricians Plebeians
Wealthy, powerful citizens Common people
Nobles Peasants, craftsmen, traders
Small minority of population Majority of population
Controlled the government After 494, given right to have say
Republic Dictators
People elect leaders Rule with absolute power
Early Romans – 1 year term Early Romans – Six month max term (?)
Who is this guy?Name: Cincinnatus (483 BC)Which one is the Dictator?Answer:
The Farmer.
Aside from external challenges, internally, Rome was divided:
Early Government
Magistrates Senate Assemblies
2 most powerful mag. were called consuls
Wealthy and powerful Romans
Elected the Magistrates
Elected each year – 2 to ensure one never had too much power
300 members Only held office for one year
Ran the city and the army Veto means – “I forbid”
Twelve Tables of Rome 449 BC
Read the handout
1. Why would it be important to record and display the laws for citizens to see?
2. Explain how the laws in the table are similar to the laws in Canada
IntermissionUžupis
Bronze Display of Rules
Back to Rome
The Roman Forum
• Home to government and religion, but also popular meeting place for citizens
• Between Palatine – richest area, and Capitoline – templest area• Location of all major speeches, venders, gladiator fights, public
ceremonies – kind of the centre or Roman Life• Packed with people
The Late Republic
• The late republic period saw the growth of territory and trade
• Through wars, Rome grew beyond Italy
• Several crisis struck Italy during this periodTop of Palatine Hill
Gaul Attack!
• 387 BC – the Gauls attack and take over Rome• Rome pays them huge amounts of gold to leave• More outsiders try their luck to do the same– (take over Rome and get paid to leave)
Never Again• Rome organizes its army in legions (groups of
up to 6000 soldiers• Each legion was divided into centuries or
groups of 100 soldiers
Legions• The most wealthy, the first class, were the most heavily armed
• The lesser classes bore lesser armament and weaponry, the fifth class carrying no armour at all, solely armed with slings.
• The army officers as well as the cavalry were drawn from leading citizens who were enrolled as equestrians
Formations: Tortoise and Wedge
Military Might
• The term auxiliaries comes from the latin word 'auxilia' (help).• The Auxiliary soldiers provided the army's cavalry and light
infantry; the soldiers received citizenship when they retired.
Wanna see some Roman organization?
The Punic Wars• The Phoenicians founded Carthage• Latin word for Phoenician – Punicus• Carthaginians presence on Sicily worried Rome
First Punic War
• Rome builds big navy (to compliment its army)• Defeats Carthaginian navy to take trade routes• 241 BC – Carthage gives up Sicily (pays a fine)
Carthage Vows Revenge!
Before the First Punic War
To compensate for the loss of Sicily, Carthage expands into Spain
Shortly After the First
Punic War
Second Punic War
• Hannibal sets out for Rome• 46,000 men, horses and
elephants (#s ??? – why?)• Romans fight at Cannae 216
and lose 40,000 men• Hannibal never gets Rome• Rome switches and strikes
Carthage• Hannibal recalled, but too late
– Rome destroys Carthage
Third Punic War• Prominent Romans call for the destruction of
Carthage• 146 BC it is totally destroyed and all
inhabitants are killed or enslaved• Land is salted• Carthage territory becomes the Roman
province of Africa
... oh, and then they go on to take over Macedonia, Greece, and Pergamum.
They now control the Maditerranean
Growing Unrest
• Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus• Brothers who had different ideas on how to
address the growing gap between rich and poor
Option #1
• Tiberius – wanted to create farms for poor Romans (on public land that the rich illegally owned)
He was killed
Option #2
• Gaius – sell food to the poor at a cheaper $$
He too, was assassinated
Cause/Consequence
Cause of their deaths:– Leaders who feared that
violence would erupt between rich and poor propose ideas to avoid blood shed
Consequence of their deaths:– Changed Roman politics– Violence becomes a
political weapon
Marius vs. Sulla
• 107 BC – Gaius Marius gets poor people to join the army (before it could only be property owners)
• His army is more loyal to him than to Rome!
• 88 BC – Lucius Cornelius Sulla does the same• Civil war breaks out• Sulla defeats Marius• Sulla names himself dictator– Punishes all of his enemies
Sulla was a student and close friend to Marius
Spartacus
• Shortly after Sulla dies – former gladiator – current slave rises up and demands freedom
Intermission
• Spartacus takes over much of southern Italy• Eventually killed in battle and revolt dies• Romans execute 6,000 slaves as an example
From Republic to Empire
• The First Triumvirate (rule by three)• Shared between Crassus (riches man in Rome), Pompey
(successful military leader), and Julius Caesar• Pompey ruled in Spain, Crassus in Syria, Caesar in Gaul
The First Triumvirate
• Crassus killed in battle in 53 BC• Caesar crosses the Rubicon (a phrase that today
means doing something that cannot be undone) • What was the Rubicon and why was it bad to cross?
Civil War
• Caesar’s march on Rome started a civil war• Pompey flees to Greece but is killed• Caesar was officially made dictator for life in
45 BC
Famous painting from the 1800s of shows a Gallic leader surrendering to Caesar by dropping his weapons at Caesar’s feet.
How was Caesar viewed by both the masses and other significant Romans?
Caesar (45 – 44 BC)
• Gave land to the poor• Enlarged the Senate (with his supporters)• Granted citizenship to his supporters in Roman
provinces• Introduced the solar calendar (the one we use)
Ides of March• Fearing his growing power (and popularity),
leading Senators assassinated him in 44 BC• 15 March, 44 BC (known as the Ides of March)
The Second Triumvirate• After Caesar’s death – power struggle emerges– Octavian (Caesar’s adopted son)– Mark Anthony (Caesar’s ally and assistant)– Lepidus (the other guy)
Roman Drama
• Anthony aligns himself with Egypt• Octavian crushes Cleonthany (Markopatra?)– Anthony falls on his sword and Cleopatra applies
poisonous snakes on her veins
Augustus (69 BC – 14 AD)• At the age of 32 – Octavian was the supreme
leader over the Roman WorldThis period of history is known as the
Age of Augustus
Age of Augustus
• Civil Wars ended
• Given title of Augustus (the revered one)
• Senate gave him title of Imperator
• English word = Emperor
Emperors and Early Empire
• First 4 came from his family – Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, and Nero
• After Nero’s civil war came Pax Romana – The Roman Peace– Lasts for almost 200 years (270 BC – 180 AD)
Common coinage introduced
Expansion of Rome 200 BC to 117 AD
How were they able to do all of this ... ?
All Roads led to Rome
Great Roman Accomplishments
• Choose any three of the following Roman Legacies and determine whether or not they are truly great accomplishments:
Thermae (Baths) Macella (markets) Trevi Fountain
The Arch Pont du Gard Aqueducts (Aqua Virgo)
The Pantheon Flavian Amphitheatre Gladiators
Circus Maximus Pompeii Virgil’s Aeneid