ancient greek scholars

8/2/2019 Ancient Greek Scholars

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ANCIENT GREEK SCHOLARS

By Ronan Almeida, 5/3


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JOHN ARGYROPOULOS ..3

BASILIOSBESSARION.4

THEODORUS GAZA..5

MARCUS MUSURU..6

LEO ALLATIUS....7

CONTENT


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John Argyropoulos (1415 26 June 1487) was a lecturer, philosopher and humanist, one of the migr scholars whopioneeredthe revival of Classical learning in Western Europein the 15th century. He played a prominent role in the revival

of Greek philosophy in Italy and translated Greek philosophical and theological works into Latin besides producing rhetorical and theological works in his own. He divided his time between Italy and Constantinople. He studied theology and philosophy in Constantinople. As a

teacher there he had amongst his pupils the scholar Constantine Lascaris. He was anofficial in the service of one of the rulers of the Byzantine Moreaand was sent on a

diplomaticmission to Italy in 1439 to attend the Council of Florence.

In 1444 he received a degree from the University of Padua before returning toConstantinople.

When Constantinople fell in 1453 he left it for the Peloponnesusand in 1456 tookrefuge in Italy where he worked as a teacher in the revival of Greek philosophy in the universities of Padua, Florence and Rome and as head of the Greek department atFlorences Florentine Stadium university. In 1471, on the outbreak of the plague, hemoved to Rome, where he continued to act as a teacher of Greek till his death. Hemade efforts to transport Greek philosophy to Western Europe. He had students suchas Pietro de' Mediciand Lorenzo de' Medici, Angelo Polizianoand Johann Reuchlin.

It is well known that students hailing from different parts of Europe came to see andhear him at those classes, when he taught Greek and philosophy courses. Leonardo da

Vinci probably attended the lectures of Argyropoulos. He was a member of theByzantine delegation to the Council of Ferrara-Florence and left a number of Latin translations, including many ofAristotle' s works. His principal works were translations of the following portions ofAristotle, Categoriae, De Interpretatione,Analytica Posteriora, Physica, De Caelo, De Anima, Metaphysica, Ethica Nicomachea,Politica; and an Expositio Ethicorum Aristotelis. Several of his writings exist stillin manuscript.
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Basilios Bessarion (January 2, 1403 November 18, 1472), aRoman Catholic Cardinal Bishopand the titular Latin Patriarch of

Constantinople, was one of the illustrious Greek scholars whocontributed to the great revival of letters in the 15th century. He has been mistakenly known also as Johannes Bessarion due to anerroneous interpretation of Gregory III Mammas.

Bessarion was one of the most learned scholars of his time. Besides his translations of Aristotle's Metaphysicsand Xenophon's Memorabilia, his most important work is a treatise directed againstGeorge of Trebizond, a vehement Aristotelian who had written a polemic againstPlato, which was entitled InCalumniatorem Platonis ("Against the Slanderer of Plato"). Bessarion, though aPlatonist, was not so thoroughgoing in his admiration as Gemistus Pletho, and hestrove instead to reconcile the two philosophies. His work, by opening up the relationsof Platonismto the main questions of religion, contributed greatly to the extensionof speculative thought in the department of theology.

His library, which contained a very extensive collection of Greek manuscripts, waspresented by him in 1468 to the senate of Venice, and forms the nucleus of the famouslibrary of St Mark's, theBiblioteca Marciana.

Most of Bessarion's works are in Migne,Patrologia Graeca, vol. 161.

Theodorus Gaza was a Greek humanist and translator ofAristotle. His translations were superior, both in accuracy and style, to the versions in use before his time. He devoted particular attention to the translation and exposition of Aristotle's works on natural science. Gaza stood high in theopinion of most of his learned contemporaries, but still higher

in that of the scholars of the succeeding generation. His Greek
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grammar (in four books), written in Greek, first printed at Venice in 1495, and afterwards partially translated by Erasmus in 1521, although in many respectsdefective, especially in its syntax, was for a long time the leading textbook.

His translations into Latin were very numerous, including:

Problemata, De partibus animaliumand De generatione animaliumof Aristotle theHistoria Plantarumof Theophrastus the Problemataof Alexander of Aphrodisias the De instruendis aciebusof Aelian the De compositione verborumof Dionysius of Halicarnassus some of the Homiliesof John Chrysostom.

Marcus Musuru ( 14701517) was a Greekscholar and philosopher born in Retimo, Castello, Venetian Crete(modern Rethymno, Crete). The son of a rich merchant,he became at an early age a pupil of John Lascarisin

Venice. In 1505, Musurus was made professor of Greeklanguage at the University of Padua. Erasmus, who had attended his lectures there, testifies to hisknowledge of Latin. However, when the university was

closed in 1509 during the War of the League of Cambrai, he returned to Venicewherehe filled a similar post. In 1516, Musurus was summoned to Rome by Pope Leo X,where he where he lectured in the pope's Gymnasiumand established a Greek printing-

press. In recognition of a Greek poem prefixed to the editio princeps of Plato, Leoappointed him archbishopof Monemvasia (Malvasia) in the Peloponnese, but he diedbefore he left the Italian peninsula.

Many of the Aldine classics were published under Musurus' supervision, and he is credited with the first editions of the scholia ofAristophanes (1498), Athenaeus(1514), Hesychius of Alexandria (1514) and Pausanias (1516). Musuros'

handwriting reportedly formed the model of Aldus' Greek type. Among his original
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compositions Musurus wrote a dedicatory epigramfor Zacharias Kallierges' editionof the Etymologicum Magnum, in which he praised the genius of the Cretans.

Leo Allatius ( 1586 - January 19, 1669) was ascholar,theologian and keeper of the Vatican library. Leo Allatius was a Greek, born on the island of Chios in 1586, his father was Niccolas Allatzes and his mother was SebasteNeurides, both of Greek extraction. He was taken by hismaternal uncle Michael Nauridis to Italy to be educated atthe age of nine, first in Calabriaand then in Romewhere hewas admitted into the Greek college. A graduate of the GreekCollege of St. Athanasius in Rome, he spent his career in

Rome as teacher of Greek at the Greek college, and devoting himself to the study of

classics and theology.

His Drammaturgia (1666), a catalogue of Italian musical dramas produced up to that year, is indispensable for the early history of opera. A new edition, carrieddown to 1755, appeared at Venice in that year.

His works are listed by Johann Albert Fabricius, in Bibliotheca Graeca(xi. 437),

where they are divided into four classes:

editions, translations and commentaries on ancient authors works relating to the dogmas and institutions of the Greek and Roman Churches historical works miscellaneous works.
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His manuscripts (about 150 volumes) and his voluminous scholarly correspondenceare in the library of the Oratorians in Rome. The number of his unpublished writings is also very large; the majority of them are included in the manuscripts of theVallicellian library.

THANK YOU
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