ancient rome 1000 years of world domination the roman empire
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Ancient Rome1000 Years of World Domination
The Roman Empire
SSWH3 The student will examine the political, philosophical, and cultural interaction of Classical Mediterranean societies from 700 BCE to 400 CE. a. Compare the origins and structure of the Greek polis, the Roman Republic, and the Roman Empire.
What was the Roman Empire?There were two periods of Roman
government.Roman Republic 509 BCE-30 BCERoman Empire 30 BCE-476 CE
What was the Roman Empire?Rome technically had an “empire” under the
Roman Republic.But the term “Roman Empire” refers to the
time period, beginning with Augustus, when Rome was ruled by emperors.
Roman RepublicRepublic = citizens
can choose (vote for) their leader.
Established 509 b.c.e.Only men with money
and property could vote.
Representative Democracy: The wealthy elected representatives to make laws for everyone.
Structure of the Republic
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• Patricians= landholding upper class
• Plebeians= farmers, merchants, artisans, traders
• Senate= governing body
• Consuls= two patricians
Patricians
Plebeians
PatriciansLand holding
upper class.The most
prosperous families in Rome.
The ruling class.The wealthy
citizens.Overthrew the
Etrucans and claimed Rome to be a Republic.
The Plebian Social classThe lower class.The common-folk.In between Patricians and
the slaves.The vast majority of society.Usually poor.Would sell themselves and
their children into slavery.Plebs were considered an
addition to the "real" roman life-styles by the citizens of Rome.
Gradually, the Romans began to expand their control…
…until they had conquered the entire Italian peninsula plus the islands of Corsica, Sardinia and Sicily
• As they expanded their control
• the Romans built an excellent network of roads
• Roads were initially built by and for the military
• but helped with trade and communication at large as the republic and then empire grew.
Infrastructure
InfrastructureTheir road system
is one of the Romans’ greatest achievements
Allowed easy military transport
Enabled trade and commerce
Helped unify expanding Roman territories
The Gracchus Brothers
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• The brothers worked to get the state to distribute the land to the poor farmers
• They also worked to get the state to buy grain to feed the poor
• Senate felt they were a threat to its power, and hired thugs to kill the brothers and their followers
-Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus were patricians who were elected tribunes
Republic to Empire
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• Civil wars break out to decide who should hold power. The senate wanted to keep the status quo; political leaders wanted to weaken the senate and enact reforms
• Slave uprisings throughout the republic• Armies became loyal to their commanders because they gave them benefits such
as captured land
• Rivals of Rome
• Between 264-146 BCE the Romans fought three wars with Carthage, known as the Punic Wars.
Carthage
The Punic Wars
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• Carthage had an empire throughout the Mediterranean
• Rome fought Carthage in three wars from 264 B.C. to 146 B.C. (118 years!)
• By the Third Punic War, Rome had completely destroyed Carthage and gained all of Carthage’s territory
• …and went on to conquer the rest of the Mediterranean world.
• By 70 BC, Rome’s Mediterranean empire spread from Anatolia in the east to Spain in the west.
Rome wins!
• Triumvirate (Julius Caesar, Crassus, Pompey)• success in Gaul made JC very popular with the people of Rome • Pompey and Crassus don’t like the power that JC is retaining• 46 BC – JC returns to Rome and named dictator for life – senators (Marcus
Brutus and Gaius Cassius) plotted his assassination in 44 BC
1st Triumvirate
• 2nd Triumvirate – Octavian (JC’s nephew), Mark Antony & Lepidus • 43 BC took control of Rome and ruled for 10 years• Alliance ended in jealousy & violence• Octavian accepted title of Augustus (“exalted one”) and was sole ruler• Making Rome an Empire
2nd Triumvirate
Octavian Becomes AugustusOctavian was sole ruler of
Rome after his forces defeated Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium
The Senate gave him the name “Augustus,” meaning “most high”
23 BCE – Octavian, now referred to as Augustus,
was made consul for life by the Senate
made “Princeps,” meaning “first citizen”
Origin of the word “prince”
Octavian Becomes AugustusAlso made “Imperator,”
meaning “successful general”/ Commander in Chief
Origin of the word “emperor”
Also made “Pontifex Maximus,” or “chief religious leader
Origin of the word “pontiff” (used to describe the pope today)
Also made a tribuneHe had the power to call
the Senate, veto the Senate’s laws, and make laws himself
Primus inter pares“First among equals” =
Emperor = most prestigious/important of Roman Senate
Augustus (and later emperors) tried to maintain the façade democracy instead of dictatorship
Illusion that each senator was equally important
Reality = Roman emperors ruled with little input from anyone else
• The period 27 BCE-180 AD (the last two maps) is known as the:
• Pax Romana = Roman Peace
• This was a time of great peace and prosperity for the Roman empire
• included 3 million square miles and population was 60-80 million, with 1 million in Rome
Pax Romana
Pax Romana• Romans thought they were the entire civilized world
• Rome enjoyed military dominance
• Trade increased, bringing a wealth of resources into Rome
• The arts flourished
Pax RomanaRome controlled the entire Mediterranean region and beyondComplete control = almost no warfare lasted nearly 200 yearsMore and more provincials were granted official Roman citizenship
Augustus: A Golden Age• Attempted to reform
public morals by promoting family life (largely unsuccessful).
• Began the practice of declaring emperors gods,
• and of picking their own successors.
• (He called Haley’s Comet the spirit of Caesar.)
Augustus: A Golden Age• Built and maintained the
empire’s infrastructure (e.g., roads).
• Encouraged the growth of business.
• Established fire and police departments for Rome.
• Established a strong money system.
Augustus: A Golden Age• Extended citizenship to
more and more provincials.
• Said he “found Rome a city of bricks and left it a city of marble.”
• Jesus, the founder of Christianity, was born in the Roman province of Judea during the reign of Augustus.
Roman Emperors after AugustusGreat variety in the
quality of emperors who succeeded Augustus
The office of emperor was initially designed to be hereditary
Confusion as to which family member would inherit the throne
Some emperors = cutthroats, insane, or both
The military eventurally had an enormous role in selecting the emperor
Tiberius (14-37 CE)
Stepson of AugustusAbolished the
AssemblyCapable general who
extended the frontier in the north
Strengthened the empire
Appeared to dislike ruling
gradually retired to the island of Capri
Caligula (37 CE-41 CE)
Son of famed military leader Germanicus
the nephew and adopted son of Tiberius
Earned his name “Caligula,” (“little boots,”) by the Roman army as a child (he was dressed like a soldier)
Two years of good, effective rule
Then a severe illness
Caligula (37 CE-41 CE)
followed by two years of horrible rule
Paranoid about members of family and perceived enemies
Exiled some, killed some, and forced others to commit suicide
Assassinated in 41 CE by members of the Praetorian Guard
Claudius (41-54 CE)Brought southern Britannia
(what later became Great Britain) under Roman control
Opened the Senate up to provincials
Became emperor because he was the last adult male of his family (brother of Germanicus and uncle of Caligula)
Conducted a census of the empire in 48 CE
5,984,072 Roman citizens
Nero (54-68 CE)
Considered a tyrantCame to power after
his mother allegedly poisoned his predecessor, Claudius
Murdered his mother, his stepbrother, and two of his wives
Also killed his teacher, the famous philosopher Seneca
Nero (54-68 CE)
Fire in Rome (64 CE)Accused of setting the fire, and of fiddling while the city burned
Blamed the fire on the new religious group known as “Christians”
Forced to commit suicide
Year of the Four Emperors (69 CE)
Brief period of civil war after the death of Emperor Nero
Four emperors ruled in quick successionGalbaOthoVitelliusVespasian
Illustrated the problems of imperial succession
Vespasian (69-79 CE)
Built the Colosseum in Rome
Place where gladiatorial combats were held
Succeeded by son Titus, then son Domitian
Vespasian (69-79 CE)First Jewish Revolt (66-70
CE)Destruction of the Temple in
Jerusalem, in the Roman province of Judea
Carried out by Vespasian’s son, Titus
This was the Second Temple (516 BCE-70 CE)
First Temple (built by King Solomon ca. 960 BCE)
had been destroyed in 586 BCE when the Babylonians conquered the Jews
embarked on what became known as the Babylonian Captivity
Trajan (98-117 CE)
Born into a non-patrician family in what is now Spain
Massive public works program in RomeTrajan’s Column,
Trajan’s Forum, Trajan’s Market
Oversaw the expansion of the empire to its greatest extent
Considered to have been a great emperor
Hadrian (117-138 CE)Strengthened the
empire’s defensesHadrian’s Wall
separated Roman territory in Britannia from the Picts (in what is roughly now Scotland)
Put down the Second Jewish Revolt (Bar Kokhba Revolt), 132-136 CE
Bar Kokhba RevoltAlso known as the
Second Jewish-Roman War
Led by Simon Bar Kokhba, a man many believed to be the messiah
Jews forced to leave Jerusalem after defeat
Many historians date this as the official start of the Jewish Diaspora
Marcus Aurelius (161-180 CE)Stoic philosopher
Wrote book Meditations
Succeeded by his son, Commodus (180-192 CE)The characters in the
Russell Crowe film “Gladiator” are very loosely based on Marcus Aurelius and Commodus
His death = the end of the Pax Romana (27 BCE-180 CE)
Diocletian (284-305 CE)
Rome had a century of chaos following the death of Marcus Aurelius
The “Crisis of the Third Century”
Diocletian was the first emperor in 100 years to properly restore order and end the violence
Absolute ruler who ended all personal liberties
Diocletian (284-305 CE)
Increased the bureaucracy for more effective administration
Divided the empire into two administrative realms (east and west) in 285 CE
This was the first step in the creation of what would become two separate empires
Roman (Western) EmpireByzantine (Eastern)
Empire
The Two EmpiresEmperor Diocletian
believed that dividing the empire for administrative purposes would strengthen the empire
He was wrongOnce Constantine set
up Constantinople as a capital city, the east/west split deepened
The Two EmpiresWestern (Roman) Empire Ended officially in 476
CE when the last emperor, Romulus Augustus, was deposed by a barbarian, Odoacer
Eastern (Byzantine) Empire Lasted until 1453 when the empire was conquered by the Ottoman Turks
Constantine (312-337 CE)Moved the capital from
Rome to ByzantiumRenamed the city
ConstantinopleToday the city is Istanbul
(in modern Turkey)Constantine and
ChristianityHis mother, Helena, had
converted to ChristianityEdict of Milan (313 CE)Christianity legalized
(religious toleration)Converted to Christianity
on his deathbed
Justinian (527-565 CE)Powerful emperor of the
Eastern (Byzantine) empireheadquartered at
ConstantinopleMarried Theodora, an
intelligent courtesan (stripper)
Managed to reunite the Eastern and Western empires for a time, but this did not last
Rewrote Roman law (Corpus Juris Civilis, or the Justinian Code)
Still the basis for civil law in several countries
Justinian (527-565 CE)Plague of Justinian
(541-542 CE)Bubonic plague
severely hurt the Byzantine empire
Emperor Justinian became sick, but recovered
Recovery for the Byzantine empire took hundreds of years