Ancient Greece Packet 2

Greek Mythology

Homer • The Greeks lacked ___________________________, so they learned about the Trojan war through spoken word

• Greatest Greek story teller was a blind man named _____________________________.

The Iliad and the Odyssey

• Two ______________________________________________ composed by Homer about the Trojan War.

• ______________________________ – Narrative poems that tell about heroic deeds.

• The heroes of The Iliad are ___________________________ and _________________________________.

• The Odyssey is about a 10-year journey home of _______________________________ and his adventures along

the way.

Greek Myths • Greeks developed a rich set of __________________________ which means traditional stories about their gods

• Greeks have a _____________________________________ religion. This means they believed in ___________

gods

• Myths explained changing of the ____________________________________ and the mysteries of

___________________.

• Greek gods/goddesses had many of the same qualities as humans:

o ________________________

o Jealousy

o ________________________

• Greek gods competed and _________________________________ with each other constantly.

• Gods lived forever on Mt. _________________________________

The Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Greece • Mount Olympus

o ________________________ of the Gods

o Originally thought to be a _______________ mountain

o Finally came to be thought of as a _____________________________________ mountain in the sky

• Zeus

o Supreme ______________________ of the Gods

o His weapon was the mighty ________________________________________

o He falls in ___________________________ frequently and often acts on it (even though he is married

• Hera

o Zeus’ ______________________ and Sister

o Protector of ______________________________ and Married Women

o Very _____________________________________ of Zeus’ Numerous Lovers

• Hades

o Lord of the ________________________________

o Ruler of the Dead

• Poseidon

o Ruler of the __________ and ___________________________________

• Demeter

o Goddess of Corn and ______________________________________

o Her _________________________ Affect the Seasons

• Aphrodite

o Goddess of _________________________ and Beauty

o Wife of _____________________________

All Zeus’ Children • Ares

o God of _______________________

o None of the other Gods like him much

• Athena

o Battle Maiden and Goddess of _____________________________

o While Adopted by Hera, she is the Daughter of Zeus Only (Sprang from his ____________________)

• Hephaestus

o God of _____________________ and the Forge

o He is the Only __________________ God

o Husband of _______________________

• Apollo

o Twin Brother of _______________________

o God of ___________________ and Poetry

o God of Light and ____________________

o No False Words (Never Told a Lie)

o His Oracle at ________________________ was the Most Popular

• Artemis

o Twin Sister of ______________________

o Goddess of the Moon and the ___________________________

o Lady of the __________________ Things

• Persephone

o Goddess of __________________________

o She was kidnapped by _____________________

o Later made the Queen of the __________________________________

o Spends half the year in Hades, half on ___________________________

• Hermes

o ______________________________ of the Gods

o Has ___________________________ on sandals and cap

o Appears the ________________________ often of all the gods.

Persian War Persian War Part 1

The ________________ Fought against the ________________

o Persia was ruled by ________________ and ________________

o Greeks- Athenians, Spartans, ________________

What Caused the Persian War? Persia controlled Ionia but Greeks were already living there.

In 499 BCE when Persian King Darius raised ________________, the Ionian Greeks got mad and revolted

o ________________ backed them up

Persians crushed the revolts

Causes Darius wanted ________________ on Athenians for helping so attacked ____________________________.

Major Battles 1. Battle at Eretria– City north of Athens was burned by the Persians

o Angered Athens asks ________________ for help

2. Battle of ________________: Sparta and Athens work together

o Persia- ________________ soldiers

o Greeks- ________________ soldiers

o ________________ battle formation gave the Greeks the victory

o 6,400 Persians died

o 192 Greeks died

Pheidippides Ran to Athens from Marathon = ________________

Told them of the victory

________________ after giving the news

o This is why marathons are now 26 miles!

Persian War Part 2 ________________years later

________________, son of Darius vowed revenge.

Brought between 100,000-300,000 troops through a narrow mountain pass

Battle at Thermopylae 3,300 Greeks led by the ________________held them off at a ________________pass in Thermopylae.

o A ________________told Persians of another way around

o Many Greeks retreat but _______________ Spartans stood strong.

o They all died

Battle at Salamis Athens is ________________and fought at ________________.

Athenians had a powerful ________________

Greeks fought with new ships called ________________.

Triremes punched ________________in Persian ships and sink a third of the ships.

Battle of Plataea While Athens crushed the Persians at ________________, Spartans were on the plain of Plataea and crushes

the rest of the Persian army

________________retreats

Battle Summary

Battle Winner

Ionia

Eretria

Marathon

Thermopylae

Salamis

Plataea

Effects of the Persian War Greece victory creates a sense of ________________.

Athens had control of what was left of Greece through leadership of the ________________League.

________________League- an agreement that the remaining Greek _____________________ would help

each other

Name ___________________________

The Persian Wars 499-479 B.C.

Directions. Use the Persian Wars map resource to create a map showing the course of the Persian Wars. Use the blank box in the bottom left to create a key for the map as you work.

1. Shade territory of the Greek city-states green. Add this information to the key. 2. Shade territory of the Persian Empire purple. Add this information to the key. 3. Label the following city-states: Athens and Sparta. 4. Draw the route of the 1st Persian Invasion in orange. In the key, appropriately shade and label

one of the arrows “1st Persian Invasion 490 B.C.” 5. Draw the route of the 2nd Persian invasion in green. In the key, appropriately shade and label

one of the arrows “2nd Persian Invasion 480 B.C.” 6. Place a star on the map, and label it, for the following battles: Thermopylae, Marathon, Salamis.

Herodotus: The Histories: Xerxes at the Hellespont (mid 5th Century BCE)

Whereas many Middle Eastern peoples welcomed the advent of the Persian Empire, the Greeks viewed their

own victories over the the Persians as making possible the very continuance of their civilization. The army of

Darius was defeated at the Battle of Marathon in 490 BCE and that of Xerxes I at Salamis in 486 BCE. The

Greeks considered their poleis many of them democracies as infinitely superior to the absolute monarchy of

Persia. Europeans have traditionally maintained that if these battles had not been won, history would have

been utterly changed, with Europe falling under the sway of Eastern despotism. Whether or not this theory is

true can never be known; but the theory itself helped to shape centuries of European hostility to and

contempt for the nations of the Middle East. Part of that contempt is expressed in the following story, in

which the great Xerxes is depicted by the Greek historian Herodotus as a superstitious fool and a bloodthirsty

tyrant. His massive army is preparing to cross the narrow strait (the Hellespont, now in Turkey) which

separated Asia from Europe.

What incidents described below depict Xerxes as superstitious? As tyrannical?

They then began to build bridges across the Hellespont from Abydos to that headland between Sestus and Madytus, the

Phoenicians building one of ropes made from flax, and the Egyptians building a second one out of papyrus. From Abydos

to the opposite shore it is a distance of almost two-thirds of a mile. But no sooner had the strait been bridged than a

great storm came on and cut apart and scattered all their work.

Xerxes flew into a rage at this, and he commanded that the Hellespont be struck with three hundred strokes of the whip

and that a pair of foot-chains be thrown into the sea. It’s even been said that he sent off a rank of branders1 along with

the rest to the Hellespont! He also commanded the scourgers to speak outlandish and arrogant words: “You hateful

water, our master lays his judgement on you thus, for you have unjustly punished him even though he’s done you no

wrong! Xerxes the king will pass over you, whether you wish it or not! It is fitting that no man offer you sacrifices2,for

you’re a muddy and salty river!” In these ways he commanded that the sea be punished and also that the heads be

severed from all those who directed the bridging of the Hellespont.

And this scourging was done by those appointed to this graceless honor, and other builders were chosen. The bridging

was done in the following way: fifty-oared ships and triremes were set side by side, about three hundred and sixty to

form the Euxinian bridge, and about three hundred and fourteen to form the other bridge, all of them at right angles to

the Pontus and parallel to the Hellespont, thus taking off some of the tension from the ropes. Once the ships were

alongside one another, they released huge anchors, both from the end near the Pontus because of the winds blowing

from that sea, and on the other end towards the west and the Aegean because of the western and southern winds. A

passage was left in the opening of the fifty-oared ships and triremes in order that, if he wished to go into or out of the

1 Men with hot branding irons. 2 Bodies of water were routinely treated as gods, and offered sacrifices.

Pontus, he could pass through in a small ship. Having done all this, they stretched ropes from the land and twisted them

with wooden pulleys, and they did not keep each separate, but assigned two flaxen cables and four papyrus cables for

each bridge. Each type of cable was thick and comely, but the report goes that the flaxen cables were heavier, a single

yard weighing over 100 pounds3. When the sea was bridged, wooden timbers equal to the breadth of the floating ships

were felled and were laid on the stretched cables, and laying them alongside one another they tied them fast. Having

done this, they put down brushwood, laying it on the timbers, and they put down earth on top of the brushwood,

stamping it down and building a fence on the earth on each side in order that the beasts of burden and the horses would

not be frightened by the sea flowing beneath them.

When they had built the bridges, the work around Athos, and the dikes around the mouths of the canals, these built

because of the sea breaking on the shore which would silt up the mouths of the canals, and these canals being reported

as completely finished, the army then and there prepared to winter and, when spring came, was ready and set forth to

Abydos from Sardis. When they had started to set forth, the sun eclipsed itself and was not to be seen in its place in the

heavens, even though the sky was unclouded and as clear as can be, so that the day turned to night. When Xerxes

perceived this he became anxious, and he asked the Magians to clarify what this omen meant. These said that the god,

Pythian Apollo, was foreshowing to the Greeks the eclipse of their city, for the sun was a prophet to the Greeks, as the

moon was to them. Hearing that, Xerxes’ mood became exceedingly sunny and he continued the march.

As he marched out the army, Pythias the Lydian, dreading the heavenly omen and encouraged by the gifts given to him

by Xerxes, came up to Xerxes and said, “Master, I wish to ask a favor of you, which would be a small favor for you to

render, but would be a great favor for me to receive.” Xerxes, thinking that he knew everything Pythias could ask for,

answered that he would grant the favor and asked him to proclaim what it was he wished. “Master, it happens that I

have five sons, and they are all bound to soldier for you against the Greeks. I pray you, king, that you have pity on one

who has reached my age and that you set free one of my sons, even the oldest, from your army, so that he may provide

for me and my possessions. Take the other four with you, and may you return having accomplished all you intended.”

Xerxes flew into a horrible rage and replied, “You villainous man, you have the effrontery, seeing me marching with my

army against the Greeks, with my sons and brothers and relatives and friends, to remind me of your son, you, my slave,

who should rather come with me with your entire household, including your wife! You may now be certain of this, that

since the spirit lives in a man’s ears, hearing good words it fills the body with delight, when it hears the opposite it swells

up. When you at one time performed well and promised more, you had no reason to boast that you outperformed your

king in benefits; and now that you have turned most shameless, you shall receive less than what you deserve. You and

four of your sons are saved because of your hospitality; but one of your sons, the one you most desire to hold your arms

around, will lose his life!” Having answered thus, he commanded those charged to accomplish this to find the eldest of

Pythias’s sons and cut him in half, and having cut him in two to set one half of his corpse on the right side of the road

and the other on the left side, and between these the army moved forth.

3 Literally: “18 1/2 inches weighing about 57 3/4 pounds.”

Analyzing Primary Sources: The Age of Pericles

In 431 B.C., Pericles, a prominent and influential statesman, orator, and general of

Athens during the city's Golden Age—specifically, the time between the Persian and

Peloponnesian wars, gave a funeral oration honoring soldiers who died in battle. His

speech sheds light on how Athenians viewed their society.

“The freedom which we enjoy in our government extends also to our ordinary

life. There, far from exercising a jealous surveillance over each other, we do not feel

called upon to be angry with our neighbor for doing what he likes … But all this ease in

our private relations does not make us lawless as citizens. Against this fear is our chief

safeguard, teaching us to obey the magistrates and the laws, particularly such as regard

the protection of the injured …

“Further, we provide plenty of means for the mind to refresh itself from business.

We celebrate games and sacrifices all the year round, and the elegance of our private

establishments forms a daily source of pleasure … while the magnitude of our city draws

the produce of the world into our harbor, so that to the Athenian the fruits of other

countries are as familiar a luxury as those of his own.

“If we turn to our military policy, there also we differ from our antagonists. We

throw open our city to the world, and never by alien acts exclude foreigners from any

opportunity of learning or observing, although the eyes of an enemy may occasionally

profit by our liberality; trusting less in system and policy than to the native spirit of our

citizens; while in education, where our rivals from their very cradles by a painful

discipline seek after manliness, at Athens we live exactly as we please, and yet are just as

ready to encounter every legitimate danger …

“It is true that we are called a democracy, for the administration is in the hands of

the many and not the few. But while the law secures equal justice to all alike in their

private disputes, the claim of excellence is also recognized; and when a citizen is in any

way distinguished, he is preferred to the public service, not as a matter of privilege, but as

the reward of merit. Neither is poverty a bar, but a man may benefit his country whatever

be the obscurity of his condition …

“We are lovers of the beautiful, yet with economy, and we cultivate the mind

without loss of manliness. Wealth we employ not for talk and ostentation [show], but

when there is a real use for it. To avow poverty with us is no disgrace; the true disgrace

is in doing nothing to avoid it. An Athenian citizen does not neglect the state because he

takes care of his own household; and even those of us who are engaged in business have

a very fair idea of politics. We alone regard a man who takes no interest in public affairs

not as a harmless but as a useless character.”

Archidamus II was a king of Sparta who reigned 476-427 B.C. in the years preceding the

Peloponnesian War, and was a contemporary of Pericles.

“We are both warlike and wise, and it is our sense of order that makes us so. We

are warlike, because self-control contains honor as a chief constituent, and honor bravery.

And we are wise, because we are educated with too little learning to despise the laws, and

with too severe a self-control t disobey them, and are brought up not to be too knowing in

useless matters …

“In practice we always base our preparations against an enemy on the assumption

that his plans are good; indeed, it is right to rest our hopes not on a belief of his blunders,

but on the soundness of our provisions. Nor ought we to believe that there is much

difference between man and man, but to think that the superiority lies with him who is

reared in the severest school.

“These practices, then, which our ancestors have delivered to us, and by whose

maintenance we have always profited, must not be given up.”

1. According to Pericles, how was excellence rewarded in Athens?

2. According to the passage, what qualities of Athenian life does Pericles mention?

How do these contrast with those that Archidamus points out for Sparta?

3. According to Archidamus, what kind of person do Spartans consider superior?

4. Which of these qualities do you think Americans admire? Give examples.

5. From his speech and what you have learned about Sparta, which kind of learning

do you think King Archidamus would consider “useless matter”? Would an

Athenian agree?

6. Why do you think a funeral speech might be a questionable source on which to

base an understanding of Athenian values and society?

Last Stand of the 300

1. Who was the Persian leader at the time of the battle of Thermopylae?

2. How large was the Persian army that invaded Greece?

3. Describe the world in the time before the battle. What empire dominated the known world? Describe the relations between

the Greek city-states before the Persian invasion.

4. What Spartan leader became a legend during the battle?

5. Describe Spartan society. What was the primary focus of Sparta? How did it treat

women and children?

6. Describe the Spartan training program. What kinds of steps were taken to prepare Spartan boys and later men to make them

skilled warriors?

7. What were the two reasons Sparta chose to join the war against the Persians?

8. Describe the Persian Empire. What motivated the Persians to invade Greece?

9. Describe a Greek hoplite warrior. What kind of weapons and armor did a Greek warrior bring into battle?

10. Why did Greek warriors have an advantage over their Persian counterparts at Thermopylae?

11. What was the role of the Athenian navy during the battle? Who was the leader?

12. What does the birth and status of Themistocles say about Athenian society?

13. How did Themistocles convince Athens to invest in a larger navy?

14. Describe a trireme.

15. How was a naval battle won in the ancient world?

16. Why did the Spartans have the advantage when fighting became close quartered or hand-to-hand?

17. Why did the Greeks begin to retreat before the third day of the battle?

18. The 300 Spartans were not alone on the final day. What other group of Greek warriors are mostly forgotten by history?

19. Did the Spartans know they faced certain death on the final day? Why?

20. Describe the last day of fighting between the Spartans and the Persians.

21. How many Persians died at the battle of Thermopylae?

22. What happened to Athens after the battle?

23. How did the Greeks avenge the destruction of Athens?

24. Why was Thermopylae the first step in the creation of a more unified Greek nation?

25. How does the battle of Thermopylae still influence today’s world? Explain.

Greek Life After the Persian War Two Leagues Created

• Greeks do not want to be caught off guard again;

create _______________________

• Athens creates the ______________________ League

o Main city- ______________, many other allies

• Spartan creates the _____________________ League

o Main city- ____________ and few other allies

The Delian League • ___________________ becomes the leader of Athens

o He was honest and fair

• Skillful ____________________ and inspiring speaker

• Had popular support for ________ years

• A wise and able statesman who led Athens through its _________________

o Takes funds from Delian League to rebuild ____________________

• Creates a new empire that is stronger and that flourishes

o ___________________ and architecture advance

o ___________________ and learning

o ___________________ and sculpting

• Three Goals for Greece

o 1. Strengthen __________________________

o 2. Hold and ________________________ the empire

o 3. Glorify ______________________

1. Strengthen Democracy • Introduced ___________________________________ – a form of government where the citizens rule directly

and not through representatives.

• Pericles extended democracy so that most adult males had an _________________________________________

2. Strengthen Athenian Empire • Strengthened Athens’ ___________________

o It was the most powerful navy in the Mediterranean

• Athens’ strong navy ensured the _________________________ of its empire

3. Glorify Athens • Pericles rebuilt Athens after the destruction of the ______________________________________

• Built the ________________________________ using marble, gold and ivory.

Greek Philosophy • Philosophy focused on ____________________

• The Greeks believed that the human _______________________ could solve any problem with

_______________________

• Philosophy laid the foundations of _________________________ and ____________________________

The Philosophers • _____________________________- 1st philosopher

o Known for the Socratic __________________________

• _____________________________- student of Socrates

o Known for “__________________________”

• _____________________________- last of the philosophers

o Tutored ________________________________ of Macedon

o Studied the ________________________

o creates ________________________________________

The Peloponnesian War – 2 Sides 1. Delian League: Athens and other small city states that supported democracy

2. Peloponnesian League: Sparta and other city states that supported an oligarchy.

Causes • After the Persian War ________________________ was building for years.

• Athens had ___________________________________ and others resented them.

• Controlled the Delian League

The Peloponnesian War • Civil war between Sparta and Athens

o Fought between Delian and Peloponnesian Leagues

• Sparta declares war in _______________________________

• Athens tries to battle at ___________________, but won’t work

• Sparta traps Athens on the _________________________________

o Holds them ________________________

• Two events led to a loss for Athens

o _________________________ hit inside the Athens walls

o Sneak attack of soldiers is destroyed; Athens ___________________________

Effects of the War • Ended the reign of Athenian __________________________

• Weakens _______________________ of Greece

• Leaves feelings of ___________________

• Athens is burned and destroyed

• ____________________________ replaced good citizenship

o People lost faith in _____________________________

• Leaves Athens open to attack from _____________________________

Copyrigh

t by Th

e McG

raw-H

ill Com

panies.

NAME    DATE    CLASS 

The Ancient Greeks

Primary Source Activity

Lesson 3 Greece and Persia

Herodotus’s Account of the Battle of Salamis In the 400s B.C. the Persians attempted to conquer Greece. The struggle known as the Persian Wars lasted 20 years. The Greek city-states united to fight the Persians. The Persians united their allies such as the Egyptians and Cyprians to fight against the Greeks. A Greek historian named Herodotus recorded the events. He wrote about Artemisia, the ruler of Halicarnassus (located in today’s Turkey), which was part of the Persian Empire. She was a feared warrior and the Greeks offered a reward for capturing her She was never captured, however. In the naval battle of Salamis she brought five ships to add to the Persian fleet to fight against the Greeks. She is also known for giving Persian King Xerxes advice when he assembled the leaders of his fleet to discuss fighting the Greeks. According to Herodotus, Artemisia “gave to Xerxes sounder counsel [better advice] than any of his other allies.” 

Directions Read the following description of Queen Artemisia by the Greek historian Herodotus.

Excerpt 1

“I must speak of a certain leader named Artemisia, whose participation in the attack upon Hellas [Greece], notwithstanding that she was a woman, moves my special wonder. She had obtained the sovereign [supreme] power after the death of her husband; and, though she had now a son grown up, yet her brave spirit and manly daring [boldness] sent her forth to the war, when no need required her to adventure.”

Now read the advice that Queen Artemisia gave to King Xerxes about fighting the Greeks on land rather than on sea, as recorded by Herodotus. 

netw rks

Copyrigh

t by Th

e McG

raw-H

ill Com

panies.

NAME    DATE    CLASS 

The Ancient Greeks

Primary Source Activity Cont.

Excerpt 2

"Spare your ships, and do not risk a battle; for these people are as much superior to your people in seamanship, as men to women. What so great need is there for you to incur [bring upon yourself] hazard at sea? Are you not master of Athens, for which you did undertake your expedition? Is not Hellas [Greece] subject to you? Not a soul now resists your advance. They who once resisted, were handled even as they deserved. Now learn how I expect that affairs will go with your adversaries [enemies]. If you are not over-hasty to engage with them by sea, but will keep your fleet near the land, then whether you stay as you are, or march forward towards the Peloponnesos, you will easily accomplish all for which you are come here. The Hellenes [Greeks] cannot hold out against you very long; you will soon part them asunder [break into parts], and scatter them to their several homes. In the island where they lie, I hear they have no food in store; nor is it likely, if your land force begins its march towards the Peloponnesos, that they will remain quietly where they are—at least such as come from that region. Of a surety they will not greatly trouble themselves to give battle on behalf of the Athenians. On the other hand, if you are hasty to fight, I tremble lest the defeat of your sea force bring harm likewise to your land army. This, too, you should remember, O king; good masters are apt to have bad servants, and bad masters good ones. Now, as you are the best of men, your servants must needs be a sorry set. These Egyptians, Cyprians, Cilicians, and Pamphylians, who are counted in the number of your subject-allies, of how little service are they to you!"

Analyzing Primary Sources

Directions Answer the following questions.

1. Identifying Was Artemisia an ally of the Persians or the Greeks in the war between Greek city-states and Persia?

2. Identifying Points of View What does Herodotus think of the advice Artemisia gave to King Xerxes? 

netw rks

Copyrigh

t by Th

e McG

raw-H

ill Com

panies.

NAME    DATE    CLASS 

The Ancient Greeks

Primary Source Activity Cont.

3. Finding the Main Idea What advice does Artemisia give King Xerxes? 

4. Explaining What does Artemisia say about the Hellenes’ supplies to convince King Xerxes to fight on land? 

Critical Thinking5. Analyzing Primary Sources What did Herodotus think of Artemisia?

netw rks

Alexander the Great

After the Peloponnesian War • Athens and Sparta are both _____________

• ___________________________ is located to the north, and sees Greece falling apart

• ______________________ of Macedon sees a golden opportunity to expand his empire o Greeks are disorganized and easily fall

apart

Alexander the Great • After Phillip’s death in _________________,

his son Alexander rises to power

• Alexander expands the empire to cover from ________________________, to Egypt, and the outskirts of _________________.

• As he expands the empire, he expands the _________________________ influence of Greece

Why “the Great” • In ____________ years, Alexander of Macedonia created the ____________ empire in the world up to that time

• Alexander spread Greek culture, ensuring cultural ________________________ and the survival of the qualities of classical Greece

Alexander’s Origins • Born in _______________, Macedonia

• Tutored by the Greek philosopher, ___________________

• His father, Philip, was king of Macedonia, and had conquered the Greek city states during his ____-year reign

Alexander Rules • Philip was murdered in _______________ by an assassin…maybe hired by his wife, __________________…

• So Alexander was only ________ when he became king of Macedonia

Securing his Father’s Empire • Alexander squelched rebellions in the northern regions to the ________________________

• In the process of reconquering the Greek city states, his forces destroyed ___________________________, massacring all, including women and children

Expanding the Empire • Alexander’s forces of over ____________ crossed at the _______________________________- into Asia, where

he declared that the whole of Asia would be won by the __________________

The Gordian Knot • The Gordian Knot: the legend behind the ancient knot was that the man who could _______________________

was destined to rule the entire world.

• Alexander simply ___________________ the knot with his ______________________ and unraveled it.

Defeating Darius of Persia 1. Alexander’s forced dispatched the ____________________

army, losing only ____________ men (legend) 2. Again, Alexander was victorious, and ______________ was

forced to flee, abandoning is __________________, _____________________ and children to Alexander

o Major cities in Asia Minor and along the __________________________ coast surrendered to Alexander

o Alexander proceeded to ____________________, where he established the city of Alexandria and was made ________________________

3. Yet again, Alexander’s forces defeated Darius, this time in ____________________________________…

• Alexander was proclaimed king of Persia and Darius’s royal city and palace were ____________________ to the ground…

• Again, Darius fled… Alexander pursued…

• When Darius was found murdered by his ___________________________, Alexander _____________________ the _________________________ and gave Darius a royal funeral

Alexander’s Divinity • While in Egypt, Alexander had visited the temple of _____________________________

• The oracle proclaimed that Alexander was the ____________________________________ of Amon-Ra and destined to rule the world

• _______________________________ arose with his Greek soldiers as he adopted Persian dress & demanded to be recognized as a god

The Limits of Expansion • In the spring of ________________________, Alexander and his army marched into ___________________

• As he conquered regions he allowed rulers to continue to ___________________ in his name

Bucephalus o In India, Alexander’s _________________ was killed… o He mourned his loss and named a ________________ in his honor

• At the Indus, the Macedonians ________________________ and refused to go any farther

• The forces travelled down the ______________________ and began the arduous journey back to Mesopotamia

• His best friend, _______________________________, died of a fever; to console himself, Alexander led a ferocious __________________________ campaign and went on a ________________________________

Securing a legacy • Alexander made _______________________ the capital of his Empire

• He married one of ____________________________ daughters and “__________________________” 10,000 of his soldiers to take Persian wives

• He died the following year at _________ before he could produce an heir and his kingdom was divided among _______________ of his generals

The mystery of Alexander’s death • Alexander died of a ______________________ at 33… but why?

• Plutarch reports that he was plagued by several bad “____________________________”

• Some others from the time claimed Alexander was _________________________ during the _______________________________________

Greek Contributions to Western Civilization Drama

• Aeschylus and Sophocles – Great play writers of TRAGEDY

• Aristophanes – Great play writer of COMEDY

Poetry • Homer: The great blind story teller of Greece

o His stories later were written in two epics: ▪ Iliad ▪ Odyssey

History • ____________________ – Greek historian who is known as the

“_____________________________________” o He wrote Histories which was about the conflict between

____________________and Greece

• ____________________– A Greek historian who wrote History of the _________________________________. o He wrote about the conflict between Athens and Sparta

Sculpture • ____________________– He is known as the Greatest Greek Sculptor

o He designed the ____________________ (the temple of the Goddess Athena) o Sculpted the huge Statue of ____________________at Olympus

Architecture • ____________________Column

o Very Plain and simple o Has no base

• ____________________Column o Capital has scrolls o Has a base o More decorative

• ____________________Column o The most decorative o Roofs are flat

Science • ____________________

o Founded a school of ____________________ o Rejected that sickness comes from the ____________________ o Careful ____________________of symptoms

▪ ____________________ ▪ ____________________

o “____________________” healing ▪ ____________________ ▪ ____________________ ▪ Curative powers of nature

o The ____________________ Oath

• ____________________ o Greek mathematician – Geometry o War machines and other devices o Theory of ____________________ - “Eureka!” o Law of the lever o ____________________ screw

Mathematics • ____________________– the father of geometry

• ____________________ o The universe could only be understood thru numbers. o Sun, moon, and earth revolved around a central

____________________. o Each planet produces a ____________________! o Famous for the Pythagorean ____________________:

____________________

Philosophers • ____________________

o Critic of the Sophists o Encouraged students to ____________________ o Left no writings – ____________________ o Dialectic method

▪ Conversational ▪ Based upon reason and logic

o Popular among the youth o a “gadfly” in Athens o Placed on trial for impiety and corrupting the youth o Was executed in 399 – drank ______________________________ o Socrates’ dialectic method was a departure from earlier philosophers. o Earlier philosophers were interested in the ____________________of the universe and basic elements. o Socrates’ approach was more rigorous and was the forerunner of ____________________.

• ____________________ o Preserved and perpetuated the work of Socrates o Most important source of info on ____________________ o Founded the ____________________ o Wrote ____________________

▪ Universal Forms was a recurring theme ▪ The ____________________– most important dialogue

o “Those things which are beautiful are also difficult”

• ____________________ o Most famous student of ____________________ o Most famous teacher of ________________________________________ o Developed ____________________as a field of study o Devised a complex system of classification

▪ Used in ____________________

o Views on Government ▪ 3 Good Governments:

• ____________________

• ____________________

• ____________________ ▪ 3 Bad Governments:

• ____________________

• ____________________

• ____________________ o “All things in ____________________” o “Man is by nature a ____________________animal”

Politics (Athens) • Draco – Introduced ______________________________________________

• Solon – Outlawed “_______________________________________” in Athens

• Cleisthenes – Introduced the idea of _________________________________________

PEOPLE OF GREECE

Use the book and your phone to figure out who these famous Ancient Greeks were are their major contributions

Sophocles - _________________________________________________________________________

Aeschylus - _________________________________________________________________________

Herodotus - _________________________________________________________________________

Euclid - _____________________________________________________________________________

Pythagoras - ________________________________________________________________________

Archimedes - ________________________________________________________________________

Hippocrates - ________________________________________________________________________

Homer- ____________________________________________________________________________

Leonidas - __________________________________________________________________________

Phidias - ____________________________________________________________________________

Xerxes - ____________________________________________________________________________

Aristotle - __________________________________________________________________________

Plato - _____________________________________________________________________________

Socrates - __________________________________________________________________________

Philip II - ___________________________________________________________________________

A the G - ___________________________________________________________________________

Pericles- ___________________________________________________________________________

GREECE VOCAB – Chapter 5 sections 1-3

1. Government were citizens rule directly and not through representation is known as_______________________________

2. A __________________________ is a serious drama about themes of love, hate, war and betrayal.

3. The _____________________________ were fought between Greece and Persia. Includes the 300 of Sparta.

4. ___________________________ is a philosopher that questioned the nature of the world.

5. The greatest work of the philosopher ___________________________ is The Republic.

6. Great thinkers of ancient Greece were known as _____________________________.

7. The philosopher ________________________________ believed that absolute standards did exist for truth and justice,.

8. A ______________________ is a play that contains scenes filled with slapstick situations and crude humor.

9. Sparta declares war against Athens is the ______________________________________________.

10. Greek sculptors capture the grace of the human body in what is known as _________________________________.

11. Peasants of ancient Greece were known as_________________________________.

12. In a ___________________________ the people rule the government.

13. If you lived in a city in Greece it was known as a ______________________________.

14. A ________________________ is a government ruled by a few.

15. Kings rule in a _______________________________________.

16. Blind poet ____________________________ wrote the Odyssey and the Iliad.

17. Conducting business in Ancient Greece would usually take place upon the __________________________, a fortified hilltop.

18. Sparta and Athens used a __________________________ when fighting. It became the most powerful fighting force around.

19. Since I am a noble I am allowed to rule in a ___________________________________.

20. Poems that celebrate heroic deeds and known as _________________________________.

21. ____________________________ were very powerful individuals who gained control of the government.

22. Traditional stories passed down through time about their gods are known as ____________________________.

23. The ____________________________ moved into war torn Greece. No written works during this time. Dark age of Greece.

24. Greece tries to expand their empire to the Black Sea during the __________________________________.

25. The _____________________________________ settled in Greece around 2000 BCE.

Myths Homer Dorians Epics Mycenaeans Trojan War

Persian Wars Helot *Democracy Polis *Aristocracy Acropolis

*Monarchy Tyrant *Oligarchy Phalanx classical art *Direct Democracy

Aristotle Socrates Comedy Plato Philosophers Tragedy

Peloponnesian War