anbeshi 2069

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"cGj]ifL"dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf]

ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg

@)^(

cf]/]s g]kfn

afns'df/L, nlntk'/

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ii

"cGj]ifL"

dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf]

ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg

@)^(© cf]/]s g]kfn

o; k|ltj]bgdf ;dfj]z ePsf ljifoj:t'x¿ dlxnf lx+;f cGTosf nflu ul/g] s'g} klg cleofgsf] k|of]hgsf] lglDt ;|f]t v'nfO{ k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] 5 .

n]vs M ;+lhtf ltlD;gf;Nnfxsf/ M 8f= /]0f' /fhe08f/L;Dkfbg M 8f= ljgfos /fhe08f/LtYofÍ k|zf]wg M k|ljgf t08'sf/cfj/0f÷n]cfp6 M /d]z e08f/L÷ s[i0ff rf}w/Ld'b|0f M Soflk6n sDKo'6/ Nof08 k|f=ln= cfly{s ;xof]u M ldh]l/o/, hd{gL

k|sfzs M cf]/]s g]kfn kf]=a=g+= !#@##, sf7df8f}+, g]kfn Email: [email protected]

Website: www.worecnepal.org

ISBN: 9789937256728www.wore

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dlxnf lx+;f;DaGwL ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg @)^(

ljifo;"rLcfef/ 12b'O{ zAb 14sfo{ut kl/efiff 17sfo{sf/L ;f/f+z 21

kl/R5]b !M kl/ro 27!=! k[i7e"ld 28!=@ cWoogsf] ;Ldf 38!=# cWoog ljlw 39

kl/R5]b @ M k|fKt kl/0ffdx¿ / ljZn]if0f 40@ dlxnfdfly ePsf lx+;fsf cj:yf / ljZn]if0f 41@=! lx+;fsf 36gfx¿sf] If]qut l:ylt 41@=@ dlxnf lx+;fsf k|sf/x¿ 43@=# dlxnf lx+;f / pd]/ 45@=$ dlxnf lx+;f / lzIff 47@=^ k|efljtsf] hflt 52@=& k|efljt / kL8saLrdf /x]sf] ;DaGw 53@=* k|efljtsf] k]zf 54@=( lx+;fsf sf/0f dlxnfx¿dfly k/]sf] c;/ 56

kl/R5]b # M 3/]n' lx+;f 58#=! dlxnf / 3/]n' lx+;f 59#=@ 3/]n' lx+;fleqsf :j¿kx¿ 60#=# 3/]n' lx+;fsf k|sf/x¿ 62

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#=$ 3/]n' lx+;fsf kL8ssf k|sf/ 62#=% k|efljtsf] j}jflxs cj:yf 63#=^ k|efljtsf] pd]/ / 3/]n' lx+;f 64#=& k|efljtsf] lzIffsf] :t/ / 3/]n' lx+;f 64#=* k|efljtsf] hft / 3/]n' lx+;f 66#=( k|efljtsf] k]zf / 3/]n' lx+;f 67#=!) k|efljtnfO{ k/]sf] c;/ 67

kl/R5]b $ M ;fdflhs lx+;f 71$=! dlxnf / ;fdflhs lx+;f 72$=@ dlxnfdfly ;fdflhs ¿kdf ePsf lx+;fsf :j¿kx¿ 75$=# ;fdflhs lx+;fsf kL8ssf k|sf/x¿ 75$=$ k|efljtsf] j}jflxs cj:yf 76$=% k|efljtsf] pd]/ / ;fdflhs lx+;f 76$=* k|efljtsf] k]zf / ;fdflhs lx+;f 79$=( ;fdflhs lx+;fsf sf/0f k|efljtdf k/]sf] c;/ 80

kl/R5]b % M anfTsf/ 84%=! anfTsf/ 85%=@ anfTsf/sf kL8ssf k|sf/ 87%=# k|efljtsf] j}jflxs cj:yf 88%=$ anfTsf/af6 k|efljtsf] pd]/ 88%=% anfTsf/af6 k|efljtsf] z}lIfs cj:yf 89%=^ k|efljtsf] hflt 89%=& k|efljtsf] k]zf 91%=* anfTsf/af6 k|efljtdf k/]sf] c;/ 91www.w

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kl/R5]b ^ M of}lgs lx+;f 95^=! of}lgs lx+;f 96^=@ k|efljtsf] pd]/ / of}lgs lx+;f 97^=# of}lgs lx+;fsf kL8ssf k|sf/ 97^=$ k|efljtsf] j}jflxs cj:yf 98^=% k|efljtsf] z}lIfs of]Uotf 99^=^ k|efljtsf] hflt 100^=& k|efljtsf] k]zf 101^=* k|efljtnfO{ k/]sf c;/x¿ 101

kl/R5]b & M xTof 104&=! xTof 105&=@ k|efljtsf] pd]/ / xTof 106&=$ k|efljtsf] j}jflxs cj:yf 107&=% k|efljtsf] z}lIfs :t/ / xTof 108&=^ k|efljtsf] hftL / xTof 109&=& k|efljtsf] k]zf / xTof 110

kl/R5]b * M dfgj a]rlavg÷cf];f/k;f/ 112*=! dfgj a]rlavg÷cf];f/k;f/ 113*=@ k|efljtsf] pd]/ / a]rlavg÷cf];f/k;f/ 115*=# k|efljt / kL8ssf] ;DaGw 115*=$ k|efljtsf] j}jflxs cj:yf 117*=% k|efljtsf] z}lIfs cj:yf 117*=^ k|efljtsf] hflt 119*=& k|efljtsf] k]zf 119*=* k|efljtnfO{ k/]sf] c;/x¿ 120

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kl/R5]b ( M kL8ssf] k[i7e"ld 123(=! kL8ssf] k[i7e"ld 124(=@ kL8ssf] pd]/ 124(=# kL8ssf] n}lËs ljj/0f 126(=$ kL8ssf] z}lIfs cj:yf 127(=% kL8ssf] j}jflxs cj:yf 129(=^ kL8ssf] k]zf 130

kl/R5]b !) M k|efljtnfO{ ul/Psf] ;xof]u 132!)=! k|efljtsf] :jf:Yo kl/If0f 133!)=@ k|efljtnfO{ ul/Psf] ;xof]usf] ljj/0f 134

kl/R5]b !! M ;~rf/ cg'udg 138;~rf/ cg'udgaf6 k|fKt dlxnf lx+;fsf] tYo 139

kl/R5]b !@ M lgisif{ / ;'emfjx¿ 144

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lrqx¿sf] ;"rL

rf6{ g+= ! dlxnfdfly ePsf lx+;fsf 36gfx?sf] If]qut l:ylt 41 rf6{ g+= @ dlxnfdfly ePsf lx+;fsf k|sf/x? 43

rf6{ g+= # dlxnfsf] pd]/ cg';f/ lx+;fsf] kl/0ffd 45

rf6{ g++=$ dlxnfsf] z}lIfs cj:yfsf cfwf/df lx+;fsf kl/0fdx¿ 48

rf6{ g++=% dlxnfsf] ;fIf/tfsf] cj:yfsf cfwf/df lx+;fsf kl/0fdx¿ 48

rf6{ g+= ^ dlxnfsf] j} jflxs l:ylt / lx+;fsf] kl/ 0ffd 50

rf6{ g+= & dlxnfsf] hftLo ljj/0f / lx+;fsf] kl/0ffd 52

rf6{ g+=* dlxnfsf] j}jflxs l:ylt / lx+;fsf] kl/0ffd 53

rf6{ g+= ( dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;f / k]zf 54

rf6{ g+= !) dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf sf/0f dlxnfdf k/]sf c;/x¿ 56

rf6{ g+= !! dlxnfdfly ePsf 3/]n' lx+;fsf 36gfx¿ k|ltztdf 63

rf6{ g+= !@ 3/ ] n' lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx¿ / kL8ssf] ;DaGw 63

rf6{ g+= !# 3/]n' lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx¿sf] j}jflxs cj:yf / lx+;fsf

kl/0ffdx¿ 64

rf6{ g+= !$ 3/]n' lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx¿sf] pd]/sf cfwf/df lx+;fsf

kl/0ffdx¿ 65

rf6{ g+= !% 3/]n' lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx¿sf] z}lIfs cj:yf / lx+;fsf

kl/0ffdx¿ 65

rf6{ g+= !^ 3/]n' lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx¿sf] ;fIf/tfsf] cj:yf / lx+;fsf

kl/0ffdx¿ 66

rf6{ g+= !& 3/]n' lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx¿sf] hfltut cj:yf / lx+;fsf

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kl/0ffdx¿ 66

rf6{ g+= !* 3/]n' lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx¿sf] k]zf / lx+;fsf] cj:yf 67

rf6{ g+= !( 3/]n' lx+;faf6 k|efljt dlxnfx¿df k/]sf] c;/x¿ k|ltztdf 68

rf6{ g+=@) dlxnfdfly x'g] ;fdflhs lx+;fsf k|sf/x¿ 75

rf6{ g+= @! ;fdflhs lx+;fsf k|efljtx¿sf] kL8s;Fusf] ;DaGw 76

rf6{ g+= @@ ;fdflhs lx+;f k|efljtx¿sf] j}jflxs cj:yf 77

rf6{ g+= @# pd] / sf cfwf/ df dlxnfdfly ePsf] ;fdflhs lx+;fsf] cj:yf 77

rf6{ g+=@$ z}lIfs cj:yfsf cfwf/df dlxnfdfly ePsf] ;fdflhs lx+;f 78

rf6{ g+=@% lzIffsf] :t/sf cfwf/df dlxnfdfly ePsf] ;fdflhs lx+;f 78

rf6{ g+=@^ hfltut cfwf/df dlxnfdfly ePsf] ;fdflhs lx+;fsf] cj:yf 79

rf6{ g+=@& dlxnfsf] k]zf / ;fdflhs lx+;fsf] cj:yf 80

rf6{ g+=@* ;fdflhs lx+;fsf sf/ 0f k|efljtdf k/ ] sf c;/ x¿ 81

rf6{ g+= @( anfTsf/ k|efljt dlxnfx¿sf] kL8s;Fusf] ;DaGw 87

rf6{ g+ #) anfTsf/ / k|efljtsf] j} jflxs cj:yf 88

rf6{ g+= #! anfTsf/ k|efljt dlxnfx¿sf] pd]/sf cfwf/df lx+;fsf kl/0ffdx¿

89

rf6{ g+= #@ anfTsf/ k|efljt dlxnfx¿sf] z}lIfs cj:yf / lx+;fsf kl/0ffdx¿

90

rf6{ g+= ## anfTsf/ k|efljt dlxnfx¿sf] ;fIf/tfsf] cj:yf / lx+;fsf

kl/0ffdx¿ 90

rf6{ g+= #$ hfltut cfwf/df dlxnfdfly ePsf] ;fdflhs lx+;fsf] cj:yf 91

rf6{ g+= #% k|efljtsf] k]zf / anfTsf/sf 36gfx?sf] cj:yf 92

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rf6{ g+= #^ anfTsf/ af6 k|efljtdf k/ ] sf c;/ x? 92

rf6{ g+=#& pd] / sf cfwf/ df dlxnfdfly ePsf] of} lgs lx+;fsf] cj:yf 98

rf6{ g+= #* of} lgs lx+;faf6 k|efljtx¿sf] kL8s;Fusf] ;DaGw 98

rf6{ g+= #( k|efljtsf] j} jflxs cj:yf / of} lgs lx+;f 99

rf6{ g++=$) k|efljtsf] z} lIfs cj:yf / of} lgs lx+;fsf kl/ 0ffdx¿ 99

rf6{ g++=$! of} lgs lx+;faf6 k|efljtx¿ sf] ;fIf/ tfsf] cj:yf / of} lgs lx+;fsf

kl/ 0ffdx¿ 100

rf6{ g+= $@ k|efljtsf] hflt / of} lgs lx+;fsf kl/ 0ffx¿ 100

rf6{ g+= $# k|efljtsf] k] zf / of} lgs lx+;fsf kl/ 0ffdx¿ 101

rf6{ g+= $$ of} lgs lx+;faf6 k|efljtnfO} k/ ] sf c;/ x¿ 102

rf6{ g+= $% dlxnfsf] pd]/cg';f/ xTof cj:yf 106

rf6{ g+= $^ k|efljt / kL8ssf] lardf /x]sf] ;DaGw 107

rf6{ g+=$& k|efljtsf] j}jflxs l:yltsf cfwf/df xTof 108

rf6{ g+= $* k|efljtsf] z}lIfs cj:yfsf cfwf/df xTof 108

rf6{ g+= $( k|efljtsf] ;fIf/ tfsf] cj:yf / xTof 109

rf6{ g+= %) k|efljtsf] hfltut cj:yfsf cfwf/df xTof 109

rf6{ g+= %! k|efljtsf] k] zf / xTof 110

rf6{ g+= %@ a]rlavg÷cf];f/k;f/af6 k|efljtsf] pd]/ 116

rf6{ g+=%# a] rlavg÷cf] ;f/ k;f/ af6 k|efljtx¿ sf] kL8s;Fusf] ;DaGw 116

rf6{ g+= %$ a] rlavg÷cf] ;f/ k;f/ af6 k|efljtx¿ sf] j} jflxs cj:yf 117

rf6{ g+= %% a] rlavg÷cf] ;f/ k;f/ af6 k|efljtx¿ sf] z} lIfs cj:yf 118

rf6{ g+= %^ a] rlavg÷cf] ;f/ k;f/ af6 k|efljtx¿ sf] ;fIf/ tfsf] :t/ 118

rf6{ g+=%& a] rlavg÷cf] ;f/ k;f/ af6 k|efljtx¿ sf] hfltut ljj/ 0f 119

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rf6{ g+= %* k|efljtsf] k] zf / a] rlavg÷cf] ;f/ k;f/ sf] cj:yf 120

rf6{ g+= %( dfgj a] rlavg÷cf] ;f/ k;f/ af6 k|efljtdf k/ ] sf] c;/ x¿ 120

rf6{ g+ ^) kL8ssf] pd]/ ;d"x 124

rf6{ g+ ^! kL8ssf] n}lËs ljj/0f 126

rf6{ g+ ^@ kL8ssf] z}lIfs cj:yf 128

rf6{ g+= ^# kL8ssf] ;fIf/ tfsf] cj:yf 128

rf6{ g+ ^$ kL8ssf] j}jflxs cj:yf 129

rf6{ g+ ^% kL8ssf] k]zfsf] ljj/0f 130

rf6{ g+=^^ lx+;f kZrft\ :jf:Yo k/LIf0f l:ylt 133

rf6{ g+= ^& lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx¿ sf nflu ;+:yfn] o; jif{ u/]sf ;xof]usf]

ljj/0f k|ltztdf 137

rf6{ ^* kfFr ljsfz If]q / lx+;fsf] kl/0ffd 139

rf6{ g+ ^( dlxnf dfly ePsf lx+;fsf k|sf/x¿ -k|ltztdf _ 140

rf6{ g+= &) kfFr ljsfz If]q / lx+;fsf] kl/0ffd 140

rf6{ g+ &! dlxnf dfly ePsf ;fdflhs lx+;fsf k|sf/x¿ 141

rf6{ g+ &@ lx+;fsf] k|sf/ / kL8s;Fusf] ;DaGw 141

rf6{ g+ &# pd]/ ;d"x cg';f/ lx+;fsf] cj:yf 142

rf6{ g+ &$ kLl8tsf] hflt cg';f/ lx+;fsf] k|sf/ 142

rf6{ g+ &% k|efljtsf] a}jflxs cj:yf 143

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11


11

of] k':ts tof/ ug'{sf p2]Zox¿

cf] / ] s g] kfnn] ljut % jif{b] lv dlxnfdfly ePsf lx+;fsf 36gfx¿sf] clen] vLs/ 0fug{] sfo{ ub{} cfPsf] 5 . cf] / ] s g] kfnn] ljleGg / fli6«o b} lgs kqklqsfx¿df k|sflzt ePsf dlxnf lx+;f ;DalGw 36gfx¿sf] cg'udg u/ L dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] cGTosf nflu ;Dk'0f{ ;/ f] sf/ jfnfx¿nfO{ hjfkmb] lx / pQ/ bflo aGgsf nflu k} / jL ug{] p2] Zon] x/ ] s dlxgf dfl;s k|ltj] bg tof/ u/ L ;fj{hlgs ug{] sfo{ ub{} cfPsf] 5 . o;sf ;fy} cf] / ] s g] kfnn] dlxnfdfly ePsf lx+;fsf 36gfx¿sf] cg'udg tyf :ynut e|d0f u/ L dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] oyfy{tfnfO{ ;~rf/ dfWoddf / cGtlqmof sfo{qmd dfkm{t ;do ;dodf ;fj{hlgs ub{} ;/ f] sf/ nfx¿sf] Wofgfsif{0f u/ fpg] sfo{ ;d] t ub{} cfPsf] 5 .

o;/ L dlxnfdfly ePsf lx+;fsf 36gfx¿sf] clen] vLs/ 0fu/ L To;sf] ljZn] if0ffTds cWoog ;lxtsf] jif{ k':ts tof/ ug'{sf p2] Zox¿ lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ M

• dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] l:yltsf] klxrfg u/ L dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;flj?å / fHonfO{ plrt sfg'g, lglt lgod, of] hgf lgdf{0f u/ L cfjZos ;+oGqsf] ljsf; ug{ bafj lbg] tyf ;r] t u/ fpg] .

• lx+;faf6 k|efljtsf] Gofodf kx'Fr ;'lglZrt ug{ cfjZos kg{] If] qx¿sf] klxrfg u/ L sfof{Gjogsf nflu ;/ sf/ nfO{ clkn ug{] .

• lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx¿sf] Gofodf kx'Fr a[l4 ug{sf nflu pgLx¿sf] cfjZostf klxrfg u/ L ;xof] uL ;+oGqsf] ljsf; / To;df k|efljt dlxnfx¿sf] kx'Fr ;'lglZrt ug{ k} / jL ug{] . www.w

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1212

cfef/

dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] cGToljgf dlxnfclwsf/ sf] ;'lglZrttf x'g ;Qm} g . ;fdflhs Gofo, ;dfgtf / b] zdf lbuf] zflGtsf nflu dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] cGTo cfjZos 5 . o;y{ o; cj:Yffsf] cGTo ;Dk"0f{ dlxnf clwsf/ tyf dfgj clwsf/ sf If] qdf lqmofzLn JolQm, gful/ s ;dfhsf cu'jfx¿, / fhgLltsdL{x¿, ;+:yf / ;d"x ;a} sf] ;xsfo{af6 dfq} ;Dej 5 .

dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] jf:tljs oyfy{tf ha;Dd aflx/ cfpFb} g ta;Dd o;sf] ;dfwfgsf] af6f] klxNofpg ufx|f] x'G5 / o;sf] cGTosf nflu ul/Psf k|of;x¿ k|of;df dfq ;Lldt x'g k'Ub5g\ . o;y{ dlxnfdfly ePsf] lx+;fsf] cj:yfnfO{ lrq0f ug{] p2] Zon] dlxnflx+;f lj?åsf] cleofgdf lg/ Gt/ nflu/ xg] w] / } ;ª\3;+:yf, dlxnf dfgj clwsf/ sdL{x¿sf] ;+o'Qm k|of; xf] æcGj] ifLÆ sf] kfrf} + cª\s .

lkQ[;QfTds ;f] r xfaL / x] sf] ;dfhdf cfkm"dfly ePsf] lx+;flj?å af] Ng cem} klg dlxnfx¿nfO{ Tolt ;lhnf] 5} g . oBlk cfkm"dfly ePsf lx+;fsf 36gfx¿ cGo dlxnfx¿n] ef] Ug' gk/ f] ;\ eGg] cfsf+ªIffsf ;fy cfkm"dfly ePsf] lx+;fsf] hfgsf/ L u/ fpg] ;fx; a6'Ng'x'g] ;Dk"0f{ g] kfnL dlxnfx¿k|lt cf] / ] s g] kfn ljz] if s[t1tf JoQm ub{5 . dlxnfdfly ePsf lx+;fsf 36gfx¿ aflx/ NofpFbf dlxnfx¿n] ;'/ Iff / cGo hf] lvdx¿sf] ;d] t ;fdgf ug'{kg{] l:yltsf] l;h{gf x'g] ub{5 . oBlk ;d'bfo:t/ df lqmofzLn dlxnf dfgj clwsf/ / Ifsx¿n] cfkm"dfly kg{] hf] lvd / r'gf} ltsf] k|jfxljgf cfˆgf 3/ , l5d] s / lhNnfdf 36] sf dlxnfdfly ePsf lx+;fsf 36gfx¿nfO{ aflx/ Nofpg ug'{ePsf] ;fx;, w} o{ / sfdsf] pRr ;Ddfg ub{} cfkm"n] clen] vg u/ ] sf 36gfx¿ cf] / ] s g] kfnsf] tYofÍ zfvfdf k7fpg' x'g] ;Dk'0f{ dlxnf dfgj clwsf/ / Ifsx¿k|lt xfdL ljz] if cfef/ k|s6 ug{ rfxG5f} + .

cf] / ] s g] kfnsf lhNnf sfof{nox¿df / x] / ;d'bfo:t/ af6 k|fKt dlxnf lx+;fsf 36gfx¿nfO{ b:tfj] hLs/ 0f ug{ ;3fp k'¥ofpg'x'g] df] / Ë zfvfsf zflGt bg'jf/ , pbok'/ zfvfsf / df du/ , l;/ xf zfvfsf x] df sfsL{, wg'iff zfvfsf k|d] z d08n, s} nfnL zfvfsf ljg' / f0ff, /

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13


13

bfË zfvfsf lx/ fdl0f rf} w/ LnfO{ wGojfb lbg rfxG5f} + .

o; k|ltj] bg tof/ ug{sf nflu tYofÍnfO{ ;dfof] hg, ljZn] if0f tyf lrqx¿sf] tof/ L / k|ltj] bg n] vg u/ L dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{] cf] / ] s g] kfnsL sfo{qmd ;+of] hs ;+lhtf ltlD;gfnfO{ cf] / ] s g] kfn cfef/ k|s6 ub{5 . o;sf ;fy} o; sfo{df ;3fp k'¥ofpg' x'g] tYofÍ zfvfsf k|lagf t08'sf/ nfO{ klg cf] / ] s g] kfn ljz] if wGojfb JoQm ub{5 . 36gf ;+sngdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg' x'g] cf]/]s g]kfnsf snf /fO{, lglndf /fO{, lbkf l3ld/] tyf ljg' e'h]nnfO{ ;d]t wGojfb lbg rfxG5f}+ . ;xof]uo;} u/ L o; k':ts tof/ Lsf qmddf ;xof] u ug'{x'g] cf] / ] s g] kfnsf sfg'gL ;Nnfxsf/ clwjQmf bnaxfb'/ wfdLnfO{ klg ljz] if wGojfb lbg rfxG5f} + .

cf] / ] s g] kfnsf ;+:Yffks cWoIf 8f=/ ] 0f' / fhe08f/ LnfO{ o; k':tsnfO{ d"t{ ¿k lbgsf nflu pxfFn] k|bfg ug'{ePsf] ;'emfj, lgb{] zg tyf ;xof] uk|lt ;+:yf cfef/ k|s6 ub{5 .

cf] / ] s g] kfnsf k|fljlws ;Nnfxsf/ 8f= ljgfos / fhe08f/ LnfO{ cToGt} sd ;dodf klg ;Nnfx, ;'emfj / ;Dkfbg u/ L o; k':tssf] k|sfzgsf nflu dxTjk'0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'{ePsf] df ljz] if cfef/ k|s6 ub{5f} + . cfj/ 0f tyf ;fh;Hhf u/ L of] k|ltj] bgnfO{ cfsif{s agfpg ;xof] u ug'{ x'g] cf] / ]s g] kfnsf k|sfzg zfvfsf / d] z e08f/ L / s[i0ff rf} w/ LnfO{ ljz] if wGojfb glbO / xg ;lsb} g . ;fy} cGj]ifL d'b|0f ug'{ x'g] ljsf; Jof~h' tyf Soflk6n sDKo'6/ Nof08 k|f=ln=, eQmk'/ k|lt xfdL cfef/L 5f}+ .

dfly pNn] v ul/ Psf JolQmx¿afx] s klg cGo ljleGg JolQmx¿sf] ;xof] un] dfq of] k|ltj] bg tof/ ePsf] xf] . o; k':ts tof/ Lsf nflu k|ToIf / ck|ToIf ¿kn] ;3fpg' x'g] ;Dk"0f{ JolQmx¿nfO{ cf] / ] s g] kfn wGojfb lbb} xflb{s cfef/ k|s6 ug{ rfxG5 .

afa'/ fd uf} tdsfo{sf/ L lgb{] zs

cf] / ] s g] kfn

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b'O{ zAb

dlxnfdfly ePsf] lx+;fsf] jf:tljstf af/ ] df hfgsf/ L lbg] p2] Zn] tof/ kfl/ Psf] of] jif{ k':ts ÆcGj] ifLædlxnf cfGbf] ngsf nflu Ps dxTjk"0f{ k|sfzg xf] .

dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;f ;dfhsf x/ ] s ;+/ rgfdf h/ f] uf8] / / x] sf] lkQ[;QfTds d"NodfGotf / ;f] rsf] kl/ 0ffd xf] . To;sf] kmn:j¿k jif{} lg xhf/ f} + g] kfnL dlxnfx¿ ljleGg lsl;dsf zf/ Ll/ s, dfgl;s, ;fdflhs / cfly{s ¿kdf lx+;f vKg afWo agfO{Psf 5g\ . dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;f / ltgsf cfofd / kl/ df0fx¿n] clxn] dlxnfx¿ cfqmfGt ePsf 5g\ . dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fn] dlxnfsf] afFRg kfpg] clwsf/ , ;dfgtfsf] clwsf/ , oftgfd'Qm eO{ hLjg hLpg kfpg] clwsf/ , :jtGq / ;'/ lIft ¿kdf hLjg ofkg ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ , :j:y jftfj/ 0fsf] clwsf/ h:tf cfwf/ e"t dfgj clwsf/ sf] xgg\ u/ ] sf] 5 . 3/ b] lv ;fj{hlgs :yn;Dd ljleGg lx+;fx¿ a9\bf] s|ddf / x] sf] o; jif{ k':ts æcGj] ifLÆ n] b] vfPsf] 5 . o;n] dlxnfsf] zf/ Ll/ s / dfgl;s :Jff:Yodf, JolQmTjdf, cfTd;Ddfgdf, pTkfbgdf / kl/ jf/ df k|ToIf c;/ kf/ ] sf] 5 eg] b] zsf] ljsf;, pTkfbg / eljiosf ;Gtltx¿df ;d] t k|efj kfb{5 .

dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] cGTo lagf b] zdf ;fdflhs Gofo / lbuf] zflGtsf] :yfkg x'g ;Qm} g . dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] cGTo lagf b] zdf g t lbuf] zflGtsf] sNkgf ug{ ;lsG5 g t nf] stflGqs u0ftGq g} lbuf] x'g ;Qm5 . dlxnfdfly x'g] x/ ] s k|sf/ sf lx+;fx¿ ck/ fw xf] / of] dfgj clwsf/ sf] xgg\ xf] . JolQmut txb] lv gLltut tx;Dd / x] sf] lje] bk"0f{ Pjd\ lkQ[;QfTds d"NodfGotf, ;f] r / wf/ 0ff dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] sf/ s tTj xf] . jt{dfg ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts d"No / dfGotfsf] cf8df dlxnfdfly x'g] h:tf] ;'s} cdfgjLo / lje] bk"0f{ Jojxf/ nfO{ klg 9fs5f] k ug] { ul/ G5 . kmn:j¿k dlxnfsf] cfˆgf] z/ L/ dfly cfˆgf] lgoGq0f 5} g . of} g tyf k|hgg\ clwsf/ dlxnfnfO{ k|fKt x'g ;s] sf] 5} g .

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^$ k|ltzt dlxnfx¿ cfˆgf] 3/ leq cfkmGt} af6 kLl8t ePsf] o; jif{sf] cWoogn] b] vfPsf] 5 . cGt/ f{li6«o:t/ df dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf af/ ] df rrf{ ug{ yflnPsf] nfdf] ;do ePsf] ePtf klg dlxnf lx+;f cGTo ug{sf nflu ;/ sf/ nfO{ lhDd] jf/ agfpg] sfo{ eg] Tolt ;kmn b] lvGg . ;/ sf/ cGt/ f{li6«o:t/ df k|lta4 b] lvP klg b] zdf tL k|lta4tfx¿nfO{ Jojxf/ df ptfg{ c;kmn / x] sf] o; k':tsdf k|sflzt dlxnfdfly ePsf lx+;fsf 36gfx¿sf] ljZn] if0fn] b] vfpF5 . oBlk s] xL ;sf/ fTds sfdx¿ eg] gePsf xf] Ogg\ . 3/ ] n' lx+;f lj?4sf] P] g -@)^^_ / 3/ ] n' lx+;f lgodfjnL -@)^&_ tyf @)^& ;fnnfO{ æn} +lËs lx+;f lj?4sf] jif{Æ egL ul/ Psf] 3f] if0ffnfO{ log} pknlJwsf ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 . g] kfnL dlxnfx¿sf] lg/ Gt/ bafj / k} / jL tyf dlxnf dfgj clwsf/ / Ifx¿sf] @$ lbg] ef] s x8tfn, æsfnf] k] l6sf] 6Æ k|bz{gL u/ L ul/ Psf] bafjd'ns sfo{qmdsf] pknlAwsf ¿kdf / x] sf oL sfg'g tyf gLltx¿ 3f] if0ff ePtf klg kLl8t dlxnfx¿n] ;xof] u / Gofo kfpg' cem} æcfsfz sf] kmn cfFvf t/ L d/ Æ ePsf] 5 . 3/ ] n' lx+;f lj?4sf] sfg'g cfPtf klg To;df ePsf q'l6x¿sf sf/ 0f To;nfO{ k|of] u u/ L Gofok|fKt ug] { cfwf/ lkmtnf] 5 . 3/ ] n' lx+;f lj?4sf] -ck'/ f] _ sfg'g tyf cGo sfg'gx¿sf] k|of] u u/ L ck/ fwLnfO{ s] xL xb;Dd ;hfo lbg ;lsg] cj:yf ePtf klg sfg'g sfof{Gjog ug] { lgsfoleq / x] sf] lkt[;QfTds d'No / dfGotfsf sf/ 0f w] / } dlxnfx¿n] o;sf] pkof] u ul/ Gofo kfPsf 5} gg\ . sfg'g sfof{Gjog ug] { txdf / x] sf JolQmx¿sf] ;f] r / Jojxf/ sf sf/ 0f w] / } dlxnfx¿ cfkm"dfly ePsf] lx+;f btf{ ug{ ;Sb} gg\ . btf{ u/ ] kl5 cfjZos kg] { ;xof] u -;'/ lIft jf;, ufF; / ;'/ Iff_ sf] cefjn] btf{ ug] { sfo{ yk hl6n ag] sf] 5 . s] xL ;fx;L dlxnfx¿n] 36gf btf{ u/ L xfn] klg ax';+Vos d'2fx¿ cbfnt k'Ub} gg\ . k|foM h;f] 36gfdf dlxnfnfO{ g} bf] ifL b] vfpg] , dlxnf ePkl5 ;xg' kb{5 eGg] l;sfpg] ul/ G5 . kmn:j¿k dlxnfx¿df ædf} gtfsf] ;+:s[ltsfÆ ljsf; x'g] qmd a9\bf] 5 .

PstGqLo Joj:yfaf6 nf] stflGqs u0ftGqfTds Joj:yfdf k|j] z

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u/ ] sf] b] zdf dlxnf clwsf/ ;'lglZrttf cleofgdf ;+nUg b] zsf %! k|ltzt dlxnf gful/ sx¿ 3/ , kl/ jf/ / ;dfhaf6} lx+;fsf] hf] lvddf / x] sf 5g\ . b] z nf] stflGqs u0ftGqfTds kl/ kfl6df ¿kfGtl/ t ePsf] % jif{ eO{;Sbf klg dlxnfx¿n] nf] stGqsf] cg'e"lt ug{ kfPsf 5} gg\ . b] zdf zflGt lgdf{0f k|lqmof w] / } cufl8 uPsf] elgPtf klg zflGtsf] nfef+z kfpg' kg{] x¿ cfˆgf] clwsf/ af6 al~rt g} 5g\ . / fhgLlts kl/ jt{g kZrft cfˆgf] cj:yfdf kl/ jt{g cfpF5 / cfˆgf clwsf/ x¿ ;'lglZrt x'G5g\ eGg] df ljZjf; lnPsf dlxnfx¿ cem klg cfˆgf] clwsf/ ;'lglZrt x'g] kvf{O{df g} 5g\ . o;y{ o; k|ltj] bgn] Psk6s km] l/ kl/ jt{gk|lt k|lta4 ;+j] bgzLn / fhg} lts kf6L{x¿ / ;/ sf/ nfO{ cfkm"n] u/ ] sf sfo{x¿sf] ;dLIff ug{ / dfgj clwsf/ nfO{ ;'lglZrt ug{] k|lta4tf cg'¿ksf] Jojxf/ ug{ 3R3Rofpg] 5 .

o; k':tsdf ;dfj] z ul/ Psf dlxnfdfly ePsf lx+;fsf] ljZn] if0fn] dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fk|lt ;/ f] sf/ jfnfx¿nfO{ hjfkmb] xL / pQ/ bfoL aGgsf nflu k|] l/ t ub{5 . o; cWoog k|ltj] bgn] xfn ;Dd g] kfn ;/ sf/ n] dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;f / n} lËs ;dfgtfsf nflu u/ ] sf sfo{x¿sf] ;dLIff ug{ / cfufdL lbgdf dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;f lj?4 plrt sfg'g, gLlt lgod, of] hgf lgdf{0f ug{sf nflu cfjZos kxnx¿sf af/ ] df uDeL/ eP/ ;f] Rgsf nflu ;d] t d2t ub{5 eGg] dnfO{ ljZjf; nfu] s] f 5 .

cGTodf, o; cWoog k|ltj] bgdf dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;faf/ ] hfgsf/ L lbO{ dlxnf cfGbf] ngnfO{ ;zQm kfg{ phf{ yKg'x'g] ;a} df d xflb{s awfO{ tyf s[t1tf 1fkg ug{ rfxG5' .

8f= / ] 0f' / fhe08f/ L;+:yfks cWoIf, cf] / ] s g] kfn

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17

sfo{ut kl/efiff

dlxnfdfly x'g] u/ ] sf lx+;fsf :j¿kx¿ ljleGg 5g\ . lx+;fsf :j¿kx¿nfO{ & efudf juL{s/ 0f u/ L ljZn] if0f ul/ Psf] 5 .

s_ lx+;fsf k|sf/

3/]n' lx+;f 3/ leq kl/ jf/ sf Ps ;b:oaf6 cGo ;b:odfly ePsf lx+;fsf 36gfnfO{ 3/ ] n' lx+;fleq ;dfj] z ul/ Psf] 5 . >Ldfg\ tyf kl/ jf/ sf cGo ;b:ox¿af6 ePsf zf/ Ll/ s, dfgl;s / cfly{s ¿kdf……. . o:tf] lx+;fleq s'6lk6, ax'ljjfx, 3/ lgsfnf, uflnunf} h, efjgfTds rf] 6 k'¥ofpg] sfo{ tyf ljleGg 8/ , qf; b] vfO{ ePsf dfgl;s lx+;fsf 36gfx¿nfO{ ;dfj] z ul/ Psf] 5 .

;fdflhs lx+;fdlxnf a;] s] f ;dfhsf JolQmx¿af6 ePsf lx+;fsf 36gfx¿nfO{ ;fdflhs lx+;fleq ;dfj] z ul/ Psf] 5 . ;fdflhs lx+;fleq ljz] ifu/ L af] S;Lsf] cf/ f] kdf dlxnfdfly ePsf lx+;fsf 36gfx¿, 5'jf5't, afnljjfx, bfO{hf] sf sf/ 0fn] ePsf lx+;fx¿, dlxnfdfly ;dfhsf JolQmx¿af6 ;fdflhs / dfgl;s c;/ kf/ ] sf 36gfx¿nfO{ ;dfj] z ul/ Psf] 5 .

of}lgs l+x;fdlxnfsf] O{R5f ljk/ Lt ha/ h:tL of} g cª\ux¿ tyf ;+j] bglzn cx¿df 5'g] , ;'D;'Dofpg] , cZnLn zAbx¿sf] k|of] u ug{] , lh:sfpg] , cZnLn lrq, b[Zo jf lkmNdx¿ b] vfpg] h:tf 36gfx¿nfO{o; k|ltj] bgdf of} lgs lx+;fleq / flvPsf 5g\ . www.w

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anfTsf/anfTsf/ , ;fd"lxs anfTsf/ / anfTsf/ sf] k|of;nfO{ anfTsf/ sf] kl/ efiffleq ;dfj] z ul/ Psf] 5 . o;df dlxnfnfO{ nnfO{kmsfO{ jf ha/ h:tL zlQm k|of] u u/ L ePsf anfTsf/ sf 36gfx¿nfO{ o;df ;dfj] z ul/ Psf 5g\ .

a]rlavg÷cf];f/k;f/bf;tf, afWofTds >d -aFw'jf dhb'/ L jf C0fL agfOPsf JolQmx¿sf] >dnufot_ / bf;tfk"0f{ Jojxf/ sf nflu s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ 8/ , wfs b] vfO{, hfnem] n u/ L jf zlQm/kbsf] b'¿kof] u u/ L sfddf nufpg'÷cf] ;f/ k;f/ ug'{÷Ps 7fpFaf6 csf{] 7fpFdf n} hfg' jf n} hfgsf nflu ;xof] u ug'{ jf cf>o lbg' jf c?åf/ f To:tf] sfdsf] lglDt ;xof] u k|fKt ug'{ a] rlavg xf] . a] rlavg÷cf] ;f/ k;f/ tyf a] rlavg÷cf] ;f/ k;f/ sf] nflu k|of; ePsf 36gfx¿nfO{ o;df ;dfj] z ul/ Psf] 5 .

xTofxTofleq dlxnfnfO{ dg;fok"j{s ljleGg tj/ af6 dfl/ Psf tyf dfg{] k|of; ul/ Psf 36gfx¿nfO{ ;d] l6Psf] 5 .

cGockx/ 0f, cnkq÷ j] kQf, cfTdxTofsf 36gfx¿nfO{ o;df / flvPsf] 5 .

v_ k|efljt÷kL8ssf] j}jflxs l:ylt o; cGtu{t ljjflxt, cljjflxt, Psn, 5'l§P/ a;] sf] , ;Fu} a;] s] f / kf/ kfr's] nfO{ ;d] l6Psf] 5 .

u_ k|efljt÷kL8ssf ;d"xx¿ lognfO{ lgDglnlvt ;d"xx¿df afFl8Psf] 5 .

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19

kxf8] hghflt M hghflt u'?Ë, du/ , / fO{, lnDa', ls/ fFt, yfdL, 5gTofn, tfdfË, z] kf{, nfdf, ef] 6] , g] jf/ , lh/ ] n, ysfnL, / fp6] , r] kfª, s';'G8f, bg'jf/ , cflb .

t/fO{ hghflt M yf?, / fhj+zL, tfhk'l/ of, u+ufO{, l;+x, wfg's, lwdfn, ;Gyfn, d'G8f, ;tf/ , emfFu8, bg'jf/ , ls;fg, sf] r] cflb .

t/fO{ blnt M rdf/ , xl/ hg, / fd, d';x/ , b';fw, kf;jfg, kf;L, tTdf, vTj] , wf] aL, ;/ bf/ , lrldbf/ , 8f] d, xNvf] / , s';jflbof, sn/ , vflts, sf] O/ L cflb .

kxf8] blnt M bdfO{, sfdL, ;fsL{, 9f] nL, ufO{g] , jfbL cflb .

t/fO{ u}/ blnt M ofbj, t] nL, u'Ktf, sfdt, dnfxf, dxtf] , ;fx, 7fs'/ , / fhe/ , dfnL, s'dL{, xnjfO{, s] jt, g'lgof, sx/ , w] l8of/ , wlgof, nf] wf, xhfd, cflb .

a|fXd0f

If]qL

3_ k|efljt÷kL8ssf] k]zfx¿ s[lif, 3/ fo;L sfd, dhb'/ L, Joj;fo, cgf} krfl/ s If] qdf sfo{/ t, u} / ;/ sf/ L hflu/ , ;/ sf/ L hflu/ , ;fdflhs ;] jf, j} b] lzs / f] huf/

ª_ k|efljtnfO{ k/]sf] c;/x¿zf/ Ll/ s c;/ , dfgl;s c;/ , cfly{s c;/ , ;fdflhs c;/ www.w

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r_ k|efljt÷kL8ssf] pd]/!^ jif{eGbf d'lg!^ b] lv @% jif{;Dd@^ b] lv #% jif{;Dd#^ b] lv $% jif{;Dd$^ b] lv %% jif{;Dd%^ jif{eGbf dfly

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21

sfo{sf/L ;f/f+z

kl/ro“cGj]ifL”sf] of] cÍ dlxnf k'gM:yf{kgf s] Gb| -cf] / ] s g] kfnn] _ @))* ;fnb] lv x/ ] s ;fn "dlxnf lx+;f lj?4sf] jif{ k':ts" k|sfzg ug{] qmdsf] lg/ Gt/ tf xf] . dlxnfdfly eO{/ x] s] f lx+;fsf] l:ylt;DaGwL oyf{ytfnfO{ k|:t't ug{] d'Vo p2] Zon] o; k':ts tof/ ul/ Psf] 5 .

o; k':tsdf h'nfO{ @)!! b] lv h'g @)!@ ;Dd cf] / ] s g] kfndfclen] vLs/ 0f -;Íng_ ul/ Psf hDdf !%*! j6f dlxnfdfly ePsf lx+;fsf 36gfx¿sf] lj:t[t ljZn] if0f ul/ Psf] 5 . To;} u/ L / fli6«o kqklqsfx¿df k|sflzt ePsf hDdf #(* j6f1 dlxnfdfly ePsf lx+;fsf 36gfx¿sf] 5'§} ljZn] if0f klg o; k':tsdf ;dfj] z ul/ Psf] 5 .

o; k':tsn] ;du| dlxnfdflyeO/ x] sf] lx+;fsf] :j¿kx¿, lx+;fn] dlxnfsf] hLjgdf kf/ ] sf k|efjx¿sf] oyfy{tfnfO{ k|:t't ug] { hdsf] { u/ ] sf] 5 . o; k':tsdf ;dfj] z u/ LPsf dlxnf lj?4 eO/ x] sf lx+;fsf ljZn] if0fn] ;/ f] sf/ jfnx¿ / xfdL;a} nfO{ dlxnflj?4 x'g] lx+;fsf] cGTosfnflu cfjZos kxnx¿ tyf sfo{x¿sf af/ ] df uDeL/ eP/ ;f] Rg / To;nfO{ Jojxf/ df nfu" ug{ k|] l/ t ug] {5 eGg] cf] / ] s g] kfnsf] ck] Iff 5 .

36gf ;Íng ul/Psf If]qx¿

o; k':tsdf h'nfO{ @)!! b] lv h'g @)!@ ;Dd dlxnf dfgj clwsf/ / Ifs -d=df=c=/ _ / clen] vgstf{x¿af6 36gfsf] clen] vLs/ 0f u/ L cf] / ] s g] kfnsf] tYofÍ zfvfdf cfPsf 36gfx¿nfO{ ;dfj] z ul/ Psf] 5 . g] kfnsf % j6} ljsf; If] qdf

1 sflGtk'/ b}lgs, cGgk"0f{ kf]i6, uf]/vfkq, g]kfn ;dfrf/ kq, gful/s The Himalayan Times, The Kathmandu Post, Republica gf]6 M ;+:yfn] k|ToIf ¿df clen]vLs/0f u/]sf 36gfx?nfO{ ;+rf/ cg'udgdf

;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5}g .

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dlxnfdfly ePsf lx+;fsf 36gfx¿sf] clen] vLs/ 0f tyf ljZn] if0f u/ L o; k':tsdf ;dfj] z ul/ Psf] 5 .

cWoogaf6 k|fKt glthfx¿ ;ª\If]kdf

!= ljsf; If]qdfdlxnfdfly ePsf lx+;fsf] cj:yf;+:yfn] clen] vLs/ 0f u/ ] sf] hDdf !%*! j6f 36gfx¿sf] ljZn] if0f ubf{ dlxnfdfly ePsf lx+;fsf 36gfx¿ ;a} eGbf a9L k"jf{~rnaf6 k|fKt ePsf] 5 . o; jif{ k"jf{~rnaf6 ^$Ü, dWodf~rnaf6 !*Ü, ;'b"/ klZrdf~rn / dWoklZrdf~rnaf6 (÷(Ü / klZrdf~rnaf6 ! k|ltzt dlxndfly ePsf] lx+;fsf 36gfx¿;Íng ul/ Psf] 5 .

To;} u/ L ;+rf/ dfWodsf cg';f/ o; jif{ dlxnfdfly ePsf lx+;fsf 36gfx¿df k"jf{~rnaf6 @*Ü, dWoklZrdf~rnaf6 !^Ü, klZrdf~rnaf6 !@Ü, ;'b"/ klZrdf~rnaf6 *Ü / k|efljtsf] :yfg v'Ng g;s] sf] % k|ltzt 36gfx¿ ;+rf/ dfWodn] k|zf;g u/ ] s] f 5g\ .

@= lx+;fsf k|sf/x¿

s_ 3/]n' lx+;f o; jif{ k|fKt hDdf !%*! j6f 36gfx¿nfO{ ljZn] if0f ubf{

;a} eGbf a9L dlxnfx¿ 3/ ] n' lx+;faf6 k|efljt ePsf] k|fKt ePsf] 5 . k|fKttYofÍsf cfwf/ df o; jif{ ̂ $ k|ltzt -!%*! hgf lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx¿dWo] !)!( hgf_ dlxnfx¿dfly 3/ ] n' lx+;f ePsf] kfO{Psf] 5 . xfd|f] ;fdflhs ;+/ rgf, ljBdfg\ c;dfg zlQm ;DaGw / sltko ?9LjfbL ;f] rsf sf/ 0f dlxnfx¿ lbgx'F cfkm\gf elgg] JolQmx¿af6} lx+;fsf] rk] 6fdf kb} {5g\ . dlxnfx¿dfly lx+;f ug{] kL8sx¿dWo] ;a} eGbf a9L lx+;f ug{] kL8s cfkm\g} >Ldfg\ / 3/ kl/ jf/ sf ;b:ox¿ / x] sf 5g\ . &(Ü dlxnfx¿ cfkm\g} >Ldfg\af6 / @!Ü dlxnfx¿ 3/ kl/ jf/ sf ;b:ox¿af6 lx+;fdf k/ ] sf o; jif{sf] tYofÍn]

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b] vfPsf] 5 . o;/ L 3/ ] n' lx+;f vKg afWo dlxnfx¿dWo] @^–#% jif{pd] / ;d"xsf#(Üdlxnfx¿ / x] sf 5g\ eg] $)Ü;fIf/ dlxnfx¿3/ ] n' lx+;faf6 kLl8t / x] sf] tYofÍn] b] vfPsf] 5 .

v_ ;fdflhs lx+;f 3/ ] n'lx+;f kZrft\ ;a} eGbf a9L dlxnfx¿dfly ;fdflhs ¿kdf

lx+;f ePsf] kfO{Psf] 5 . cyf{t dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fx¿dWo] ;fdflhs lx+;f bf] ;|f] :yfgdf / x] sf] 5 . o; jif{ !^Ü -!%*! dWo] @%!hgf_ dlxnfx¿dfly ;fdflhs lx+;f ePsf] kfO{Psf] 5 . To;df *$% l5d] sLaf6, !)Ü ;fyLaf6 / ^Ü ;DaGw gePsf dflg;x¿af6 dlxnfx¿dfly ;fdflhs lx+;f ePsf] 5 .;fdflhs lx+;faf6 k|efljt dlxnfx¿ dWo] %!Ü dlxnfx¿ ;fIf/ / x] sf] kfO{Psf] 5 .

u_ anfTsf/ k|fKt tYofÍsf cfwf/ df o; jif{ ^Ü dlxnfx¿ anfTs[t

-!!) hgf_ ePsf] kfO{Psf] 5 eg] #Ü -#^ hgf_dlxnfx¿dfly anfTsf/ sf] k|of; ePsf] kfO{Psf] 5 . anfTsf/ sf 36gfdf %Ü dlxnfx¿ cfkm\g} >Ldfg\af6, ^Ü ;fyLaf6, !^ Ü ;DaGw gePsf JolQmaf6 lx+;fdf k/ ] sf] , !^ Ü dlxnfx¿ cfkm\g} 3/ kl/ jf/ sf ;b:ox¿af6 / %&Ü dlxnfdfly l5d] sLaf6} anfTsf/ ePsf] kfO{Psf] 5 . k|fylds tx;Dd cWoog u/ ] sf @%Üdlxnfx¿dfly anfTsf/ sf 36gf ePsf] kfO{of] eg] ;a} eGbf a9L -$@Ü_anfTsf/ sf 36gfx¿ !^ jif{ d'lgsf afnaflnsfx¿df x'g] u/ ] sf] tYofÍ kfO{Psf] 5 . k|fylds txdf cWoog/ t -#@Ü_ / !^ jif{ d'lgsf -$@Ü_ aflnsfx¿df anfTsf/ sf 36gf a9L ePsf] kfO{Psf] 5 .

3_ of}lgs lx+;f o; jif{ $Ü -^# hgf_ dlxnfx¿dfly of} lgs lx+;f ePsf]

kfO{Psf] 5 . h;dWo] ;a} eGbf a9L -$#Ü_of} lgs lx+;fsf

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36gfx¿ dlxnfn] ;fyL 7fg] sf / k|] d ;DaGw ePsf JolQmx¿af6} ePsf 5g\ . To:f} u/ L@&Ü l5d] sLaf6, !&Ü s'g} klg ;DaGw gePsf JolQm / !# Ü dlxnfx¿ cfkm\g} 3/ kl/ jf/ sf ;b:ox¿af6 lx+;fdf k/ ] sf] kfO{Psf] 5 . ;fIf/ dlxnfx¿dfly -#)Ü_ / !^–@% jif{ pd] / ;d"xsf -%(Ü_ dlxnfx¿dfly of} lgs lx+;fa9L ePsf] kfO{Psf] 5 .

ª_ xTof k|fKt tYofÍsf cfwf/ df @% -@*hgf_dlxnfx¿sf] xTof ePsf]

5 eg] !Ü -!*hgf_ dlxnfx¿dfly xTofsf] k|of; ePsf] 5 . %)%>Ldfg\af6, @^Ü, kl/ jf/ sf ;b:ox¿af6, !%% l5d] sLaf6 / $Ü ;DaGw gePsf] JolQmaf6 dlxnfx¿sf] xTof ul/ Psf] 5 . ;fIf/ #(Ü dlxnfx¿ / !^–#% jif{ pd] / sf] dlxnfx¿sf] xTofa9L ePsf] kfO{Psf] 5 .

r_ a]rlavg @%-@%hgf_ dlxnfx¿ o; jif{ a] rlavgdf k/ ] sf] kfO{Psf]

5 eg] !Ü -*hgf_ dlxnfx¿dfly a] rlavgsf] k|of; ePsf] kfOof] . dlxnfn] ;fyL dfg] sf JolQmaf6 $#%, s'g} klg ;DaGw gePsf] JolQmaf6 @$ Ü, l5d] sLaf6 @!Ü, kl/ jf/ sf] ;b:oaf6 (Ü, / >Ldfg\af6 #Ü dlxnfx¿ o:tf] lx+;fdf k/ ] sf] kfOof] . ;fIf/ dlxnfx¿ $%Ü / !^–@% jif{ pd] / ;d"xsf $( Ü dlxnfx¿ a] rlavgdf a9L kg{] u/ ] sf] kfO{Psf] 5 .

5_ cGo dlxnfdfly ePsf lx+;f t/ yf] / } ;+Vofdf clen] vLs/ 0f ePsf

36gfx¿nfO{ cGo ;d"xdf / fvLljZn] if0f ul/ Psf] xf] . o; ;d"xsf 36gfx¿df cfTdxTof, dlxnfnfO{ j] kQf agfO{Psf 36gf / kl/ jf/ s} ;b:oaf6 cnkq cj:yfdf 5f] l8Psf dlxnfx¿sf] 36gfnfO{ / flvPsf] 5 . o; jif{ !@ k|ltzt dlxnfx¿n] cfTdxTof u/ ] sf] , @ hgf dlxnfx¿ j] kQf agfO{Psf

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25

/ ( hgf dlxnfx¿ 3/ kl/ jf/ s} ;b:ox¿åf/ f cnkq cj:yfdf kl/ Psf] kfOPsf] ] 5 .

#= pd]/ ;d"x / dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fk|fKt tYofÍsf] cfwf/ df o; jif{ ;a} eGbf a9L !^–@% jif{ pd] / ;d"xsf dlxnfx¿ lx+;fdf kfl/ Psf] ] kfO{Psf] 5 . o; ;d"xsf dlxnfx¿df #%Ü lx+;f ePsf] 5 . o:t} ul/ @^–#% jif{ pd] / ;d"xdf ##Ü, #^–$% jif{ pd] / ;d"xdf !^Ü, !^ jif{ d'lgsf aflnsfdf &Ü, $^–%% jif{ pd] / ;d"xsf dlxnfdf %Ü / %^ jif{ eGbfa9L pd] / ;d"xsf dlxnfx¿df $Ü lx+;f ePsf] kfO{Psf] 5 .

$ lzIff / dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fdlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;f / k|efljtsf] lzIffsf] :t/ nfO{ ljZn] if0f ubf{ &*Ü ;fIf/ dlxnfx¿dfly ;a} eGbf a9L lx+;f ePsf] kfOof] ] . lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx¿dWo] @@Ülg/ If/ dlxnfx¿ / x] sf] kfOof] . dlxnfsf] ;fIf/ tfsf] cj:yfnfO{ ;d] t ljZn] if0f u/ L x] bf{ $&Ü k|f} 9 lzIff, !(Ü pRrdfWolds tx;Dd cWoog u/ ] sf, !%Ü k|fylds tx;Dd cWoog u/ ] sf, !$Ü dfWolds tx;Dd cWoog u/ ] sf / %Ü pRr dfWolds txeGbf a9L cWoog u/ ] sf dlxnfx¿dfly lx+;f ePsf] kfOof] .

%= j}jflxs cj:yf / dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fdlxnfdfly ePsf] lx+;f / dlxnfsf] j} jflxs cj:yfnfO{ ljZn] if0f ubf{ lx+;fk|efljt dlxnfx¿df ;a} eGbf a9L -*)Ü_ ljjflxt dlxnfx¿dfly lx+;f ePsf] kfO{Psf] 5 . !$% cljjflxt dlxnfx¿df, $Ü Psn dlxnfx¿df / @Ü >Ldfg\;Fu 5'l§P/ a;] sf dlxnfx¿dfly lx+;f ePsf] kfO{of] . dlxnfx¿ a9L 3/ ] n'lx+;faf6 k|efljt 5g\ / ;a} eGbf a9L dlxnfx¿dfly ljjfx kZrft\ >Ldfg\åf/ f lx+;f x'g] xF'bf+ klg ljjflxt dlxnfx¿dfly ePsf] lx+;fsf] ;+Vof a9L ePsf] xf] . www.w

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^= k]zf / dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fs'g k] zfdf ;+nUg slt dlxnfx¿dfly lx+;f ePsf] 5 elg o; jif{ k|fKt tYofÍsf cfwf/ df ljZn] if0f ubf{ s[lif k] zfdf ;+nUg dlxnfx¿dfly ;a} eGbf a9L lx+;f ePsf] kfO{of] . lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx¿dWo] $$Ü dlxnfx¿ s[lif k] zfdf ;+nUg / x] sf, @!Ü dlxnfx¿ 3/ fo;L sfddf, !@Ü dlxnfx¿ dhb'/ Ldf, !)Ü dlxnfx¿ Joj;fodf cfa4 / x] sf] kfO{Psf] 5 . To;} u/ L s'g} klg sfo{df ;+nUg gePsf ̂ Ü dlxnfx¿, cgf} rfl/ s If] qdf sfo{/ t @Ü dlxnfx¿, / ;/ sf/ L If] qdf sfo{/ t, j} b] lzs / f] huf/ L, u} / ;/ sf/ L If] qdf sfo{/ t / ;fdflhs ;] jf ug{] dlxnfx¿df a/ fa/ -!-!Ü_ lx+;f ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 .

&= dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf c;/x¿lx+;fsf sf/ 0f dlxnfx¿dfly k/ ] sf c;/ nfO{ o; k':tsdf$ ;d"xdf ljefhg u/ L ljZn] if0f ul/ Psf] 5 . dlxnfx¿dfly s'g} klg k|sf/ sf] lx+;f x'Fbf ;a} eGbf a9L -%@Ü_ dfgl;s c;/ k/ ] sf] kfOof] . @)% dlxnfx¿nfO{ zf/ Ll/ s c;/ k/ ] sf] , !*Ü dlxnfx¿nfO{ ;fdflhs c;/ / !)Ü dlxnfx¿nfO{ cfly{s c;/ k/ ] sf] kfOPsf] 5 .

*= hftLotfsf cfwf/df dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fdlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf ljleGg k|sf/ x¿ / dlxnfsf] hftLotfsf cfwf/ df ljZn] if0f ubf{ o; jif{ ;a} eGbf a9L kxf8] hghflt / To;kl5 If] qL dlxnfx¿dfly lx+;f ePsf] kfOof] . lx+;f k|efljt s"n dlxnfdWo] @(Ü kxf8] hghflt, !%Ü If] qL, !%Ü t/ fO{ hghflt, , !#Ü a|fXd0f, !)Ü t/ fO{ u} / blnt, (Ü kxf8] blnt, &Ü t/ fO{ blnt / @Ü d'l:nd dlxnfx¿ / x] sf 5g\ .

!)= kL8s / k|efljtsf] ;DaGwdlxnfsf] kL8s;Fu / x] sf] ;DaGwsf] cfwf/ df ljZn] if0f ubf{ dlxnfdfly ;a} eGbf a9L lx+;f ug{] -%#Ü_>Ldfg\ ePsf] kfOof] . To:f} u/ L @)Ü dlxnfx¿cfkm" a;] s} ;dfhsf l5d] sLaf6 lx+;fdf k/ ] sf] kfOof] . !*Ükl/ jf/ sf;b:o ,%Ü ;fyLaf6 / $Ü ;DaGw gePsf JolQmx¿af6 dlxnfdfly lx+;f ePsf] kfOof] .

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kl/R5]b !

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!=! k[i7e"ld

"dlxnf lj?4sf] lx+;f ;fj{hlgs jf lghL hLjgdf lnËsf cfwf/df x'g] lx+;fhGo sfo{ xf] , h;n] dlxnfnfO{ zf/Ll/s, of}ghGo jf dfgl;s Iflt jf kL8f k'¥ofpF5 jf k'¥ofpg] ;Defjgf x'G5 . o;cGt/ut To:tf] sfo{ ug{] wDsL, bafj / :j]R5frf/L ¿kdf

dlxnfsf] :jtGqtfdf aGb]h ug{] sfo{;d]t kb{5 ."2

"dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;f dlxnf ePs} sf/ 0fn] dlxnfdfly ul/ g] ;Dk"0f{lje] bk"0f{ Jojxf/ x¿nfO{ hgfpF5 . o; kl/ efiffn] dlxnf ePs} sf/ 0fn] dlxnfdfly x'g] zf/ Ll/ s, dfgl;s / of} ghGo lx+;f, tyf 8/ , qf;, wDsL b] vfOg'sf ;fy} cGo clwsf/ x¿af6 al~rt u/ fOg] lqmofsnfkx¿ ;d] t hgfpFb5 ."3

dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;f ljZjJofkL ;d:ofsf] ¿kdf / x] sf] 5 . g] kfndf klg of] ;d:of a9\bf] 5 . of] jif{dfq !%*! hgf dlxnfx¿ ljleGg lx+;fx¿ vKg afWo ePsf] cf] / ] s g] kfndf cfPsf 36gfx¿n] b] vfpFb5g\ . of] tYofÍ ;d:ofsf] cg'kftdf w] / } sd 5 .b] zdf w] / } dlxnfx¿ ljleGg k|sf/ sf si6 / oftgfx¿vKb} vt/ fk"0f{ hLjg latfpg afWo 5g\ . t/ pgLx¿n] cfkm"dfly ePsf lx+;fx¿ aflx/ Nofpg ;s] sf 5} gg\ . g] kfn ljZj dfgjlrqdf dfgj ljsf; ;"rsfÍsf b[li6n] !%& cf} + :yfgdf / n} lÍs c;dfgtf ;"rsfÍdf (Gender Inequality Index_ !!# cf+} :yfgdf / x] sf] 5 .4

g] kfnL dlxnfx¿sf] of] cj:yfn] ;fdflhs Gofo / ;dfgtfdf

2 dlxnflj?4sf] lx+;f pGd'ng ug{] ;DaGwL 3f]if0ffkq, ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;ª\3 !((# 3 CEDAW General Recommendation No. 19, llth session, 19924 o" Pg 8L kL, dfgj ljsf; k|ltj]bg @)!!

kl/R5]b !M kl/ro

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29

ljZjf; / fVg] x/ ] s g] kfnLnfO{ lrlGtt agfPsf] 5 .

b] z / fhgLlts ¿kn] nf] stflGqs k|0ffnLtkm{ ¿kfGtl/ t x'g] qmddf 5 t/ b] zdf;fdflhs, cfly{s ;+/ rgf; ;dfhdf h/ f] uf8] / / x] sf] lkQ[;QfTds d"NodfGotf, ;f] r, wf/ 0ff; tyfcGwlaZjf;df cfwfl/ t ;+:s[ltnfO{ ;+qmd0fsfnLg ;/ sf/ åf/ f ;Daf] wg ug{ ;s] sf] 5} g . of] l:yltn] dlxnfx¿dfly yk lx+;f x'g] cfwf/ t} of/ u/ ] sf] 5 . b] zdf a9\b} uPsf] / fhgLltsf] ck/ fwLs/ 0f / ck/ fwssf] / fhgLlts/ 0fn] lx+;f ug{] nfO{ an k'u] s] f 5 . b] zdf a9\b} uPsf] b08xLgtfsf] l:yltn] lx+;f k|efljtn] Gofo kfpg] ;Defjgf lbg lbg} IfL0f xF'b} uPsf] 5 . åGåsfndf ljleGg k|sf/ sf lx+;faf6 kLl8t dlxnfx¿ Gofo kfpg] ;Defjgf lbglbg} sd x'Fb} uPsf] 5 . / fhg} lts kl/ jt{g kl5 / fhgLltdf dlxnfx¿sf] ;xeflutf a9] sf] 5 . dlxnf clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ug{] egL ;/ sf/ åf/ f / fli6«o / cGt/ fli6«o txdf ljleGg k|lta4tfx¿hgfOPsf] 5 . t/ b] zdf h/ f] uf8L/ x] sf] dlxnf k'?ifsf] aLrdf / x] sf] c;dfg zlQm ;DaGw ;Daf] wg x'g ;s] sf] 5} g . cGtl/ d ;+ljwfgåf/ f dlxnfx¿sf] k|hgg\ / of} g clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ul/ Psf] ePtf klg Jojxf/ df dlxnfx¿n] oL clwsf/ x¿ k|fKt ug{ ;s] sf 5} gg\ . cfkm\gf] z/ L/ dfly pgLx¿sf] cfkm\gf] lgoGq0f 5} g . x/ ] s If] qsf ;+/ rgfx¿df ljBdfg c;dfgtfn] dlxnfdfly lje] b ePsf] 5 . hfltut; ;fdflhs / cfly{s ju{; of} lgs / n} lËs klxrfg; tyf wfld{s, ;f+:s[lts / k/ Dk/ fsf cfwf/ df dlxnfdfly lx+;f x'g] ub{5 . dlxnfdfly x'g] lje] bk"0f{ cGTo / ;dfgtfsf nflu lje] bsf ;+/ rgfut sf/ stTjx¿sf] klxrfgnfO{ :jLsf/ ug'{ jt{dfg kl/ j] zdf cfjZos 5 . 5

dlxnflj?4 x'g] ;a} k|sf/sf e]befj pGd"ng ug{] dxf;lGw cGtu{tsf] g]kfnsf] rf}yf] / kfFrf} ;+o'Qm cfjlws k|ltj]bgdfly

5 Report of the Special Rapporteur on violenceagainst women, its causes and consequences,Rashida Manjoo, 2011, UN Human Rights Council

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dlxnflj?4 e]befj pGd"ng ;ldltn] lbPsf] lgisif{ / ;'emfjx¿ o; k|sf/ 5g\ M

s_ 3/ ] n' lx+;f lgoGq0f P] g / cGo sfg'gx¿sf] k|efjsf/ L sfof{Gjog ;'lglZrt ug{] / To:tf lx+;fsf bf] ifLx¿nfO{ d'2f rnfpg] / ;hfo lbg] .

v_ dlxnflj?4 ePsf lx+;fsf 36gfx¿sf] / fi6«JofkL tYofÍ;Íng k|0ffnL lgdf{0f ug{] .

u_ ha{h:tL s/ 0fL / cGo of} ghGo s;"/ df d'2f ug{ cbfntdf dlxnfsf] k|efjsf/ L kx'Fr ;'lglZrt ug{ of} ghGo lx+;fsf d'2f btf{sf] nflu xbDofb ;DaGwL sfg'g vf/ ] h ug{ tTsfn sbd rfNg] .

3_ 3/ ] n' lx+;f tyf of} g lx+;f;DaGwdf k|x/ L, ;/ sf/ L jlsn, cbfnt / cGo ;Da4 ;/ sf/ L lgsfox¿sf cltl/ Qm :jf:YosdL{x¿nfO{ cfjZos tflnd lbg] / blnt ;d'bfo nufotsf ;a} ;d'bfodf vf;u/ L k'?if / afnsx¿nfO{ nlIft u/ L Jofks hgr] tgf clea[l4 sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{] .

ª_ j}jflxs anfTsf/df ;hfo a9fpg] u/L tof/ kfl/Psf] d:of}bf sfg'gnfO{ l9nfO{ gu/L kfl/t u/L nfu" ug{] / o; ;DaGwdf agfOPsf gofF sfg'gL Joj:yfsf ;DaGwdf r]tgf clea[l4 sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{] .

b] zsf] / fhgLlts cl:y/ tfn] dlxnfdfly lx+;f ug{ an ldn] sf] 5 . dlxnfdfly x'g] x/ ] s k|sf/ sf] lx+;f ck/ fw xf] / of] dfgj clwsf/ sf] pNn3g xf] . ;dfhdf ljBdfg c;dfg zlQm ;DaGw, JofKt ?l9jfbL ;f] r / ;fdflhs d"No dfGotfn] o:tf ck/ fw x'g k|f] T;fxg ub{5 . o:tf 36gfx¿df x'g] / fhgLlts x:tIf] k, kL8snfO{ ;+/ If0f ug{] k|rng, k|efljtnfO{ g} bf] lif b] vfpg]

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31

;fdflhs ;f] r h:tf s'/ fx¿n] dlxnfdfly yk lx+;f ug{sf nflu an k|bfg ub{5 . dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;f lje] bk"0f{ ;fdflhs ;+/ rgfsf] kl/ 0ffd xf] . dlxnfnfO{ lje] b ug{] , kL8f lbg] tTjx¿ 3/ , kl/ jf/ , ;dfh b] lv ;/ sf/ sf ;a} ;+/ rgfx¿df h/ f] ufl8 a;] sf x'G5g\ . To;} n] dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;f cGTo x'g] jftfj/ 0fsf] l;h{gf/ o:tf ;+/ rgfx¿df kl/ jt{g lagf ;Dej 5} g . o;sf ;fy} ;dfhdf :yflkt cGwljZjf;, lje] bk"0f{ ?l9jfbL Jojxf/ x¿n] dlxnfdfly lx+;f x'g] jftfj/ 0fnfO{ yk an k'¥ofpF5 .

dlxnfdfly x'g] h:tf] ;'s} cdfgjLo / lje] bk"0f{ Jojxf/ nfO{ klg ;fF:s[lts d"NodfGotfsf gfddf 9fs5f] k ug] { ul/ G5 .6

;f] xL sf/ 0f b] zdf dlxnfnfO{ af] S;Lsf] cf/ f] k nufO{ xTof ug{] , cfFvf lgsfNg] h:tf ljleGg ck/ fwx¿ ul/ Psf 5g\ . dfly eg] em} + o:tf ck/ fwx¿sf] cGTo b] zdf cfd"n / fhg} lts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts gLlt Pj+ ;+/ rgfx¿sf kl/ jt{g lagf ;Dej 5} g . o:tf ;+/ rgfx¿df kl/ jt{gsf nflu / fHosf ;a} lgsfox¿df dlxnfsf] ;dfg'kflts ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ul/ g'kb{5 . o;sf nflu / fhg} lts k|lta4tf af] nL / Jojxf/ b'j} df nfu" x'g' cfjZos 5 eg] Jojxf/ df k|efljt dlxnfx¿sf nflu cfjZos kg{] ;xof] uL ;+oGqx¿sf] lj:tf/ ug'{kb{5 . o;/ L t} of/ ul/ Psf ;+oGqx¿df dlxnfsf] ;xh kx'Fr ;'lglZrt ul/ g'kb{5 . To;f] ePdf dfq lx+;fsf ;DaGwdf dlxnfx¿leq / x] sf] "df}gtfsf] ;+:s[lt" cGTo x'g ;Qm5 . lx+;f lgoGq0f ug{ gLlt / of] hgfx¿ agfpg d2t ldNb5 .

cf] / ] s g] kfnåf/ f :yflkt ;xof] uL ;+oGqx¿åf/ f lbOg] ;xof] u / ;] jfsf sf/ 0f dlxnfx¿df cfkm"dfly ePsf lx+;fx¿sf] lj?4 s] xL xb;Dd "df}gtfsf] ;+:s[lt" e+u ePsf] 5 . of] k':ts dlxnfx¿åf/ fcfkm"dfly ePsf lx+;fx¿sf] ph'/ LnfO{ ljZn] if0f u/ L t} of/ ul/ Psf] xf] . oL ;"rgfx¿n] dlxnf lx+;f cGTosf nflu 6 The Special Rapporteur on violenceagainst women, Yakin Turkey,VAW causes and consequences, UN Human Rights Council

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cfjZos kg{] Jofjxfl/ s gLlt / ;xof] uL ;+oGq ljsf; ug{] of] hgf agfpg d2t ug{] 5 eGg] ljZjf; ul/ Psf] 5 .

dlxnf lj?4sf] x'g] /f]syfdsf nflu ePsf cGt/fli6«o k|of;x¿dlxnf clwsf/sf] af/]sf] ;a} eGbf klxnf] ;fd'lxs k|of; ;]g]sf kmN; 3f]if0ffkq–!*$* nfO{ lng] ul/G5 . hxfF dtbfg ug]{ clwsf/sf] af/]df ;f] 3f]if0ffkqn] a9L hf]8 lbPsf] kfOG5 tyfkL ;f] 3f]if0ffkqdf cfly{s ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts clwsf/sf] af/]df s]lx dfqfdf cfjfh p7fPsf] kfOG5 . tTkZrft ljZjel/ lgs} w]/} dlxnf clwsf/sld{x¿n] dlxnf clwsf/sf] af/]df cfjfh p7fpb} cfPsf sf/0f ;fd'lxs ¿kdf dlxnf clwsf/sf] cfjfh a'nGb x'b} cfof] . dlxnf clwsf/ eGg] ljlQs} dlxnf lx+;f /f]syfd ePsf]n] dlxnf lx+;fnfO{ /f]syfd ug{sf nflu cGt/fli6«o :t/df 7"nf] k|of; ePsf] 5 . h;df vfzul/ ;+o'Qm /fi6«sf] :yfkgf kZrft o;n] b:tfj]hLs/0fdf al9 dfGotf kfPsf] Oltxf;n] b]vfp5 . vfzul/ dlxnfsf] ;jfn ;DaGwL /fi6« ;+l3o cfof]u -Commission on the Status of Women_, !($% n] ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3 leq dlxnf clwsf/sf af/]df lgs} 7"nf] of]ubfg lbPsf] 5 . o;n] dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkq !($* sf] d:of}bf agfpg] b]lv lnP/ dlxnf lj?4sf ;a} k|sf/sf e]befj pGd'ng ;DaGwL dxf;GwL !(&( b]lv a]OlhË hf]8 kfrf}+ ;Dd]ng ;DdnfO{ of]ubfg lbPsf] kfOG5 .

dlxnf lj?4sf] lx+;fsf ;jfndf ;a}eGbf ljz]if cGt/fli6«o b:tfj]h eg]sf] dlxnf lj?4sf ;a} k|sf/sf e]befj pGd'ng ;DaGwL dxf;GwL !(&*-CEDAW_ xf], h;n] dlxnf clwsf/sf] ;jfndf ;Ddfg, ;+/If0f / kl/k"0f{ ug{sf ;a}eGbf a9L hf]8 lbG5 . o;n] dlxnf clwsf/sf ;jfndf s]an dlxnf lx+;f tyf lje]bsf af/]df dfq s'/f ub}{g ls o;n] ;a} k|sf/sf dlxnf dfly x'g] e]befjnfO{ pGd'ng ug{sf nflu cGt/fli6«o ¿kdf jsfnt ub{5 ;fy} ;a} kIf

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/fi6«x¿nfO{ sfof{Gjogsf nflu afWosf/L ub{5 .

o; dxf;GwLn] dlxnf / k'?if ljrsf] lje]bnfO{ jf:tljs ;dfgtfdf hf]8 lbG5 . sfg"gL ¿kdf dfq lje]bsf] cGteGbf klg sfg"gsf ;fy;fy} jf:tljs ;dfgtfdf jsfnt o; dxf;GwLn] ub{5 . wf/f $ n] dlxnf / k'?if ljrsf] jf:tljs ;dfgtfnfO{ a9fpg kIf /fi6«x¿4f/f rflnPsf c:yfoL ljz]if pkfox¿nfO{ of] dxf;GwLdf kl/eflift ul/Psf] e]befj dflgg] 5}g t/ o;sf] kl/0ffd :j¿k pTkGg ePsf c;dfgtf tyf km/s :t/x¿nfO{ s'g} xfntn] klg sfod /fVg' cfjZos x'g] 5}g, ;dfg cj;/ / ;dfg Jojxf/ k|fKt ug]{ p4]Zox¿ xfl;n e};s]kl5 lt pkfox¿nfO{ /f]lsg]5g\ elg JofVof u/]af6 jf:tjdf dlxnfx¿sf clwsf/ ;+/If0f ug{sf nflu k'?if ;/xsf] :t/df k'/\ofpgsf nflu c;dfgtfsf cfwf/df k|s[of cufl8 a9fP/ eP klg dlxnf / k'?ifsf] :t/ ;dfg k'/\ofOg] 5 eGg] Joj:yf u/]sf] kfOG5 .

l;8f] sldl6n] klg ;a} kIf /fi6«x¿nfO{ l;kmfl/; ug]{ qmddf xfn e}/x]sf ;a} k|sf/sf dlxnf lj?4sf lx+;f /f]syfd ug{sf nflu lglZrt /fli6«o of]hgf agfO{ ;f] nflu pko'Qm tl/sfn] sfof{Gjog ug{sf nflu lglZrt ;+/rgfx¿ :yfkgf ug]{ / lt ;+/rgfx¿n] sfo{ u/]gu/]sf] plrt cg'udgsf] k|s[ofåf/f ;lx tl/sfn] sfof{Gjog ug{df hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . o;sf ;fy} dlxnf lj?4sf] lx+;f /f]syfdsf nflu tof/ kfl/g] of]hgfdf dlxnf lx+;fsf] ljleGg ¿kx¿df 3/]n' lx+;f, ha/h:tLs/0fL, a]rljvg nufPtsf ¿kx¿nfO{ /f]syfd ug{ cem k|fyldstf lbg' kg]{ l;kmfl/; u/]sf] 5 .

l;8f] sldl6n] kfl/t u/]sf] ;fwf/0f l;kmfl/; g+ !( df dlxnf lj?4sf] lx+;fnfO{ lnËdf cfwfl/t lje]b elg kl/efiff u/]sf] 5 h;df lnËdf cfwfl/t lx+;f eg]sf] Tof] lje]b xf] hxfF dlxnfn] cfkm\gf] clwsf/nfO{ k'?if;/x :jtGq ¿kdf pkef]u ug{ gkfpg'

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xf] . ;f]lx l;kmfl/; g+ !( df clwsf/ / :jtGqttf eg]sf hLjg, :jtGqtf / ;'/Iff, oftgfaf6 d'Qm, ;dfg ;+/If0f, sfdsf] clwsf/, kfl/jfl/s clwsf/ cflb x'g eg]sf] 5 . lo clwsf/x¿ :jtGq ¿kdf k|of]u ug{ kfpg' g} dlxnfsf] g};lu{s xs xf] / of] g} dlxnf lj?4sf] lx+;f pGd'ngsf] ;a}eGbf pQd k|of]u xf] .

dlxnf ;DalGw rf}yf] a]OlhË ;Dd]ng !((% n] a]OlhË Kn]6kmfd{ ckm PS;g kfl/t ul/ dlxnf lj?4sf ;a} k|sf/sf lx+;fx¿nfO{ pGd'ng ug{sf nflu ;Dk"0f{ txdf e}/x]sf lje]bx¿sf ;jfndf lglZrt sfg"g lgdf{0f ug{ / ltgnfO{ nfu' ug{ l;kmfl/; u/]sf] 5 . o;n] kIf /fi6«x¿nfO{ dlxnf lj?4 e}/x]sf ;a} k|sf/sf e]befjx¿nfO{ pGd'ng ug{sf nflu bjfj k/]sf] 5 eg] cfh;Dd cfO{k'Ubf sfof{Gjogsf] ;jfndf geP klg sfg"g lgdf{0f aGg] txdf eg] lgs} k|ult ePsf] klg 5 .

a]OlhË 3f]if0ffkqn] dlxnf lj?4sf] lx+;fsf] af/]df eg]sf] 5 ls dlxnf lj?4sf] lx+;f ;du| ;dfgtf, zfGtL tyf ljsf;sf] afws ag]sf] 5 . dlxnf lj?4sf] lx+;fn] dlxnfsf ;du| dfgj clwsf/ tyf df}lns :jtGqtfdfly g} wfjf af]ln/x]sf] 5 .

dlxnf lj?4sf] lx+;f lgoGq0fsf nflu ePsf /fli6«o k|of;x¿g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# sf] wf/f !# / @) n] qmdzM ;dfgtfsf] xs / dlxnfsf] xsnfO{ df}lns xsdf ;dfj]z u/]sf] 5 . dlxnfsf lj?4 ul/g] e]befj b08gLo x'g], 5f]/f5f]/Lsf ljr k}lqs ;DklQdf a/fa/ xs nfUg] clwsf/nfO{ df}lns xssf ¿kdf Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . To;}ul/ d'n'sL P]gsf ljleGg lzif{sx¿df dlxnf ;dfgtfsf af/]df sfg"gL Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . c+za08fsf] dxn, nf]Ug]:jf:gLsf] dxn, ljjfxjf/Lsf] dxn, ha/h:tLs/0fLsf] dxn nufPtdf dlxnf lj?4 x'g] lx+;f, dlxnf / k'?if ljr ul/g] lje]bxsf] cGt tyf dlxnfsf clwsf/nfO{ yk ;'/lIft ug{sf nflu

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sfg"gL Joj:yf u/]sf] kfOG5 . dfgj a]rljvg tyf cf];f/k;f/ lgoGq0f P]g @)^$ tyf lgodfjnL, 3/]n' lx+;f -lgoGq0f / /f]syfd_ P]g @)^^ tyf lgodfjnL dlxnf lj?4 lx+;f /f]syfdsf nflu NofOPsf pbfx/0fLo sfo{ x'g .

kl5Nnf] k6s g]kfn ;/sf/n] dlxnf lj?4 xg] lx+;f lgoGq0f ug{ s]lx ;sf/fTds sfo{ ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . /fli6«o dlxnf cfof]usf] u7g b]lv cnUu} dlxnf dGqfno nufPtsf ;+u7gfTds sfo{x¿sf cnfjf sfg"g, gLlt lgdf{0fx¿df klg ;sf/fTds sbd rfn]sf] kfOG5 . lnËdf cfwfl/t lx+;fsf af/]df /fli6«o sfo{of]hgf tof/ kfl/ g]kfn ;/sf/n] @)!) nfO{ n}lËs lx+;f lj?4sf] aif{ 3f]if0ff ul/ o;nfO{ k|fyldstfdf /fv]sf] lyof] .

To;} sfo{of]hgfnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug]{ qmddf k|wfgdGqL sfof{no cGt/ut /xg] ul/ n}lËs lje]b ;DaGwL OsfO{ :yfkgf u/]sf] 5 o;n] /fli6«o :t/df gLlt lgdf{0fdf ;xof]u ug{sf ;fy} ljleGg u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿;+Uf klg ;xsfo{ ul/ lnËsf cfwf/df ul/g] eb]efjnfO{ cGTo ug{ cufl8 al9 /x]sf] 5 . To;}ul/ dfgj a]rljvg ljzif ul/ dlxnf tyf afnaflnsfx¿sf] a]rljvg tyf cf];f/k;f/ lj?4sf] /fli6«o sfo{of]hgf @)^* cufl8 NofO{ sfof{Gjogsf] qmddf /x]sf] 5 .

dlxnf lj?4sf] lx+;f dWo]sf] Ps 7"nf] ;d:of dlxnf a]rljvgsf] ;jfn clxn] hNbf]aNbf] ¿kdf cufl8 cfPsf] 5 . ljZjsf] cfs8fn] klg ck/flws sf/f]af/ dWo]sf] dfgj a]rljvg ;a}eGbf al9 x'g] u/]sf] b]vfp5 eg] g]kfndf klg dlxnf a]rljvgsf] ;jfn hl6n ;d:ofsf] ¿kdf cufl8 cfPsf] 5 . clxn] ljleGg axfgfdf g]kfnL dlxnfx¿nfO{ ef/t nufPt t];|f] b]zdf n}hfg] k|a[lQ a9]sf] 5 . a}b]lzs /f]huf/sf] gfddf, ljleGg sfddf nufO{lbg] gfddf g]kfnL dlxnfx¿ clxn] a]rljvgsf] lzsf/ e}/x]sf 5g\ . o;}

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;d:ofnfO{ ;dfwfgsf nflu g]kfn ;/sf/n] dfgj a]rljvg tyf cf];f/k;f/ lgoGq0f P]g @)^$ sfof{Gjogdf NofPsf] 5 . o;n] cGo sfg"geGbf s8fO{ tyf leGg tl/sfn] sfo{ljlw klg lgwf{/0f u/]sf]n] ;s];Dd cleo'QmnfO{ xb};Ddsf] ;hfo xf];\ eGg] cfzo o; P]gsf] /x]sf] 5 . dfgj a]rljvg / cf];f/k;f/sf]sf] kl/efiff leGgfleGg} ul/ s'g} klg p4]Zon] a]Rg] lsGg], s'g} klg kmfObflnO{ jf glnO{ a]Zofj[lQdf nufpg], k|rlnt sfg"gdf afx]s c+u lemSg] / a]Zofudg ug]{ ;d]tnfO{ a]rljvg eg]sf] 5 eg] lsGg] jf a]Rg] p2]Zon] dflg;nfO{ ljb]zdf n}hfg], j]Zofj[lQdf nufpg] jf zf]if0f ug]{ p2]Zon] s'g} k|sf/n] nnfO{ kmsfO{, k|nf]egdf kf/L, e'mSofO{, hfn;fh u/L, k|k~r ldnfO{, hah{:tL u/L, s/sfkdf kf/L, ckx/0f u/L, z/L/ aGws /fvL, gfh's l:yltsf] kmfObf lnO{, a]xf]; kf/L, kb jf zlQmsf] b'¿kof]u u/L, cleefjs jf ;+/IfsnfO{ k|nf]egdf kf/L, 8/, qf;, wfs, wDsL lbO{ jf s/sfkdf kf/L s;}nfO{ al;/x]sf] 3/, :yfg jf JolQmaf6 5'6fO{ nUg] jf cfk"m;Fu /fVg] jf cfˆgf] lgoGq0fdf lng] jf s'g} :yfgdf /fVg] jf g]kfnleqsf] Ps 7fpFaf6 csf]{ 7fpFdf jf ljb]zdf n}hfg] jf c? s;}nfO{ lbg] sfo{ cf];f/k;f/ x'g] eg]sf] 5 .

dlxnf dfly x'g] lx+;f dWo]sf] ha/h:tL s/0fL klg Ps xf] . o;af/]df d'n'sL P]gsf] ha/h:tL s/0fLsf] dxndf s;}n] s'g} dlxnfnfO{ lghsf] d~h"/L glnO{ s/0fL u/]df jf ;f]x| jif{eGbf sd pd]/sL aflnsfnfO{ lghsf] d~h"/L lnO{ jf glnO{ s/0fL u/]df lghn] hah{:tL s/0fL u/]sf] 7x5{ elg kl/efiff u/]sf] 5 . o;df 8/wfs, wDsL qf; tyf cg'lrt k|efjdf kfl/ u/]sf] sfo{nfO{ klg ;d]6]sf] 5 . of] o:tf] of}ghGo ck/fw xf] ls h;af6 dlxnf :jo+ lkl8t t x'lG5g g} o;n] p;sf] kl/jf/ tyf ;dfhdf g} c;/ k5{ To;}n] o; ck/fwnfO{ h3Go ck/fwsf] ¿kdf lnOG5 . ha/h:tL s/0fLsf] ck/fw g]kfnsf] sfg"g cg';f/ s]an dlxnf dfly dfq x'g] ck/fw dflgG5 . ha/h:tL s/0fLsf] ck/fw s]an k'?ifn] dfq

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ug]{ xf]Og ls dlxnfn] klg k'?ifdfly ha/h:tLs/0fLsf] ck/fw ug{ ;Sg] ePsf]n] e]befj eof] elg bfo/ u/]sf] Zofds[i0f df:s]sf] d'2fdf ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] g]kfnL ;dfh cg';f/ dlxnfn] k'?ifnfO{ ha/h:tLs/0fL ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf /xb}g elg vf/]h ul/lbPsf] 5 . To;}ul/ dL/f 9'+ufgfsf] Pp6f d'2fdf a}jflxs anfTsf/nfO{ dfGotf lbO{ kltn] klg kTgLsf] d~h'/L ljgf of}gsfo{ u/]df ha/h:tL s/0fL x'g] elg ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] km};nf u/]sf] 5 .

ha/h:tL s/0fLsf] d2fdf cleo'Qmaf6 plrt cfly{s If]ltk"lt{ lbnfO{ lbg], o;sf nflu d'2f bfo/ ubf{ v]l/ g} cleo'Qmsf] c+z afktsf] ;DklQ /f]Ssf /fVg' kg]{ sfg"gL Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . ;kgf k|wfg dNnsf] Ps d'2fdf ha/h:tLs/0fL ;DaGwL #% lbg] xbDofbsf] ;DaGwdf ;/sf/sf gfddf lgb]{zgfTds cfb]z lbO{ pQm ;do pko'Qm gePsf]n] pQm xbDofbsf] ;do a9fpg' eg]sf] 5 . hLts'df/L k+u]gLn] a}jflxs anfTsf/sf] ck/flwnfO{ x'g] elgPsf] s}b ;hfo Go"g ePsf]n] cGo ck/fwLnfO{ eP ;/x x'g'kg]{ dfubflj ;lxt bfo/ u/]sf] Pp6f d'2fdf ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] ;f] af/]df klg af]n]sf] kfOG5 eg] Hof]lt nD;fn kf}8]nn] bfo/ u/]sf] Ps d'2fdf ;a} :jf:Yo ;+:yfx¿df anfTsf/ lkl8t dlxnfnfO{ lgMz'Ns pkrf/ tyf k/fdz{ lbO{g] Joj:yf ug'{ eGg] ;jf]{Rrn] cfb]z lbPsf] 5 .

g]kfn ;/sf/n] dfgj a]rljvg tyf cf];f/k;f/ lgoGq0f tyf /f]syfd P]g / 3/]n' lx+;f /f]syfd tyf lgoGq0f P]g cGt/ut 5'6\6f5'6\6} ;'/lIft cfjf; s]Gb|x¿ ljleGg lhNnfdf :yfkgf ul/ lkl8t dlxnfx¿nfO{ ;]jf lbg] tyf k'g{:yfkgfsf nflu ljleGg sfg"gL k/fdz{ ;xof]u tyf cGo k/fdz{sf sfo{x¿ ub}{ cfPsf] kfOG5 . o;sf ;fy} ljleGg u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿n] klg 3/]n' lx+;fdf k/]sf ;'/Iff cfjf; cfjZostf k/]sf dlxnfx¿nfO{ ;]jf k|bfg ul//x]sf 5g\ . cf]/]s g]kfnn] g]kfn el/ ljleGg & lhNnfdf dlxnf ;'/Iff cfjf; s]Gb|x¿ ;+rfng ub}{ cfO{/x]sf] 5 .

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dlxnf lj?4sf] lx+;f /f]syfdsf nflu ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L If]qaf6 lgs} k|of;x¿ ePsf eP klg cem sfof{Gjogsf] ;jfndf Tolt /fd|f] k|ult x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . cf/]s g]kfnn] dfl;s ¿kdf /fli6«o :t/sf kqklqsf 5flkPsf 36gfnfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ tof/ kfg]{ dlxnf lx+;f ;DaGwL k|ltj]bgdf s'g} dlxgf 36gf a9]sf] b]vfPsf] 5 eg] s'g} dlxgf yf]/} . ;+VofTds lx;fan] x]bf{ k|lt dlxgf 36gfsf] b/ a9\b} uPsf] b]vfPsf] 5 . h:tf] pQm tYofÍdf x]bf{ @)^( ;fn a}zfvdf !)%, h]i7 @)^( df !$!, c;f/df !^) tyf efb|df (^ dlxnf lx+;fsf 36gf 36]sf 5g\ . o;n] klg s] b]vfp5 eg] dlxnf lx+;fsf 36gf lbg k|ltlbg a9\b} u}/x]sf 5g\ .

!=@ cWoogsf] ;Ldfo; k':tsdf ljleGg lhNnfx¿df ;d'bfo:t/ df lqmofzLn dlxnf dfgj clwsf/ / Ifsx¿n] 36gf clen] vLs/ 0f u/ L k7fPsf 36gfx¿, :ynut ¿kdf cg';Gwfg tyf clen] vLs/ 0f ul/ Psf 36gfx¿, ;+:yfn] ;'/ lIft cfjf;, sfg'gL k/ fdz{ tyf sfg'gL ;xof] u, :jf:Yo pkrf/ nufotsf ;xof] u k'¥ofPsf] 36gfx¿nfO{ ;dfj] z u/ L ljZn] if0f ul/ Psf] 5 . / fli6«o kqklqsfx¿df k|sfzg ePsf dlxnf lx+;fsf 36gfx¿sf] cg'udg u/ L pQm cg'udgsf cfwf/ df ul/ Psf] ljZn] if0fnfO{ klg o; k':tsdf ;dfj] z ul/ Psf] 5 .

o; k':ttsdf % j6} ljsf; If] qdf dlxnfdfly ePsf lx+;fsf 36gfx¿nfO{ ;dfj] z ug{] k|of; ul/ Psf] 5 . tfklg ;dfhdf n's] / / x] sf / cem klg aflx/ cfpg g;s] sf, dlxnf dfgj clwsf/ / Ifsx¿ / ;+:yfsf] kx'FreGbf aflx/ / x] sf 36gfx¿ o; k':tsdf ;dfj] z ug{ ;lsPsf] 5} g .

o; k':tsn] g] kfnsf] ;du| dlxnfx¿sf] cj:yfnfO{ k|ltljlDjt ug{ g;s] klg g] kfnsf] dlxnf lx+;fsf] cj:yfsf] :j¿k eg] lrq0f

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ub{5 eGg] ljZjf; lnOPsf] 5 .

!=# cWoog ljlw clen] vLs/ 0fsf] ;Lk k|fKt tyf cf] / ] s g] kfnåf/ f clen] vLs/ 0fsf] tflnd lbOPsf JolQmx¿af6 36gf clen] vLs/ 0f ul/ Psf] lyof] . clen] vLs/ 0f ul/ Psf 36gfx¿sf] uf] kgLotf sfod ug{ x/ ] s 36gfx¿df sf] 8 g+Da/ / fvL P;\=lk=P;\=P;\= ;km\6j] / eh{g !!=% tYofÍnfO{ Jojl:yt / ;+ul7t ug{] sfo{ ul/ Psf] lyof] . / pQm ;km\6j] / s} dfWodaf6 36gfx¿nfO{ ljZn] if0f u/ L k|fKt tYofÍx¿nfO{ o; k':tsdf ;dfj] z ul/ Psf] 5 .

;+rf/ dfWoddf k|sfzg ePsf dlxnfdfly ePsf lx+;fsf 36gfx¿nfO{ klg df ljZn] if0f ul/ Psf] lyof] .

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@ dlxnfdfly ePsf lx+;fsf cj:yf / ljZn]if0f

@=! lx+;fsf 36gfx¿sf] If]qut l:ylt of] jif{ -@)!! h'nfO{ b] lv @)!@ h'g;Dd_ cf] / ] s g] kfnleqhDdf !%*! j6fdlxnfdfly ePsf lx+;fx¿ clen] vLs/ 0f ul/ Psf lyP . tL 36gfx¿ b] zsf % j6} ljsf; If] qaf6 ;+slnt ul/ Psf x'g\ . If] qut¿kdf lx+;fsf] l:ylt lgDg / x] sf] 5 .

rf6{ g+= ! dlxnfdfly ePsf lx+;fsf 36gfx?sf] If]qut l:ylt

o; jif{ k|fKt tYofÍsf cg';f/ ;a} eGbf a9L dlxnfdfly ePsf] lx+;fsf 36gf k"jf{~rn ljsf; If] qaf6 clen] vLs/ 0f ePsf] 5 . k"jf{~rn ljsf; If] qaf6 ^#Ü, dWodf~rn ljsf; If] qaf6 !*Ü, ;'b"/ klZrdf~rn / dWoklZrdf~rn ljsf; If] qaf6 a/ fa/ L (Ü / klZrdf~rnaf6 !Ü dlxnfx¿dfly ePsf ljleGg k|sf/ sf lx+;fsf 36gfx¿sf clen] vLs/ 0f ePsf 5g\ . -rf6{ !_

kl/R5]b @ M k|fKt kl/0ffdx¿ / ljZn]if0f

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ljZn]if0fhxfF ;"rgf / lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx¿sf nflu ;xof] uL ;+oGq dlxnfsf] kx'Frdf 5 ToxfF lx+;fsf 36gfx¿ a9L dfqfdf aflx/ cfpg] u5{g\ / l/ kf] l6Ë a9L x'g] ub{5 eGg] tYonfO{ of] tYofÍn] k'li6 ub{5 . k"jf{~rn ljsf; If] qdf dflg;sf] lzIffsf] :t/ , ;~rf/ ;~hfn, dfgj clwsf/ df sfd ug{] ;ª\3;+:yfx¿sf] ;xeflutf cGo ljsf; If] qdfeGbf a9L / x] sf] kfO{G5 . ljsf;sf k"jf{wf/ x¿klg k"jf{~rnljsf; If] qdf cGo ljsf; If] qsf] t'ngfdf a9L ljsl;t 5g\ . g] kfn ;/ sf/ n] !% lhNnfdf ;+rfng u/ ] sf ;'/ lIft cfjf;sf] ;] jf k"jf{~rn ljsf; If] qsf $ j6f lhNnfx¿df 5g\ . o;sf ;fy} cf] / ] s g] kfn o; If] qdf ljut !* jif{b] lv sfo{/ t 5 . o; cjlwdf ;d'bfo:t/ b] lv g} dlxnf ;d"xx¿sf] ;~hfn lj:tf/ ul/ Psf] 5 . dlxnfx¿sf] dfgj clwsf/ , dlxnf clwsf/ , lx+;f h:tf s'/ fx¿sf] a'emfO{df :ki6tf cfPsf] kfOG5 . !) jif{b] lv] la/ f6gu/ , pbok'/ / wg'iffdf ;'/ lIft cfjf;sf] cjwf/ 0ffdf ";'/ Iff cfjf;" x¿ ;+rflnt 5g\ . o;sf/ 0f of] If] qdf dlxnfx¿cfkm"dfly ePsf] lx+;f aflx/ NofPdf ;xof] u k|fKt x'G5 eGg] s'/ sdf 9'Ss eO{ lx+;fsf] ph'/ L lnP/ cf] / ] s g] kfn / k|x/ LsxfF hfg] ub{5g\ . o; ljsf; If] qdf dlxnfx¿ ;d'bfo:t/ b] lv ;+ul7t eO{ ;lqmo¿kdf sfo{ ub{} 5g\ . o:t} u/ L k"j{sf lhNnfx¿df dlxnf dfgj clwsf/ / Ifsx¿sf] ;d'bfo;Fusf] ;dGjosf sf/ 0f klg ;d'bfo:t/ b] lvsf 36gfx¿ aflx/ cfpg] u/ ] sf 5g\ . To;} n] klg o; ljsf; If] qaf6 dlxnfdfly ePsf lx+;fsf 36gfx¿ x/ ] s jif{ cGo ljsf; If] qsf] t'ngfdf a9L clen] lvs/ 0f xF'b} cfPsf] kfO{G5 .

klZrdf~rn, dWo klZrdf~rn / ;'b"/ klZrdf~rn ljsf; If] qaf6 dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf 36gfx¿ k"jf{~rn / dWodf~rn ljsf; If] qsf t'ngfdf sd clen] vLs/ 0f ePsf] 5 . t/ o;sf] cy{ o; ljsf; If] qdf 36gf klg sd x'g] ub{5 eGg] x} g . ef} uf] lns ljs6tf, ;"rgfdf kx'Frsf] sdL, ;] jf s] Gb|x¿sf] k"jf{wf/ df sdL

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/ lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx¿sfnflu ;xof] uL ;+oGqx¿sf] sdL h:tf sf/ 0fn] klg dlxnfdfly ePsf lx+;fsf 36gfx¿sf] ph'/ L jf l/ kf] l6ª o; If] qaf6 sd ePsf] x'g ;Sb5 .

@=@ dlxnf lx+;fsf k|sf/x¿dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf :j¿kx¿ ljleGg / x] sf 5g\ . o; k':tsdf dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fnfO{ d'Votof & efudf juL{s/ 0f u/ L ljZn] if0f ul/ Psf] 5 . k|fKt tYofÍsf cfwf/ df dlxnfdfly ePsf lx+;fsf k|sf/ nfO{ rf6{ @ n] k|:t't ul/ Psf] 5 .

rf6{ g+= @ dlxnfdfly ePsf lx+;fsf k|sf/x?

o; jif{ clen] vLs/ 0f ul/ Psf] hDdf !%*! j6f 36gfx¿ df ;a} eGbf a9L -!)!(_ hgf dlxnfx¿ 3/ ] n' lx+;faf6 k|tfl8t x'g'k/ ] sf] tYo k|fKt ePsf] 5 . dlxnflj?4 x'g] lx+;fsf] ^$Ü efu 3/ ] n' lx+;fn] cf] u6] sf] 5 . bf] ;|f] :yfgdf ;fdflhs lx+;f / x] s] f 5 . s"n ;+Vofdf @%! -!^Ü_ hgf dlxnfx¿dfly ljleGg k|sf/ n] ;fdflhs ¿kdf lx+;f ePsf] kfO{Psf] 5 . s"n ;+Vofsf] $Ü -!!)j6f_ anfTsf/ sf 36gfx¿ / @Ü -#^j6f_ anfTsf/ sf k|of;sf

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36gfx¿ ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 . ^# hgf -#Ü_ dlxnfx¿dfly of} lgs lx+;f ePsf] 5 . @* hgf dlxnfx¿sf] xTof ePsf] 5 eg] !* hgf dlxnfx¿dfly xTofsf] k|of; ePsf] 5 . To;} u/ L @% hgf dlxnfx¿ a] rlavgdf k/ ] sf 5g\ eg] * hgf dlxnfx¿sf] a] rlavgsf] k|of; ePsf] 5 . cGo 36gfx¿df o; jif{ !@ hgf dlxnfx¿n] ljleGg lx+;fsf sf/ 0fn] cfTdxTof u/ ] sf] tYofÍ k|fKt ePsf] 5 eg] @ hgf dlxnfx¿ j] kQf agfO{Psf / ( hgf dlxnfx¿ cfkm\g} kl/ jf/ sf ;b:ox¿åf/ f cnkq cj:yfdf kfl/ Psf] kfO{Psf] 5 .

ljZn]if0fdlxnfdfly x'g] u/ ] sf] lx+;fsf k|sf/ x¿nfO{ x] bf{ ;a} eGbf a9L-^$Ü_ dlxnfx¿ 3/ ] n' lx+;fdf k/ ] sf] kfO{Psf] 5 . dlxnfdfly ;a} eGbf a9L cfkm\g} >Ldfg\af6 %#Ü / 3/kl/jf/sf ;b:oaf6 @)Ü lx+;f ePsf] kfO{G5 -rf6{ g+= *_ . o; tYofÍnfO{ ljZn] if0f ubf{ ';a}eGbf a9L dlxnfx¿ cfkm\g} 3/df c;'/lIft 5g\ . dlxnfx¿ cfkm\gf elgPsf JolQmx¿af6 g} a9L dfqfdf lx+;fdf kg{] u/]sf 5g\ / glhssf cfkmGtx¿af6} g} dlxnfx¿nfO{ vt/f 5' eGg] ;+s] t o; tYofÍn] k|:t't u/ ] sf] 5 . lkQ[;Qfn] xfjL ePsf] jt{dfg ;fdflhs ;+/ rgfsf sf/ 0f g] kfndf dlxnfnfO{ cfh klg bf] ;|f] bhf{sf] gful/ ssf] ¿kdf Jojxf/ ul/ G5 . kmn:j¿k dlxnfx¿sf] cfkm\gf] z/ L/ / of} lgstfdf ;d] t cfkm\gf] clwsf/ sfod x'g ;s] sf] 5} g . lkQ[;QfTds d"NodfGotf, k/ Dk/ f / ;+:sf/ sf cfwf/ df dlxnfsf] z/ L/ dfly c?sf] lgoGq0f sfod ul/ Psf] 5 . ljjfxk"j{ 5f] / L kl/ jf/ sf] clwgdf / ljjfxkZrft\ dlxnfdfly >Ldfg\sf] clwsf/ / xg] lkQ[;QfTds ;f] r ;dfhdf h/ f] uf8] / / x] sf] 5 . oxL ;f] rcg'¿k dlxnfnfO{ 3/ kl/ jf/ / >Ldfg\sf] ;DklQsf] ¿kdf lnOG5 . 3/ sf] OHht wfGg] d"n cfwf/ sf] ¿kdf lrlqt ul/ G5 . kmn:j¿k dlxnfx¿ cfkm\gf] 3/ kl/ jf/ / >Ldfg\n] rfx] cg'¿ksf sfo{x¿ ug{ afWo kfl/ G5g\ . pgLx¿sf] gt ;DklQdf xs x'G5 gt cfkm\g} :jcfh{gdf . o:tf] l:yltdf olb dlxnfn] cfkm\gf] clwsf/

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vf] lhg\, jsfnt ul/ g\ eg] pgLdfly lx+;f x'g hfG5 . dflg;sf nflu ;a} eGbf ;'/ lIft :yfg 3/ / ;xof] uL JolQm eg] sf cfkm\gf] kl/ jf/ sf ;b:o x'G5g\ ,t/ dlxnfsf nflu ltg} c;'/ lIft 5g\ . of] cToGt lrGtfsf] ljifo / x] sf] 5 .

@=# dlxnf lx+;f / pd]/ o; k':tsdf dlxnfsf] pd] / nfO{ % efudf ljefhg u/ L s'g pd] / ;d"xdf a9L dlxnfdfly lx+;f ePsf] 5 egL ljZn] if0f ul/ Psf] 5 . k|fKt tYofÍ cg';f/ !^–@% jif{ pd] / ;d"xsf dlxnfx¿df ;a}eGbf a9L -#%Ü_lx+;f ePsf] kfO{Psf] 5 . o;} u/ L @^–#% jif{ pd] / ;d"xdf ##Ü, #^–$% jif{ pd] / ;d"xdf !^Ü, !^ jif{d'lgsf aflnsfdf &Ü, $^–%% jif{ pd] / ;d"xdf %Ü / %% jif{ dflysf dlxnfx¿df $Ü lx+;f ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 -rf6{ #_ .

rf6{ g+= # dlxnfsf] pd]/ cg';f/ lx+;fsf] kl/0ffd

ljZn]if0f“cfTd ;Ddfgsf ;fy hLjgofkg ug{ kfpg' x/]s JolQmsf] g};lu{s www.w

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clwsf/ xf]”(dfgj clwsf/ sf] ljZjJofkL 3f] if0ffkq, !($*_ . g] kfnL dlxnfx¿ ue{fj:yfb] lv lrtfdf ghn'~h] n ;Ddsf] cj:yfdf km/ s km/ s :j¿ksf lx+;fx¿ v] Kb} hLjgofkg ug{ afWo agfO{Psf 5g\ . o; jif{ k|fKt tYofÍnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;f / pd] / ;d"xnfO{ ljZn] if0f ubf{ # jif{b] lv *$ jif{ pd] / sf dlxnfxdfly ;d] t s'g} g s'g} k|sf/ sf] lx+;f ePsf] kfO{Psf] 5 . o;n] s] b] vfpF5 eg] s'g} klg pd] / ;d"xsf dlxnfx¿n] :jtGq / lx+;f/ lxt hLjg ofkg ug{ ;s] sf 5} gg\ . ;a} eGbf a9L dlxnfx¿ !^ b] lv @% jif{sf] pd] / ;d"xdf lx+;fdf / x] sf] ] ] kfOPsf] 5 . of] pd] / ljz] ift JolQmut ljsf; ug{] , pRr lzIff xfl;Fn ug{] / l;h{gzLn sfo{df ;+nUg x'g] pd] / xf] . t/ ;dfhdf ljBdfg / x] sf] 5f] / Lk|ltsf] lje] bsf/ L ;f] rsf sf/ 0f dlxnfn] ljjfx ug{} kg{] dfGotfsf sf/ 0f o; pd] / sf w] / } dlxnfx¿ ank"j{s ljjfx aGwgdf aflwG5g\ . k9fO{ aLrd} 5f] 8\g afWo agfO{G5g\ . kmn:j¿k pgLx¿sf] cfTdan sdhf] / aGg k'Ub5 . pgLx¿dfly lx+;f x'g] jftfj/ 0f aG5 . ;dfhdf ljBdfg dlxnfk|ltsf] unt b[li6sf] 0fn] of] l:yltnfO{ yk dnhn ub{5 . o:tf] l:yltn] dlxnfsf] JolQmTj ljsf;, :jf:Yo, lzIff h:tf cfwf/ e"t s'/ fx¿df gsf/ fTds k|efj kfb{5 . oxL pd] / ;d"xsf dlxnfx¿dfly ;a} eGbf a9L lx+;f klg x'g] u/ ] sf] 5 . o;n] s] b] vfpF5 eg] dlxnfx¿nfO{ ;dfhdf x/ ] s lx;fan] k'?ifsf t'ngfdf k5fl8 kfg{sf nflu dlxnfdfly lx+;f x'g] jftfj/ 0f tof/ ul/ Psf] xf] .

o; pd] / ;d"xsf dlxnfx¿dfly a9L lx+;f x'g'sf] csf{] sf/ 0f xfd|f] ;dfhdf of] pd] / ;d"xsf ^)Ü dlxnfx¿sf] ljjfx eO{;s] sf] x'G5 . 7 ;fgf] pd] / df 5f] / Lsf] ljjfx u¥of] eg] wd{ sdfOG5 / :ju{ hfg kfO{G5, 5f] / Ln] ;Ifd eP/ cfkm} + ljjfx u/ L eg] OHht hfG5, 5f] / Ln] w] / } k9L eg] ;f] txsf] s] 6f kfpg ufx|f] x'G5 eGg] ;f] r cem;Dd ;dfhdf xfaL 5 . 5f] / Ldf "s'df/ LTj" xF'b+} ljjfx ug'{k5{ eGg] dfGotfn] ubf{ ;fg} pd] / df 5f] / Lsf] ljjfx ug{] ul/ G5 .8

7 The state of the Worlds's children, UNICEF, 20078 Premarital Socio-Economic Roles and the Timing of Family

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o:tf ;f] rn] klg dlxnfdfly lx+;f ug{nfO{ k|z:t jftfj/ 0f tof/ ul/ Psf] 5 .

@^–#% jif{ pd] / ;d"xsf dlxnfx¿ klg lx+;faf6 a9L k|efljt ePsf 5g\ . of] pd] / eg] sf] pTkfbgzLn pd] / xf] . o; pd] / df dlxnfx¿ ;fdflhs / h} ljs k|hgg\ b'j} sfo{df ;+nUg x'G5g\ . of] l:yltdf dlxnfn] kl/ jf/ n] eg] cg';f/ sf] lnËsf] aRrf vf;u/ L 5f] / L hGdfPg, ;dfhsf] dfGotfcg'¿k cfkm"nfO{ 9fNg ;s] g, kl/ jf/ sf] ck] Iff cg'¿ksf] k9fO{, sfd ug{ ;s] g, cfkm\gf] z/ L/ dfly cfkm\gf] lg0f{o ug{] sf] lz; u¥of] eg] p;n] lx+;f vKg' kg{] l:ylt 5 . of] l:yltn] dlxnfsf] dfgj clwsf/ ;+ljwfgtM k|fKt df} lns clwsf/ x¿ xgg\ eO/ x] sf 5g\ .

!% b] lv @% jif{ pd] / ;d"xsf / @^ b] lv #% jif{ pd] / ;d"xsf dlxnfx¿ a9L dfqfdf 3/ ] n' lx+;faf6 kLl8t 5g\ . o;/ L kLl8t x'g] dlxnfx¿dWo] ;aeGbf a9L dlxnfx¿ cfkm\gf] >Ldfg\ / 3/ kl/ jf/ sf ;b:ox¿af6 k|tfl8t ePsf 5g\ . o;n] :ki6 ¿kdf "3/ leq / cfkmGtx¿dfem dlxnfx¿ ;'/ lIft 5g\" eGg] ;f] rnfO{ r'gf} tL lbPsf] 5 .

@=$ dlxnf lx+;f / lzIffdlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;f / lzIffsf] l:yltnfO{ ljZn] if0f u/ L tn rf6{df -rf6{ g+ $ / %_ k|:t't ul/ Psf] 5 . o; tYofÍsf cfwf/ df a9L lx+;f -&*Ü_ ;fIf/ dlxnfx¿dfly x'g] u/ ] sf] kfOPsf] 5 . ;fIf/ dlxnfdf klg $&Ü k|f} 9 lzIff, !(Ü pRr dfWolds tx;Dd cWoog u/ ] sf, !%Ü k|fylds tx;Dd cWoog u/ ] sf, !$Ü dfWolds tx;Dd cWoog u/ ] sf / %Ü pRr dfWolds txeGbf a9L cWoog u/ ] sf dlxnfx¿dfly lx+;f ePsf] kfO{Psf] 5 eg] lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx¿dWo] @@Ü lg/ If/ dlxnfx¿ / x] sf] kfO{of] .

formation: a comparative study of five Asian societies, Demography 22(1):35-59

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rf6{ g++=$ dlxnfsf] z}lIfs cj:yfsf cfwf/df lx+;fsf kl/0fdx¿

rf6{ g++=% dlxnfsf] ;fIf/tfsf] cj:yfsf cfwf/df lx+;fsf kl/0fdx¿

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ljZn]if0f dflysf] tYofÍnfO{ ljZn] if0f ubf{ s] kfO{G5 eg] hf] dlxnfx¿ ;fIf/ 5g\, cfkm"dfly ePsf] cGofo÷lx+;fsf] klxrfg ug{ ;Ifd 5g\ / To;sf lj?4 af] N5g\ tL dlxnfx¿g} a9L dfqfdf lx+;fsf] hf] lvddf / x] sf 5g\ . o;sf] ;fy} o:tf dlxnfx¿n] cfkm"dfly ePsf lx+;fx¿ aflx/ NofpF5g\ . Gofosf nflu ph'/ L ub{5g\ . To;} n] o:tf dlxnfx¿dfly x'g] lx+;fx¿sf] ph'/ L a9L x'G5 . ;fy} k9] n] v] sf dlxnfx¿n] hlxn] klg ;dfgtfsf s'/ f hfgL ghflgbf] + ¿kdf kl/ jf/ / ;dfhdf p7fpF5g\, cGofosf] lj?4 af] N5g\ / c?nfO{ klg af] Ng k|] l/ t ub{5g\ / ltg} dlxnfx¿nfO{ nlIft u/ L lx+;f ul/ G5 . tL dlxnfx¿ k'/ ftgjfbL / ?9LjfbL ;f] raf6 ;dfhnfO{ d'Qm u/ fpgtkm{ nfUb5g\ . pgLx¿ ;dfhdf ljBdfg ?l9jfbL k'/ ftgjfbL ;f] rfOsf] rqmJo"x tf] 8L aflx/ cfpg] k|of;df x'G5g\ . kmn:j¿k ;dfhdf / x] sf] k'/ ftgjfbL tyf lkQ[;QfTds ;f] rfOsf kIfkftLx¿n] o;/ L ;lqmo lzlIft dlxnfx¿nfO{ lgoGq0f ug{sf nflu lx+;fsf] af6f] ckgfpg yfN5g\ .

dflysf rf6{x¿df k|:t't tYofÍdf klxnf] lx+;fdf kg{] ;fIf/ dlxnfx¿ / bf] ;|f] df lg/ If/ dlxnfx¿ / x] sf] kfO{Psf] 5 . jt{dfg ;fdflhs ;+/ rgfn] ljjfxk"j{ dlxnfn] afa'n] eg] sf] h] klg dfGg'k5{ . ljjfx kZrft\ >Ldfg\ g} dlxnfsf nflu ;j{] ;jf{ x'G5g\, eGg] dlxnfsf] ;f] rfO{df kfl/ lbPsf] 5 . h;sf sf/ 0f w] / } dlxnfx¿n] >Ldfg\n] ug{] h:tf] ;'s} Jojxf/ ;d] tnfO{ klg olt t e} xfN5, d] / f] z/ L/ df cflv/ p;sf] clwsf/ 5 -d] / f] z/ L/ d] / f] clwsf/ _ eGg] unt ;f] r cfTd;ft u/ ] sf] ] kfOG5 . T;;sf sf/ 0f ck/ fwLs 36gfx¿nfO{ klg dlxnfn] ;'? ;'?df ;fdfGo ¿kdf lng] u5{g\ . dlxnfx¿n] cfkm"dfly ePsf] lx+;fsf] klxrfg ;d] t ug{ g;Sg] cj:yfsf] l;h{gf lkQ[;Qfn] ul/ lbPsf] 5 . >Ldfg\ / 3/ kl/ jf/ sf ;b:oaf6 x'g] cfk/ flws ultljlwx¿nfO{ dlxnfn] ;x] / } a:5g\ / dlxnfnfO{ To:tf 36gfx¿ ;x] / a:g'kb{5 eGg] tkm{

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;dfhn] ;d] t clek|] l/ t ub{5 . h'g lbg Tof] lx+;fn] ;Ldf gf£5 To;kl5 dfq To:tf 36gfx¿ aflx/ cfpF5g\ .

@=% k|efljtsf] j}jflxs cj:yf

o; jif{ clen] vLs/ 0f ul/ Psf tYofÍsf cfwf/ df ljjflxt dlxnfx¿ ;a} eGbf a9L lx+;fdf k/ ] sf] kfOPsf] 5 . k|efljt dlxnfx¿dWo] *)Ü ljjflxt dlxnfx¿ / x] sf 5g\ . o;} u/ L !$Ü dlxnfx¿ cljjflxt, $Ü dlxnfx¿ Psn / @Ü dlxnfx¿ 5'l§P/ a;] sf 5g\ . k|fKt tYofÍsf cfwf/ df kf/ kfr's] u/ ] sf # hgf dlxnfx¿dfly / ;Fu} a;] sf # hgf dlxnfx¿dfly klg lx+;f ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 -rf6{ g+ ^_.

rf6{ g+= ^ dlxnfsf] j} jflxs l:ylt / lx+;fsf] kl/ 0ffd

ljjfx ;dfhdf dfGotf k|fKt ;+:yfsf ¿kdf :yflkt x'g'n] klg dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fnfO{ vf;u/ L dlxnfdfly 3/ ] n' lx+;f ug{nfO{ ;xh agfO{ lbPsf] 5 . ljjfxkZrft\ >Ldfg\sf] 3/ df hfg'kg{] ;+:sf/ n] dlxnfx¿ z} lIfs / cfly{s ¿kn] hlt ;Ifd ePklg

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k'?ifeGbf sdhf] / 5g\ eGg] ;fljt ug{ vf] h] sf] 5 . lkQ[;QfTds ;+/ rgfn] dlxnfsf] :jtGqtf, pTkfbg / of} lgstfdf k'?ifs} lg0f{o / lgoGq0f ;b} j agfO{/ fVg klg ljjfxnfO{ ;+:Yffut ul/ Psf] 5 .

k|rlnt k/ Dk/ f, ;+:s[lt, ;+:sf/ sf gfddf ;dfhdf / x] sf] d"NodfGotfn] dlxnf / k'?ifaLr x'g] of} glqmofsnfknfO{ sfg'gL dfGotf k|bfg ub{} cfPsf] 5 . xfn g] kfnsf] sfg'ggn] @) jif{ k"/ f ePsf JolQmx¿sf nflu ljjfx ug{] / of} glqmofsnfkdf ;+nUg x'gsf nflu sfg'gL / ;fdflhs dfGotf k|bfg u/ ] sf] 5 . ljjfx kZrft\ dlxnfn] cfkm\gf] 3/ 5f] 8] / s] 6fsf] 3/ df g} uP/ a:g] rngn] k'?ifx¿nfO{ zlQmzfnL / dlxnfdfly lgoGq0f ug{sf nflu an k|bfg u/ ] sf] 5 . o;nfO{ o; jif{ k|fKt tYofÍsf cfwf/ df dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;f ;a} eGbf a9L >Ldfg\af6 -%#Ü_ePsf] tYon] klg :ki6 kf/ ] sf] 5 . ljjfxkZrft\ dlxnfx¿ kl/ jf/ sf] lgoGq0fdf / xg] u5{g\ / ;a} eGbf a9L dlxnfx¿ cfkm\g} >Ldfg\af6 lgolGqt x'g] ub{5g\ . ljjfx kZrft\ dlxnfn] ug{] x/ ] s sfo{nfO{ 3/ kl/ jf/ / O{Hhtsf] ljifo agfO{G5 h;n] ubf{ dlxnfx¿sf] :jtGq eP/ afRg kfpg] clwsf/ sf] ;d] t xgg\ ePsf] cj:yf 5 .

xfn g] kfndf ljjfxk"j{ ;Fu} a:g] hf] 8Lx¿sf] olsg tYofÍ gePtf klg of] k|rng a9\bf] 5 . ljjfxk"j{ ;Fu} a:g] hf] l8x¿n] sfg'gL / wfld{s dfGotf kfPsf] 5} gg . of] k|rng ljz] ifu/ L u|fdL0f If] qdf eGbf zx/ L If] qdf a9L / x] s] f kfO{G5 . of] k|rngn] dlxnfnfO{ s] xL xb;Dd ePklg ;fdflhs e"ldsf / ;f+:s[lts k/ Dk/ fsf cf8df dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fnfO{ r'gf} lt lbG5 . lx+;f hxfF klg / h:tf] ;DaGw ePsf JolQmx¿af6 klg x'g ;S5 . o;/ L ;Fu} a;] sf hf] 8Lx¿df lx+;f ePdf sfg'gn] o;nfO{ dfGotf k|bfg gu/ ] s} sf/ 0f dlxnfx¿ sfg'gL Gofo kfpg] clwsf/ af6 ;d] t al~rt x'g' kg{] cj:yf 5 . o;/ L ;Fu} a;] sf hf] l8x¿df ePsf lx+;fsf 36gfx¿ clen] vLs/ 0f sd x'g'n] sfg'g / ;dfhn] o;nfO{ dfGotf k|bfg

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gu/ ] s} sf/ 0fn] 36gfx¿ aflx/ gcfPsf x'g ;S5g\ eGg] cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 .

@=^ k|efljtsf] hflttn k|:t't ul/ Psf] tYofÍsf cfwf/ df ;a} eGbf a9L kxf8] hghflt -@(Ü_ dlxnfx¿ lx+;fdf / x] sf] kfO{G5 . To:f} u/ L If] qL / t/ fO{ hghflt dlxnfx¿ bf] ;|f] :t/ df a9L lx+;faf6 -a/ fa/ L !% Ü_ k|efljt / x] sf] tYofÍn] b] vfPsf] 5 . s"n lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx¿dWo] !#Ü a|fXd0f, !)Ü t/ fO{ u} / blnt, (Ü kxf8] blnt, &Ü t/ fO{ blnt / @Ü d'l:nd hftsf dlxnfx¿ / x] sf] kfO{of] .

rf6{ g+= & dlxnfsf] hftLo ljj/0f / lx+;fsf] kl/0ffd

ljZn]if0fdflysf] tYofÍsf cfwf/ df ljZn] if0f ubf{ dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;f ;a} hftLsf dlxnfx¿df x'g] u/ ] s] f kfO{of] . ;+:s[lt / ;fdflhs d"NodfGotfdf hftLcg'¿k km/ s x'g'n] klg dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fnfO{ lgwf{/ 0f ug{] tYo dflysf] tYofÍn] k|:t't u/ ] sf] 5 . hgfhftL dlxnfx¿ c? hftLsf dlxnfx¿ eGbf cfkm\gf s'/ fx¿ ;ZfQm 9Ën]

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k|:t't ug{ ;Sg] xF'bf+ klg oL hftsf dlxnfx¿dfly ePsf] lx+;fsf 36gfx¿ a9L dfqfdf aflx/ cfpg] ub{5g\ .

@=& k|efljt / kL8saLrdf /x]sf] ;DaGw dlxnfx¿ dfly ePsf] lx+;fsf] 36gfx¿sf] o; jif{ ul/ Psf] clen] vLs/ 0fsf cfwf/ df dlxnfdfly ;a} eGbf a9L lx+;f ug{] %#Ü >Ldfg\ / x] sf 5g\ . To:t} ul/ h'g ;dfhdf dlxnfx¿ x's{G5 ToxL ;dfhsf l5d] sL @)Ü JolQmx¿n] dlxnfdfly lx+;f u/ ] sf] kfO{Psf] 5 . cfkm\g} kl/ jf/ sf !*Ü ;b:ox¿n] , %Ü ;fyLn] / $Ü ;DaGw gePsf JolQmx¿af6 dlxnfdfly lx+;f ePsf] 5 .

rf6{ g+=* dlxnfsf] j}jflxs l:ylt / lx+;fsf] kl/0ffd

dfly k|:t't tYofÍsf cfwf/ df s] ljZn] if0f ug{ ;lsG5 eg] dlxnfx¿ a9L dfqfdf lrghfg gePsf jf ;DaGw gePsf JolQmx¿af6 lx+;fdf k5{g\ eGg] dfGotfnfO{ o;n] unt ;flat u/ ] sf] 5 . dlxnfx¿sf] hf] ;Fu glhssf] ;DaGw 5 jf h;n] a9L dfof u5{ eGg] dlxnfx¿n] ;f] Rb5g\ ToxL JolQmaf6 pgLx¿dfly a9L lx+;f ePsf] o; tYofÍn] k'li6 ub{5 .

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gf]6 M dlxnfsf] k|] d ;DaGw ePsf / dlxnfn] ;fyL dfg] sf JolQmx¿nfO{ ;fyLsf] ju{df / fvL ljZn] if0f ul/ Psf] 5 .

@=* k|efljtsf] k]zf dlxnfx¿ ;+nUg / x] sf] k] zf / pgLx¿dfly x'g] lx+;fsf] k|sf/ nfO{ ljZn] if0f ubf{ lx+;f k|efljt s"n dlxnfx¿dWo] s[lif k] zfdf ;+nUg / x] sf $$Ü dlxnfx¿dfly ;a} eGbf a9L lx+;f ePsf] kfO{Psf] 5 . @!Ü dlxnfx¿ 3/ fo;L sfddf, !@Ü dlxnfx¿ dhb'/ Ldf, !)Ü dlxnfx¿ Joj;fodf cfa4 / x] sf] kfO{Psf] 5 . To;} u/ L s'g} klg sfo{df ;+nUg gePsf ^Ü dlxnfx¿, cgf} rfl/ s If] qdf sfo{/ t @Ü dlxnfx¿, To:t} ul/ ;/ sf/ L If] qdf sfo{/ t, j} b] lzs / f] huf/ L, u} / ;/ sf/ L If] qdf sfo{/ t / ;fdflhs ;] jf ug{] dlxnfx¿ a/ fa/ -!-!Ü_ lx+;f ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 .

rf6{ g+= ( dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;f / k]zfwww.wore

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ljZn]if0fdlxnfx¿n] cfkm\gf] hLjgdf ljleGg lsl;dn] lx+;fsf] cg'ej ug{] ub{5g\ h;df ljz] iful/ cflTdo ;DaGw ePsf JolQmx¿af6 x'g] lx+;f dlxnfsf] ;fdflhs, cfly{s / ;f+:s[lts :t/ ;Fu ;DalGwt / xG5 . h;n] dlxnfnfO{ ljZjJofkL dfgj clwsf/ sf] pkef] u ug{af6 al~rt ug{ afWo ub{5 . 9

dflysf] tYofÍsf cfwf/ df s] ljZn] if0f ug{ ;lsG5 eg] dlxnfx¿n] ub{} cfPsf] sfdsf] klxrfg cem x'g ;s] s] f 5} g . g] kfnsf sl/ a ^*Ü dflg;x¿ s[lifdf lge{/ / x] sf 5g\ . o; k|lta] bgdf ;d] 6] sf dlxnfx¿ dWo] $$Ü dlxnfx¿ s[lif k] zfdf ;+nUg 5g\ . t/ pgLx¿n] u/ ] s] f sfdnfO{ dfGotf lbOPsf] 5} g . pgLx¿sf] s[lif k] zfdf ;+nUgtfnfO{ ;dfhdf dlxnfsf nflu egL lbOPsf] ;] jfd"ns sfds} lg/ Gt/ tfsf] ¿kdf lng] u/ ] sf] 5 .

dlxnfx¿n] 3/ df sfo{ ug{] , 3/ sf ;a} ;b:ox¿nfO{ aflx/ sfd ug{ hfgsf nflu jftfj/ 0f tof/ ug{] sfd s] an dlxnfn] u5{g\ t/ dlxnfsf] of] sfo{nfO{ ;] jfd"ns sfo{df l;ldt ul/ Psf] 5, o;sf] s'g} d"No 5} g . pTkfbgsf x/ ] s sfo{df dlxnfsf] k|d'v e"ldsf / xG5 t/ cufl8 b] lvg] a] nfdf k'?if b] lvG5g\ / pTkfbgsf] d"Nosf] l;+uf] lx+:;] bf/ klg k'?if / xG5 . cfly{s sf/ f] jf/ df ;w} + k'?ifsf] cu|;/ tf dlxnfsf] t'ngfdf a9L x'g] ub{5 . h;sf sf/ 0f klg sltko dlxnfx¿n] cfkm"nfO{ c;Ifd dxz'; u5{g\ . cfkm"nfO{ g/ fd|f] nfUg] sfo{ -ck/ fw_ s;} n] u/ ] df klg To;sf] lj?4 k|ltsf/ ug{] ;fx; a6'Ng ;Qm} gg\ lsgsL cfkm"dfly k/ ] sf] lx+;fsf] lj?4 af] Nbf emg\ afls lhGbuLg} s;/ L sf6\g] eGg] ;d:of dlxnfdf cfO{kb{5 . cfkm"dfly ePsf] lx+;fsf] lj?4 af] n] df 5f] / f5f] / Ldfly g/ fd|f] c;/ kg{] , pgLx¿nfO{ ;d] t vt/ f x'g] , cfkm" a;] s] f 3/ af6 g} lgsflng] , 3/ af6 aflx/ cfPkZrft\ c;'/ lIft x'g] / cfly{s 9 Report of the Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences, Rashida Manjoo, A/HRC/11/6/Add.5

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pkfh{gsf nflu cGo ljsNk g/ xg] h:tf sf/ 0fn] dlxnfx¿nfO{ cfkm"dfly ePsf] lx+;fsf] k|ltsf/ ug{af6 al~rt u/ fpFb510

/ dlxnfdf Psk6s ;xG5' eGg] efjgf dlxnfdf knfpF5 / ;w} + dlxnfx¿ lx+;f vk] / g} a:g afWo agfO{{Psf 5g\ . t;y{ klg dlxnfdfly ePsf] w] / } lx+;fsf 36gfx¿ aflx/ cfpb} gg\ .

@=( lx+;fsf sf/0f dlxnfx¿dfly k/]sf] c;/ lx+;fsf sf/ 0f dlxnfx¿dfly k/ ] sf c;/ nfO{ $ efudf ljefhg u/ L o; k':tsdf ljZn] if0f ul/ Psf] 5 . dlxnfx¿dfly s'g} klg k|sf/ sf] lx+;f x'Fbf ;a} eGbf a9L %@Ü dlxnfx¿df dfgl;s c;/ k/ ] sf] kfO{of] . @)% dlxnfx¿nfO{ zf/ Ll/ s c;/ k/ ] sf] !*Ü dlxnfx¿nfO{ ;fdflhs c;/ / !)Ü dlxnfx¿nfO{ cfly{s c;/ k/ ] sf] kfO{Psf] 5 . dlxnfx¿dfly w] / } zf/ Ll/ s ¿kdf cfqmd0f x'g] / pgLx¿nfO{ zf/ Ll/ s c;/ kg{] u/ ] sf] ePtf klg o;n] cGo lb3{sflng c;/ x¿ klg dlxnfsf] hLjgdf kfg{] u/ ] s] f 5 .

rf6{ g+= !) dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf sf/0f dlxnfdf k/]sf c;/x¿

10 Violence Agaist Women Online Resource, The facts about domestic violence, http://www.vaw.umn.edu/documents/inbriefs/domesticviolence/domesticviolence.html

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ljZn]if0fdlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf sf/ 0f ;a} eGbf a9L dlxnfsf] dfgl;s :jf:Yodf c;/ kg{] u/ ] sf] 5 . dlxnfdfly x'g] ;a} k|sf/ sf lx+;f kZrft\ "cfkm\gf] afFlssf] eljio s:tf] x'G5" eGg] lrGtfn] dlxnfnfO{ ;tfpFg] u/ ] sf] cWoogsf qmddf dlxnfx¿n] atfPsf 5g\ . ljZj :jf:Yo ;+u7gn] dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fnfO{ ;fj{hlgs :jf:Yo ;d:ofsf] ¿kdf klxrfg u/ L o;n] j[xt dfqfdf zf/ Ll/ s, dfgl;s, of} g tyf k|hgg\ :jf:Yo, dft[Tj :Jf:Yodf ;d:of pTkGg ug{] u/ ] sf] tYo ;fj{hlgs u/ ] sf] 5 .11 dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf sf/ 0f ljz] if¿kdf dlxnfx¿df dgf] ;fdflhs c;/ kg{] h;sf sf/ 0f dlxnfsf] JolQmut :jtGqtf ljlng x'g] , ;fj{hlgs hLjgdf ;xefuL x'g ;Sg] IfdtfnfO{ sdhf] / agfpg] ub{5 . 12

dlxnfx¿df lx+;f kZrft\ Pp6f ;d:of b] lvPtf klg To;sf] ;DaGw cGo kIfx¿;Fu klg x'g] ub{5 . o;/ L lx+;fn] dlxnfsf] k|ToIf hLjgdf ljleGg lsl;dsf c;/ x¿ k'¥ofpFg] u/ ] sf] o; jif{sf] tYofÍn] b] vfPsf] 5 . .

11 http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs239/en/index.html 12 Allan Rosenfield, Caroline Min and Joshua Bardfield, pp. 3-4 “Global women’s health and human rights: an introduction”, in Women’s Global Health and Human Rights, edited by Padmini Murthyand Clyde Lanford Smith, Jones & Bartlett Publishers, Sudbury, Mas-sachusetts (2010)

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kl/R5]b #

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#=! dlxnf / 3/]n' lx+;f dlxnflj?4 eO{/ x] sf ljleGg k|sf/ sf lx+;fx¿dWo] 3/ ] n' lx+;f k|d'v ¿kdf / x] sf] 5 . 3/ ] n' lx+;fsf :j¿kx¿ ;dfh jf kl/ l:ylt cg'¿k km/ s ePtf klg ;+;f/ el/ g} 3/ ] n' lx+;fsf 36gfx¿ a9L x'g] u/ ] sf] 5 .13 “x/]s $ hgf dlxnfx¿dWo] ! hgf dlxnf 3/]n' lx+;faf6 k|efljt x'g]] ub{5g\ .”14

3/ ] n' lx+;f -s;"/ / ;hfo_ P] g @)^^ cg';f/ "3/ ] n' lx+;f" eGgfn] s'g} JolQmn] 3/ ] n' ;DaGw ePsf] csf{] s'g} JolQmnfO{ lbPsf] zf/ Ll/ s, dfgl;s, of} ghGo jf cfly{s oftgf ;Demg' k5{ / zAbn] ufnL ug{] tyf efjgfTds rf] 6 k'¥ofpg] cGo s'g} sfo{nfO{ ;d] t hgfpFb5 .15

3/ leq jf kl/ jf/ sf Ps ;b:oaf6 cGo ;b:odfly x'g] lx+;f 3/ ] n' lx+;f xf] . g] kfndf 3/ ] n' lx+;fnfO{ JolQmut jf 3/ fo;L dfldnfsf] ¿kdf lnO{ of] ;fdflhs / aflx/ L x:tIf] keGbf 6f9fsf] ljifo xf] eGg] k/ Dk/ fut ;f] rfO{ cem} ljBdfg 5 . h;sf sf/ 0f 3/ ] n' lx+;f a9\bf] qmddf / x] sf] kfO{G5 . Æ3/] n' lx+;fæ eg] sf] dlxnf lj?4sf] lx+;fsf] Pp6f ;j} eGbf k'/ fgf] ¿k xf] . 3/ ] n' lx+;f ;j} lsl;dsf] ;dfhdf k|rlnt 5 . 3/ ] n' lx+;fn] dlxnfsf] :jf:Yodf / kfl/ jfl/ s tyf ;fj{hlgs hLjgdf ;dfgtfsf] cfwf/ df ;xefuL x'g] dlxnfsf] Ifdtfdf ulx/ f] k|efj kfl/ / x] sf] 5 . .16

13 UNFPA, 1999, UNICEF, 2000; 200514 National Coalition Against Domestic Violence, fact sheet,Washington, DC 2000915 3/]n' lx+;f -s;"/ / ;hfo_ P]g, @)^^ tyf 3/]n' lx+;f -s;"/ / ;hfo_ lgodfjnL, @)^&16 dlxnf lj?4 e]befj pGd"ng ;ldltsf] l;kmfl/; g+=!(, llth session, 1992

kl/R5]b # M 3/]n' lx+;f

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;f] n'v'Da' 3/ ePsf lji0f' -kL8s_ / wgs'6f lgjf;L cr{gfsf] -d[ts_ @)^@ ;fndf dfuL ljjfx ePsf] lyof] . pgLx¿ @ jif{b] lv sf7df8f} +df a:b} cfPsf lyP . pgLx¿sf Ps & jif{sf] 5f] / f klg / x] sf 5g\ . kL8s c;O{sf ¿kdf / fli6«o cg';Gwfgdf sfo{/ t 5g\ . d[tssf kl/ jf/ sf cg';f/ pgLx¿sf] klxn] s'g} klg lsl;dsf] emu8f, egfeg, dgd'6fj gePsf] kfO{of] . d[tssf cfkmGtx¿n] kL8snfO{ Psbd} c;n HjfO{sf] ¿kdf dfGb} cfPsf lyP . r} q #, @)^( ut] sf] dWo / ftdf sl/ a ! ah] lt/ cr{gf / lji0f'sf] sf] 7faf6 89\of8'9'Ë u/ ] sf] cfjfh pgLx¿sf] 5] pdf a:g] kL8ssf elthfn] ;'g] / em\ofnaf6 s] eof] sfsf eg] / ;f] w t/ leqaf6 s'g} cfjfh gcfPkl5 9f] sf 9S9sfpg yfn] . Toltubf{ klg leqaf6 9f] sf gvf] n] kl5 pgn] 9f] sf hf] 8n] 9s\9sfpFbf leqsf] r's'n v'Nof] . To; a] nf sf] 7fdf alQ lge] sf] lyof] . elQhf sf] 7f leq k:gf ;fy lk8s “d} n] >LdtL klg df/ ] 5f] / f klg df/ ] eg] / s/ fpFb} ” aflx/ lgl:sP/ uP . To;kl5 ;a} l5d] sLx¿ hDdf eP/ 36gf:yndf x] bf{ cr{gfsf] 6fpFsf] df l;nf} 6f] n] n] xflgPsf] lyof / pgsf] 6fpFsf] af6 cToflws / ut au] sf] sf/ 0f pgL cr] t cj:Yfdf lyOg\ eg] 5f] / f klg e'Odf nl8/ x] sf lyP . To;kl5 cr{gf / pgsf & jifL{o5f] / fnfO{ l6lrË c:ktfn dxf/ fhuGhdf nluof] . cr{gfsf] :jf:Yol:ylt uDeL/ / x] sf] / e] lN6n] 6/ df / fVg' kg{] cj:yf ePsf] n] pgnfO{ l6lrË c:ktfnn] lzjHof] tL c:ktfn, aNv'df l/ km/ u/ ] sf] lyof] . c:ktfndf egf{ ePkl5 cr{gf xf] ;df gcfpFb} pgnfO{ 8fS6/ n] r} q !# ut] sl/ a * ah] lt/ -36gf ePsf] !) lbg kl5_ d[ts 3f] if0ff u¥of] .

#=@ 3/]n' lx+;fleqsf :j¿kx¿ 3/ ] n' lx+;f -s;"/ / ;hfo_ P] g, @)^^ tyf 3/ ] n' lx+;f -s;"/ / ;hfo_ lgodfjnL, @)^& n] 3/ ] n' lx+;fsf :j¿kx¿nfO{ o;/ L kl/ eflift u/ ] sf] 5 M

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zf/Ll/s oftgf McËeË 7xg] { afx] s s'6lk6, u} / sfg'gL y'gfdf / fVg] , zf/ Ll/ s rf] 6 k'¥ofpg] jf To:t} cGo s'g} sfd ug] {÷u/ fpg] sfo{x¿nfO{ zf/ Ll/ s oftgfleq kb{5g\ .

dfgl;s oftgf M zf/ Ll/ s oftgfsf] 8/ wfs b] vfpg] jf wDsL lbg] , qf;k"0f{ Jojxf/ ug] {, ufnL unf} h ug] {, em'7f aft nufpg] , 3/ af6 lgsfnf ug] {, dfgl;s rf] 6 k'Ug ;Sg] sfo{ ug] { u/ fpg] ;fy} j} rfl/ s, wfld{s jf ;fF:s[lts tyf k|yf–k/ Dk/ fsf cfwf/ df ul/ g] e] befjhGo sfo{ dfgl;s oftgfleq kb{5g\ .

of}ghGo oftgf M o;cGt{ut of} ghGo k|s[ltsf] b'Jo{jxf/ , ckdfg, xtf] T;fx jf cfTd;Ddfgdf rf] 6 k'¥ofpg] , ;'/ lIft of} g :jf:Yodf cf3ft k'Ug] h:tf s'g} klg sfo{ kb{5 .

cfly{s oftgf M o;cGt{ut ;uf] n jf lghL ;DklQsf] k|of] u ug{ jf / f] huf/ L jf cfly{s ;|f] t ;fwgsf] kx'Fr jf k|of] udf jl~rt ug] { h:tf sfo{ kb{5g\ .17

3/ ] n' lx+;fnfO{ ;+;f/ e/ dxfdf/ L / b] zsf] k|d'v ;d:ofsf] ¿kdf lnO{Psf] 5 . g] kfndf klg of] k|d'v r'gf} tLsf ¿kdf / x] s] f 5 . o;sf] cGTosf nflu ;fdflhs If] q / dlxnf clwsf/ sf If] qdf sfo{/ t ljleGg ;ª\3;+:yf / g] kfn ;/ sf/ af6} klg ljleGg k|of;x¿ ePsf 5g\ . 3/ ] n' lx+;f cGTo ug{s} nflu 3/ ] n' lx+;f P] g-@)^^_ / 3/ ] n' lx+;f lgodfjnL-@)^&_ nfu" ePsf] @ jif{ k"/ f ePsf] 5 . t/ dlxnfdfly x'g] 3/ ] n' lx+;f / f] syfksf nflu o; P] gn] Tolt k|efjsf/ L e"ldsf lgjf{x u/ ] sf] kfOFb} g . sfg'gdf / x] sf c:ki6tf / sfg'gn] 3/ ] n' lx+;fsf ;a} kIfx¿nfO{ g;d] 6] sf sf/ 0f 3/ ] n' lx+;faf6 k|efljt dlxnfx¿n] Gofo kfpg ;s] sf 5} gg\ . pbfx/ 0fsf ¿kdf ;Fu} a;] sf] hf] 8L, ;DaGw ljR5] bsf] xsdf o; P] gdf 17 3/]n' lx+;f -s;"/ / ;hfo_ P]g, @)^^ tyf 3/]n' lx+;f -s;"/ / ;hfo_ lgodfjnL, @)^& sf] kl/efiff

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6262

/ x] sf] kl/ efiff df} g 5 . lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx¿ jf ph'/ Lstf{sf] uf] klgotfsf] ;+/ If0fdf c:ki6tf / x] sf] kfO{G5 . lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx¿sf nflu ;] jf s] Gb| / sf] ifsf] :yfkgf ;a} lhNnf / :yfgLo :t/ ;Dd k'Ug ;s] sf] 5} g, k|x/ L dlxnf;] n :yfgLo :t/ df 5} g h;n] ubf{ dlxnfx¿nfO{ ph'/ L ug{ hfg;Dd klg ufx|f] 5 . o;sf ;fy} o; P] gdf dfgl;s lx+;fnfO{ lx+;fsf] ¿kdf kl/ eflift u/ ] s] f ;sf/ fTds kIf 5 t/ pQm lx+;fnfO{ s;/ L k|dfl0ft ug{] eGg] af/ ] pNn] v 5} g . pbfx/ 0fsf] nflu lx+;fsf] k|df0fsf nflu 3fp hfFr ug{] eGg] k|fjwfg 5 . dfgl;s lx+;fdf 3fp hfFrdf s] xL b] lvGg . o;sf nflu ljdz{stf{sf] k|ltj] bg lng ;lsG5 . t/ P] gdf pQm k|fjwfg 5} g . oyfy{tfdf dlxnfdfly dfgl;s lx+;fx¿ a9L x'g] t/ Jojxf/ df pQm lx+;fnfO{ k|dfl0ft ug{] cfwf/ g} P] gdf g/ fVg'n] of] P] g ck"0f{ b] lvG5 . o;n] dlxnfx¿nfO{ Gofo lbg ;s] s] f 5} g .18

#=# 3/]n' lx+;fsf k|sf/x¿dlxnfdlfy x'g] 3/ ] n' lx+;fleq klg dlxnfx¿dfly s:tf s:tf k|sf/ sf lx+;fx¿ x'g] u/ ] sf 5g\ egL x] bf{ ;a} eGbf a9L zf/ Ll/ s lx+;f ePsf] kfO{Psf] 5 . dlxnfx¿dfly s'6lk6sf 36gfx¿ w] / } ePsf kfO{Psf 5g\ . dlxnfdfly ePsf 3/ ] n' lx+;fsf 36gfx¿dWo] %%Ü dlxnfx¿dfly zf/ Ll/ s lx+;f ePsf] kfO{of] . @$Ü dlxnfx¿dfly dfgl;s lx+;f, !^Ü dlxnfsf >Ldfg\n] ax'ljjfx u/ L dlxnfdfly lx+;f u/ ] sf 5g\ . To;} u/ L $Ü dlxnfx¿ 3/ lgsfnf ePsf 5g\ eg] !Ü dlxnfx¿dfly j} jflxs anfTsf/ ePsf] kfO{Psf] 5 -rf6{ g++ !!_.

#=$ 3/]n' lx+;fsf kL8ssf k|sf/ 3/ ] n' lx+;faf6 k|efljt dlxnfx¿dWo] &(Ü dlxnfx¿ cfkm\g} >Ldfg\af6 / @! Ü dlxnfx¿ cfkm\g} 3/ kl/ jf/ sf ;b:ox¿af6 lx+;fdf kg{] u/ ] sf] tYofÍn] b] vfPsf] 5 -rf6{ g+ !@_ .

18 3/]n' lx+;f -s;"/ / ;hfo_ P]g, @)^^ tyf 3/]n' lx+;f -s;"/ / ;hfo_ lgodfjnL, @)^& sf] kl/efiff

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rf6{ g+= !! dlxnfdfly ePsf 3/]n' lx+;fsf 36gfx¿ k|ltztdf

rf6{ g+= !@ 3/ ] n' lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx¿ / kL8ssf] ;DaGw

#=% k|efljtsf] j}jflxs cj:yf 3/ ] n' lx+;faf6 k|efljtx¿sf] j} jflxs cj:yfsf af/ ] df ljZn] if0f ubf{ Psn, cljjflxt / 5'l§P/ a;] sf dlxnfx¿eGbf ljjflxt dlxnfx¿ 3/ ] n' lx+;fsf] pRr hf] lvddf / x] sf] tYofÍn] b] vfPsf] 5 . o; jif{ (!Ü ljjflxt dlxnfx¿ / Psn, cljjflxt / 5'l§P/

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6464

a;] sf dlxnfx¿ a/ fj/ #Ü 3/ ] n' lx+;faf6 k|efljt ePsf] kfO{of] -rf6{ g+= !#_ .

rf6{ g+= !# 3/]n' lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx¿sf] j}jflxs cj:yf / lx+;fsf kl/0ffdx¿

#=^ k|efljtsf] pd]/ / 3/]n' lx+;fk|fKt tYofÍsf cfwf/ df ljZn] if0f ubf{ 3/ ] n' lx+;faf6 k|efljtx¿dWo] ;a} eGbf a9L @^–#% jif{ pd] / ;d"xsf dlxnfx¿ k|efljt ePsf] kfO{Psf] 5 . @^–#% jif{ pd] / ;d"xsf #(Ü dlxnfx¿ o; jif{ 3/ ] n' lx+;fsf] lzsf/ ePsf 5g\ . To;} u/ L !^–@% jif{ pd] / ;d"xsf dlxnfx¿ #^Ü, #^–$% jif{ pd] / ;d"xsf !^Ü, $^–%% jif{ pd] / ;d"xsf %Ü, %% jif{eGbf dflysf pd] / ;d"xsf dlxnfx¿ #Ü / !^ jif{ d'lgsf pd] / ;d"xsf !Ü dlxnfx¿dfly 3/ ] n' lx+;f ePsf] kfO{{Psf] 5 -rf6{ g++ !$ _ .

#=& k|efljtsf] lzIffsf] :t/ / 3/]n' lx+;f dlxnfx¿dfly ePsf] lx+;f / dlxnfsf] z} lIfs cj:yfnfO{ ljZn] if0f ubf{ lg/ If/ dlxnfx¿eGbf b'O{ u'0ff a9L -^&Ü_ ;fIf/ dlxnfx¿dfly

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65

3/ ] n' lx+;f ePsf] kfO{of] -rf6{ g++ !%_ .

rf6{ g+= !$ 3/]n' lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx¿sf] pd]/sf cfwf/df lx+;fsf kl/0ffdx¿

rf6{ g+= !% 3/]n' lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx¿sf] z}lIfs cj:yf / lx+;fsf kl/0ffdx¿www.w

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rf6{ g+= !^ 3/]n' lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx¿sf] ;fIf/tfsf] cj:yf / lx+;fsf kl/0ffdx¿

#=* k|efljtsf] hft / 3/]n' lx+;fo; jif{ k|fKt tYofÍsf cfwf/ df ljZn] if0f ubf{ 3/ ] n' lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx¿leq klg ;a} eGbf a9L kxf8] hghftL dlxnfx¿ -#)Ü_ lx+;fdf / x] sf] kfO{Psf] 5 . To;kl5 kxf8] blnt !(Ü, t/ fO{ hghftL !^Ü, If] qL !#Ü, a|fXd0f !)Ü, t/ fO{ u} / blnt / d'l:nd a/ fj/ L ^–^Ü 3/ ] n' lx+;faf6 k|efljt / x] s] f kfO{of] -rf6{ g++ !&_ .

rf6{ g+= !& 3/]n' lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx¿sf] hfltut cj:yf / lx+;fsf kl/0ffdx¿

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#=( k|efljtsf] k]zf / 3/]n' lx+;fs[lif k] zfdf ;+nUg / x] sf dlxnfx¿ a9L dfqfdf 3/ ] n' lx+;fsf k|efljt / x] sf] o; jif{sf] tYofÍn] b] vfPsf] 5 . k|fKt tYofÍsf cfwf/ df #!Ü s[lif, @(Ü s'g} klg sfo{df ;+nUg g/ x] sf, !#Ü 3/ fo;L sfd, (Ü Joj;fo, &Ü dhb'/ L, %Ü cgf} krfl/ s If] qdf sfo{/ t, u} / ;/ sf/ L ;+:yfdf hflu/ ug{] / ;fdflhs ;] jfdf ;+nUg dlxnfx¿ a/ fj/ L -@–@Ü_ lx+;fdf k/ ] sf 5g\ -rf6{ g++ !*_ .

rf6{ g+= !* 3/]n' lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx¿sf] k]zf / lx+;fsf] cj:yf

#=!) k|efljtnfO{ k/]sf] c;/ 3/ ] n' lx+;fdf klg ;a} eGbf a9L dlxnfx¿ zf/ Ll/ s ¿kdf lx+;fdf kg{] u/ ] sfn] dlxnfx¿df a9L dfqfdf zf/ Ll/ s c;/ k/ ] sf] kfO{G5 . oBlk dlxnfdfly s'g} klg k|sf/ sf] lx+;f x'Fbf dlxnfsf] hLjgdf km/ s km/ s lsl;dsf c;/ x¿ kg{] ub{5g\ . k|fKt tYofÍsf cfwf/ df ljZn] if0f ubf{ 3/ ] n' lx+;fsf k|efljt dlxnfx¿dWo] ;a} eGbf a9L #%Ü dlxnfx¿dfly zf/ Ll/ s c;/ k/ ] sf] kfO{Psf] 5 eg] #)Ü df cfly{s c;/ , !(Ü dfgl;s c;/ , !)Ü df ;fdflhs c;/ / ^Ü

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6868

dlxnfx¿df dfly pNn] lvt ;a} k|sf/ sf c;/ x¿ k/ ] sf] kfO{of] -rf6{ g+=!(_ . ;a} k|sf/ sf lx+;fdf dfgl;s c;/ kb{5 . To;sf/ 0f ;a} k|sf/ sf lx+;f k|efljtx¿nfO{ dfgl;s c;/ k/ ] sf] 5 .

rf6{ g+= !( 3/]n' lx+;faf6 k|efljt dlxnfx¿df k/]sf] c;/x¿ k|ltztdf

ljZn]if0f• 3/ ] n' lx+;faf6 k|efljt dlxnfx¿dWo] %%Ü dlxnfx¿dfly

zf/ Ll/ s lx+;f ePsf] 5 eg] #%Ü dlxnfx¿df 3/ ] n' lx+;fsf sf/ 0f zf/ Ll/ s c;/ k/ ] sf] 5 . TTo;} u/ L (!Ü ljjflxt dlxnfx¿dfly 3/ ] n' lx+;f ePsf] kfO{Psf] 5 . o;n] s] b] vfpF5 eg] æ3/ h;nfO{ a:gsf nflu ;'/lIft :yfg dflgG5 dlxnfx¿ ToxL 3/leq c;'/lIft 5g\ .Æ æcfkm\g} kl/jf/af6 dlxnfx¿ a9L hf]lvddf 5g\ Æ eGg] tYonfO{ o;n] :ki6 kfb{5 . g] kfnL dlxnfx¿ ;a} eGbf a9L cfkm\g} gftfuf] tfsf JolQmx¿af6 lx+;fdf kg{] u/ ] sf] tYofÍn] atfpF5 . o;/ L dlxnfx¿ lx+;fdf kg'{sf] d'Vo sf/ 0f jt{dfg ;fdflhs ;+/ rgfn] dlxnfsf nflu

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69

lgwf{/ 0f u/ ] s] f e"ldsf k|d'v / x] sf] 5 . ;fdflhs e"ldsfn] dlxnf / k'?ifn] ug{] sfo{sf] ljefhg u/ ] sf] 5 . dlxnfn] of] sfo{ ug'{x'G5, of] ug'{x'b} +g eg] / dlxnfnfO{ ;fdflhs lglt lgodn] lgb{] lzt u5{ . dlxnfx¿ ;xgzLn x'g'k5{, 7"nf] :j/ n] af] Ng' x'b} +g, xf:g' x'b} +g, cfkm\gf] kl/ jf/ nfO{ h:tf] ;'s} b'Mvdf klg v';L kfg{] ;Lk x'g] dlxnf g} c;n dlxnf xf] eGg] h:tf ;f] r cem klg ;dfhdf xfaL 5 . o:tf ;f] rx¿n] dlxnfdfly lx+;f ug{sf nflu kL8snfO{ k|z:t ;xof] u ePsf] kfO{G5 . afa'n] 5f] / Ldfly lx+;f ubf{ d] / } 5f] / L xf] , o;n] s] xL ug{ ;lQmg eGg] olsgsf ;fy cfkm\g} afa'af6 dlxnfdfly lx+;f ePsf] 5 . d} n] ljjfx u/ ] / NofPsf] t xf] lg o;nfO{, d] / f] lj?4 af] ln eg] ef] ln sxfF uP/ afRg ;S5] / sxfF hfG5] / eGg] ;f] rsf sf/ 0f cfkm\g} >Ldfg\af6 dlxnfx¿ lx+;fdf k/ ] sf 5g\ . 3/ leq ePsf 36gfx¿nfO{ aflx/ nfg' x'b} +g eGg] e|d cem klg dlxnfx¿df / x] sf] 5 . h;sf sf/ 0f h:tf] ;'s} oftgf cfkm"n] vKg' k/ ] klg dlxnfx¿ To;nfO{ ;xg] k|of; u5{g\ . h;n] kL8ssf] dgf] andf cem an yKg] sfo{ePsf] 5 / dlxnfx¿ emg\ hf] lvddf kg{] u/ ] sf 5g\ .

• 3/ ] n' lx+;faf6 k|efljt dlxnfx¿dWo] ^&Ü ;fIf/ dlxnfx¿ / xg'n] 36gfx¿ lg/ If/ jf gk9] sf dlxnfx¿dfly dfq x'G5 eGg] e|dnfO{ uNtL ;flat u/ ] sf] 5 . dlxnfsf] ;fIf/ tfsf] cj:yfn] klg lx+;fnfO{ lgwf{/ 0f ub{5 . g] kfndf xfn klg k'?ifx¿sf] t'ngfdf dlxnfsf] ;fIf/ tf b/ sd g} 5 . o;n] xfn klg kl/ jf/ df 5f] / LnfO{ w] / } k9fpg' xF'b} +g eGg] ;f] r xfaL / x] s] f b] vfpF5 . dlxnfx¿sf] z} lIfs :t/ a9fpg ;lsof] eg] dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf 36gfx¿df s] xL xb;Dd ePklg sdL Nofpg ;lsg] tYofÍn] b] vfpF5 . www.w

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7070

• s[lif k] zf / 3/ fo;L sfddf ;+nUg / x] sf dlxnfx¿sf] t'ngfdf cGo If] qdf-aflx/ sf] sfddf_ ;+nUg dlxnfx¿dfly lx+;f sd ePsf] kfO{Psf] 5 . o; tYonfO{ ljZn] if0f ubf{ g] kfnL dlxnfx¿ ;a} eGbf a9L 3/ leqsf] sfddf ;+nUg / x] sf] / o;nfO{ sfo{sf] ¿kdf klxrfg u/ L "s'g} klg d"Nosf] lgwf{/ 0f x'g g;Sbf" oL If] qdf sfo{/ t dlxnfx¿dfly lje] b ul/ Psf] 5 . a9Ldfqfdf 3/ kl/ jf/ sf] sfddf ;dlk{t dlxnfx¿dfly 3/ ] n' lx+;f ePsf] 5 .

• dlxnfsf] z/ L/ dflysf] lgoGq0f gx'Fbf dlxnfdfly 3/ ] n' lx+;f x'g] ub{5 . h;sf] k|efj dlxnfsf] zf/ Ll/ s -#%Ü_, cfly{s -#)Ü_, dfgl;s -!(Ü_, / ;fdflhs hLjgdf -!)Ü_, kg{] ub{5 . !)Ü dlxnfx¿df ;a} lsl;dsf] c;/ kg{] u/ ] sf] kfOof] .

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kl/R5]b $

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7272

$=! dlxnf / ;fdflhs lx+;f ;fdfGotof ;dfhsf ;b:ox¿af6 ;fdflhs / Lltl:ylt / Jojxf/ sf cfwf/ df dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fnfO{ ;fdflhs lx+;f egL a'lemG5 . ;fdflhs lx+;fleq dlxnfx¿nfO{ zf/ Ll/ s / dfgl;s ¿kdf ;dfhsf] / Lltl:yltnfO{ cfwf/ agfO{ cdfgjLo 9+un] k|tfl8t ul/ Psf] o; jif{sf] tYofÍdf kfO{Psf] 5 . dlxnfx¿ ;a} eGbf a9L cfkmGtaf6 / cfkm" h'g ;dfhdf / x] sf 5g\ ToxL ;dfhsf ;b:ox¿af6 dlxnfx¿ ;a} eGbf a9L kLl8t x'g] u/ ] sf] tYofÍn] b] vfPsf] 5 .

;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts, wfld{s, cfly{s / / fhgLlts ;+:yf / ;+/ rgfx¿df h/ f] uf8] / a;] s] f lkQ[;Qf, ;fdGtL lrGtg, wfld{s h8;'qjfbL cfr/ 0fx¿sf sf/ 0f xfd|f] ;dfhdf gsf/ fTds k/ Dk/ fut k|rngx¿ sfod} 5g\ . oxL s'/ fnfO{ dWogh/ ub{} ;jf] {Rr cbfntn] ldlt @)^& ;fn h] i7 @* ut] af] S;L k|yf h:tf] cdfg'lifs Jojxf/ / f] syfd, lgoGq0f / ;hfo ug{] k|efjsf/ L sfg'g th{'df ug{ g] kfn ;/ sf/ nfO{ lgb] {zgfTds cfb] z hf/ L ul/ ;s] sf] 5 .19 dlxnf lj?4 e] befj pGd"ng ;ldlt

19 af]S;L k|yfsf] cGTosf] cfb]z M clwjQmf /]Zdf yfkf;d]t lj?å g]kfn ;/sf/ dGqLkl/ifb\ ;lrjfno ;d]tsf] d'2fdf b]zsf ljleGg efux¿df dlxnfdfly af]S;Lsf] cf/f]k nufO{ s'6lk6 ug{], ckdfg ug{], ceIf v'jfpg] h:tf cToGt 3[l0ft / ckdfghgs sfo{x¿ x'Fb} cfPsf]df To:tf sfo{x¿nfO{ aGb ug{ cfjZos sfg'g t'h{df ug{sf nflu ljkIfLsf gfddf cfb]z hf/L u/L kfpF eGg] pQm d'2fdf ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] af]S;L k|yfh:tf] cdfg'lifs Jojxf/, /f]syfd lgoGq0f ug{ pko'Qm sfg'g gePsfn] af]S;Lsf] cf/f]k nufO{ x'g] u/]sf cGofo, cGTofrf/. pTkL8g, oftgf lbg] sfo{sf] /f]syfd lgoGq0f / ;hfo ug{] k|efjsf/L sfg'g th'{df ug{ / ;fdflhs ;r]tgf clea[l4 u/L ?9LjfbL c1fgtf x6fpg] p2]Zon] ;r]tgf sfo{qmdx¿;d]t rnfpg] Joj:yf ug{sf nflu ;jf{Rr cbfntn] cfb]z hf/L u/]sf] 5 .

kl/R5]b $ M ;fdflhs lx+;f

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(CEDAW Committee) n] ;g\ @)!! df g] kfndf dlxnf xs ;'lglZrttfsf nflu ;/ sf/ n] ug{'kg] { sfo{x¿ egL :ki6 ¿kn] ;'emfjx¿ ;d] t k|:t't u/ ] sf] 5 .20

To;} u/ L ljZjJofkL cfjlws ;dLIff;DaGwL g ] kfnsf ] k|ltj] bgdf ;d] t ljleGg / fi6«ox¿n] ;fdflhs lx+;fnfO{ ;Daf ] wg ug{sf nflu ; 'emfjx¿ k ] z u/ ] sf 5g\ .21

dlxnfdfly eO{/ x] s] f o:tf] k|sf/ sf] ulDe/ ck/ fwsf] ;Daf] wgsf nflu k|efjsf/ L sfg'gsf] cefj, dlxnfx¿sf nflu t'?Gt} Gofo k|fKt ug] { ;+oGqsf] Joj:yf gx'g', k|efljtx¿sf] ;fdflhs, cfly{s,

20 dlxnf lj?4 x'g] ;a} k|sf/sf e]befj pGd"ng ug{] dxf;lGw cGtu{tsf] g]kfnsf] rf}yf] / kfFrf} ;+o'Qm cfjlws k|ltj]bgdfly dlxnf lj?4 e]befj pGd"ng ;ldltn] lbPsf] lgisif{ ;'emfj,s_ dxf;lGwsf] wf/f @ -Pkm_ / % -P_ cg'¿ lkt[;QfTds ;f]+r tyf dlxnf

lj?4 x'g] e]befjsf] k|rng pGd"ng ug{ 7f]; nIo tyf ;do tflnsf ;lxt Jofks /0fgLlt lagf l9nfO{sf ;fy cjnDag u/ ≤

v_ gful/s ;dfhsf ;fy} ;d'bfo / wfld{s g]tfx¿nfO{ ;fd]n u/L dlxnf / k'?if b'j} nlIft u/L xfgLsf/s k/Dk/f cGTo ug{ ;+rf/ dfWodx¿l;t ;xsfo{ u/L dlxnfx¿sf] ;sf/fTds, k/Dk/futeGbf leGg / e]befj/lxt lrq0f ug{ / hgr]tgf clej[l4 tyf z}lIfs k|of; ;'b[9Ls/0fdf hf]8 lbg ≤ tyf

u_ xfgLsf/s ;fdflhs cEof; ;DaGwL d:of}bf sfg'gnfO{ t'?Gt nfu" u/ / o;df ;a}k|sf/sf xfgLsf/s k|rng ;dfj]z ePsf] ;'lglZrt u/ tyf ljgf l9nfO{ o; sfg'gsf] k"0f{ sfof{Gjogsf] ;'lglZrttfsf ;fy} o;sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf] nflu cg'udg u/

21 ;'emfjx¿ M ;jf{lws hf]lvddf /x]sf ;fdflhs ;d'bfox¿df Wofg s]lGb|t u/L pgLx¿sf] dfgj clwsf/sf] k"0f{ pkef]u, ljz]ifu/L cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ug{ lzIffdfkm{t\, dfgj clwsf/af/]sf] r]tgf tyf 1fgsf] :t/ a9fpg] -letgfd_dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf blntnufotsf lj?4 x'g] lje]bsf] cGTo ug{ cfjZos sfg'gL tyf gLltut pkfox¿ cjnDag ug{] -g]b/Nof08_5'jf5't nufot bL3{sfnLg lje]bx¿nfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿df ;Daf]wg tyf pGd"ng ug{ sfg'gL pkfox¿ ;'? ug{] -cl:6«of_

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7474

clwsf/ ;'lglZrttf ug] { k|efjsf/ L Joj:yf gx'g', k|efljtx¿sf] ;fdflhs, cfly{s, clwsf/ ;'lglZrttf ug] { ;/ sf/ sf] s'g} lglb{i6 sfo{of] hgfsf] cefjsf sf/ 0f dlxnfdfly ;fdflhs ¿kdf x'g] o:tf ck/ fwx¿ cem} ;dfhdf JofKt 5g\ . o:tf lx+;faf6 kLl8t ;a} dlxnfx¿df uDeL/ ¿kn] dfgl;s k|efj kf/ ] sf] 5 . k|efljtsf] kl/ jf/ sf ;b:ox¿ vf; u/ L 5f] / f5f] / Lx¿nfO{ o:tf lx+;fx¿n] ulDe/ ¿kn] k|efljt kf/ ] sf] 5 . o:tf] c;/ w] / } ;do;Dd kg{] l:ylt 5 .

bfË lhNnf a:g] %* jifL{of Ps j[4 dlxnfdfly af] S;Lsf] cf/ f] kdf k6s k6s zf/ Ll/ s / dfgl;s oftgf nufot cdfgjLo Jojxf/ ;d] t ePsf] 5 . d] / f] l5d] sdf a:g] @ hgf k'?ifx¿ lj/ fdL ePkl5 dnfO{ d] / } l5d] sLx?n] af] S;Lsf] cf/ f] k nufPsf x'g\ . h'g lbg d] / f l5d] sLlx¿lj/ fdL eP ;f] xLlbg / ftL sl/ a !) hgf hlt ufpFsf o'jf k'?iflx¿cfO{ dnfO{ af] S;L e:b} s'6lk6 ub{} lj/ fdL ePsf] 3/ ;Dd l3:ofpFb} nu] . dnfO{ l;:gf] kfgL nufP/ s'6] . la/ fdLx?sf] k} tfnf rf6\g nufP . dnfO{ ha/ h:tL af] S;L xf] egL eg eGg yfn] , d} n] d af] S;L x} g eGbf, crfgf] dfly / fv] / v's'/ L sf6\5f} cem egLbg;\ eg\ eGg yfn] . d] / f] zl/ / df lgn8fdx?sf] lrGx nfdf] ;do;Dd lyof] .

ef] lnkN6 dnfO{ af] S;L xf] egL sfuhL lg0f{o u/ L ha/ h:tL x:tfIf/ u/ fO{ ufpFdf j:g glbg] egL ufpFaf6 ;d] t lgsfnf lul/ lbP . s] xL lbg;Dd t Tof] ufpFdf sf] xL klg hfg ;s] gg\ . s] xL lbg kl5 cf] / ] s g] kfn / dlxnf dfgj clwsf/ / Ifsx?n] dnfO{ ;xof] u ug'{eof] . # dlxgf hlt d cf] / ] s g] kfns} ;'/ lIft cfjf; bfªdf a;] . cf] / ] s g] kfns} ;xof] udf xfn lhNnf cbfntdf d] / f] d'2f rln/ x] s] f 5 . www.w

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$=@ dlxnfdfly ;fdflhs ¿kdf ePsf lx+;fsf :j¿kx¿dlxnfx¿dfly ;fdflhs¿kdf ePsf lx+;fx¿df klg a9L dfqfdf zf/ Ll/ s lx+;f ePsf] kfO{Psf] 5 . h;df dlxnfdfly s'6lk6sf 36gfx¿, ;Gtfg ghGdfPsf] lgx'Fdf wfdL emflqmx¿af6 ePsf zf/ Ll/ s oftgfx¿ kb{5g\ . $(% dlxnfx¿dfly zf/ Ll/ s lx+;f, @&Ü dlxnfx¿dfly dfgl;s lx+;f, !(Ü dlxnfx¿dfly af] S;Lsf] cf/ f] kdf ljleGg lsl;dsf lx+;f / %Ü dlxnfx¿sf] afnljjfx ePsf] 36gfx¿ kfO{Psf] 5 -rf6{ g++=@)_ .

rf6{ g+=@) dlxnfdfly x'g] ;fdflhs lx+;fsf k|sf/x¿

$=# ;fdflhs lx+;fsf kL8ssf k|sf/x¿;fdflhs lx+;faf6 k|efljt dlxnfx¿ / kL8s;Fusf] ;DaGwsf af/ ] df ljZn] if0f ubf{ dlxnfdfly ;a} eGbf a9L l5d] sLaf6 lx+;f ePsf] kfO{of] . dlxnfx¿dfly ePsf s"n ;fdflhs lx+;fsf] *#Ü lx+;f l5d] sLaf6 ePsf] kfOof] . To;} u/ L ;fyLaf6 !)Ü dlxnfdfly / s'g} klg ;DaGw gePsf] JolQmx¿af6 &Ü dlxnfx¿dfly ;fdflhs lx+;f ePsf] kfOof] -rf6{ g+= @!_ .

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rf6{ g+= @! ;fdflhs lx+;fsf k|efljtx¿sf] kL8s;Fusf] ;DaGw

$=$ k|efljtsf] j}jflxs cj:yf;fdflhs lx+;faf6 k|efljt dlxnfx¿sf] j} jflxs cj:yfnfO{ ljZn] if0f ubf{ ljjflxt dlxnfx¿dfly a9L -&$Ü_ ;fdflhs lx+;f ePsf] kfO{Psf] 5 . To;} u/ L ;fdflhs lx+;faf6 k|efljt dlxnfx¿dWo] !^Ü cljjflxt, &Ü Psn, @Ü 5'l§P/ a;] sf / !Ü kf/ kfr's] u/ ] sf dlxnfx¿ ePsf] kfO{of] -rf6{ g+ @@_ . ljjflxt dlxnfdf lx+;f a9L b] lvg'sf] sf/ 0fdf ljjfxkZrft\ dlxnfx¿dfly bfO{hf] sf sf/ 0fn] x'g] lx+;f a9L x'g' klg xf] . ljjflxt dlxnfdfly vf;u/ L rfl/ lqs cfIf] kx¿ nufpg] 36gfx¿ ;dfhdf x'g] u/ s] f kfO{of] .

$=% k|efljtsf] pd]/ / ;fdflhs lx+;f;fdflhs lx+;faf6 k|efljt dlxnfx¿df ;a} eGbf a9L !^–@% jif{ pd] / ;d"xsf / @^–#% jif{ pd] / ;d"xsf dlxnfx¿ / x] sf 5g\ .

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oL pd] / ;d"xsf dlxnfx¿df a/ fj/ L -@*Ü_ lx+;f ePsf] kfO{Psf] 5 . bf] ;|f] lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx¿ #^–$% jif{ pd] / ;d"xsf / x] sf 5g\ . #^–$% jif{ pd] / ;d"xsf @^Ü, $^–%% jif{ pd] / ;d"xsf !)Ü / %% jif{eGbf dfly pd] / ;d"xsf *Ü dlxnfx¿ ;fdflhs lx+;fsf] lzsf/ ePsf] o; jif{sf] tYofÍn] b] vfPsf] 5 -rf6{ g+ @#_.

rf6{ g+= @@ ;fdflhs lx+;f k|efljtx¿sf] j}jflxs cj:yf

rf6{ g+= @# pd] / sf cfwf/ df dlxnfdfly ePsf] ;fdflhs lx+;fsf] cj:yf

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$=^ k|efljtsf] lzIffsf] :t/ / ;fdflhs lx+;f

;fdflhs lx+;faf6 k|efljtx¿sf] z} lIfs :t/ sf] af/ ] df ljZn] if0f ubf{ ̂ %Ü ;fIf/ dlxnfx¿ / #%Ü lg/ If/ dlxnfx¿dfly lx+;f ePsf] kfO{Psf] 5 -rf6{ g+= @$_ . ;fIf/ dlxnfx¿df klg ;fdfGo n] vk9 ug{ hfGg] dlxnfx¿dfly k|fylds, dfWolds, pRr dfWolds / ;f] eGbf a9L cWoog u/ ] sf dlxnfx¿sf] t'ngfdf a9L lx+;f ePsf] kfO{Psf] 5 -rf6{ g+ @%_ . o;n] s] b] vfpF5 eg] a'em] sf jf ;fdfGo n] vk9 ug{ ;Sg] dlxnfx¿ ;fdflhs lx+;fsf] nlIft ju{ x'g] u/ ] sf 5g\ .

rf6{ g+=@% lzIffsf] :t/sf cfwf/df dlxnfdfly ePsf] ;fdflhs lx+;f

rf6{ g+=@$ z}lIfs cj:yfsf cfwf/df dlxnfdfly ePsf] ;fdflhs lx+;f

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$=& k|efljtsf] hft / ;fdflhs lx+;f

;fdflhs lx+;faf6 k|efljt dlxnfx¿dWo] ;a} eGbf a9L kxf8] hghflt dlxnfx¿ / x] sf] kfO{of] . To;} u/ L bf] ;|f] df -!*Ü_ t/ fO{ u} / blnt, To;kl5 !%Ü t/ fO{ blnt, !$Ü t/ fO{ hghflt, !@Ü If] qL dlxnfx¿ / x] sf] kfO{Psf] 5 eg] *Ü a|fXd0f, &Ü kxf8] blnt / @Ü d'l:nd dlxnfx¿df ;fdflhs lx+;f ePsf] kfO{of] -rf6{ g+=@^_ .

rf6{ g+=@^ hfltut cfwf/df dlxnfdfly ePsf] ;fdflhs lx+;fsf] cj:yf

$=* k|efljtsf] k]zf / ;fdflhs lx+;f ;fdflhs lx+;faf6 klg s[lif k] zfdf ;+nUg dlxnfx¿ a9L k|efljt ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 . ;fdflhs lx+;faf6 k|efljt #^Ü dlxnfx¿ s[lif k] zfdf ;+nUg 5g\ . To;} u/ L @)Ü dhb'/ L u/ ] / hLjgofkg ul/ / x] sf dlxnfx¿ / !*Ü 3/ fo;L sfddf ;+nUg dlxnfx¿ ;fdflhs lx+;faf6 k|efljt ePsf] kfO{of] -rf6{ g+= @&_ . !)Ü s'g} klg sfo{df ;+nUg g/ x] sf, Joj;fodf ;+nUg / cgf} krfl/ s If] qdf sfo{/ t a/ fj/ L %–% Ü dlxnfx¿ / #Ü ;fdflhs sfo{df ;+nUg dlxnfx¿dfly lx+;f ePsf] kfO{of] eg] #Ü cGo If] qdf sfo{/ t dlxnfx¿dfly ;fdflhs lx+;f ePsf] kfOof] . hf] dlxnfx¿sf]

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cfly{s cj:yf sdhf] / x'G5 tL dlxnfx¿dfly g} ;fdflhs lx+;f a9L x'g] u/ ] sf] o; jif{sf] tYofÍn] b] vfPsf] 5 .

rf6{ g+=@& dlxnfsf] k]zf / ;fdflhs lx+;fsf] cj:yf

$=( ;fdflhs lx+;fsf sf/0f k|efljtdf k/]sf] c;/;fdflhs lx+;faf6 k|efljtx¿df ;a} eGbf a9L zf/ Ll/ s c;/ k/ sf] kfO{Psf] 5 . ;a} eGbf a9L -^!Ü_ dlxnfx¿df zf/ Ll/ s c;/ , To;kl5 @#Ü dlxnfx¿df dfgl;s c;/ , !$Ü dlxnfx¿df ;fdflhs c;/ / @Ü dlxnfx¿df ;fdflhs lx+;fsf sf/ 0f cfly{s c;/ kg{] u/ ] s] f o; jif{sf] tYofÍn] b] vfPsf] 5 -rf6{ g+= @*_ . dlxnfx¿df kg{] c;/ sf] k|ltztdf s] xL leGgtf ePtf klg ;fdflhs lx+;fsf sf/ 0f dlxnfsf] k|ToIf hLjgdf ;a} k|sf/ sf c;/ x¿ kg{] u/ ] sf] cWoogsf qmddf kfO{Psf] 5 .www.w

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rf6{ g+=@* ;fdflhs lx+;fsf sf/ 0f k|efljtdf k/ ] sf c;/ x¿

ljZn]if0f

• k|fKt tYofÍsf cfwf/ df ;fdflhs lx+;fsf 36gfx¿sf] ljZn] if0f ubf{ $(Ü dlxnfx¿dfly zf/ Ll/ s lx+;f ePsf] kfO{of] . ljz] ift ;dfhdf JofKt / x] sf] 5'jf5't k|yf, hflto lje] b, bfO{hf] sf sf/ 0f tyf af] S;Lsf] cf/ f] k nufO{ dlxnfx¿dfly zf/ Ll/ s lx+;f ePsf] kfO{G5 . !(Ü dlxnfdfly slyt af] S;Lsf] cf/ f] kdf ljleGg lsl;dsf dfgj ;Eotfdfly g} k|Zg lrGx p7\g] vfnsf lx+;fx¿ ePsf] kfO{Psf] 5 . cf] / ] s g] kfnn] o; jif{ clen] vLs/ 0f -cf] / ] s / ;+rf/ dfWodsf cg';f/ _ u/ ] sf] dlxnfdfly ePsf] lx+;fsf] 36gfx¿dWo] &% hgf dlxnfx¿dfly af] S;Lsf] cf/ f] kdf lx+;f ePsf] kfO{Psf] 5 eg] cf] / ] ssf] dfq clen] vLs/ 0fsf cfwf/ df $& hgf dlxnfx¿dfly lx+;f ePsf] tYofÍ k|fKt ePsf] 5 . h;dWo] %(Ü dlxnfx¿dfly af] S;Lsf] cf/ f] kdf s'6lk6 ePsf] , @)Ü dlxnfx¿dfly dfgl;s ¿kdf lx+;f ePsf] , dfgl;s lx+;f ;a} k|sf/ sf lx+;fdf ePklg @)Ü dlxnfx¿nfO{ ljleGg

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k|sf/ n] dfgl;s ¿kn] k|tf8gf u/ ] s] f sf/ 0f o;nfO{ 5'§} / flvPsf] 5 . !)Ü dlxnfx¿dfly ljleGg ckzAbx¿sf] k|of] u -uflnunf} h_ ePsf] , #Ü dlxnfx¿nfO{ Hofg dfg{] wDsL, $Ü dlxnfx¿dfly cdfgjLo Jojxf/ ePsf] -dnd'q VjfO{Psf] , v'§f rf6\g nufO{Psf] _, #Ü dlxnfx¿nfO{ ufpF lgsfnf ul/ Psf] , !Ü dlxnfx¿sf] xTofsf] k|of; ePsf] 5 kfO{Psf] 5 . af] S;Ls} cf/ f] kdf o;} jif{ lrtjgsf] dfl8df ! hgf dlxnfsf] xTof ;d] t ePsf] 5 .

• ;dfhdf pRr ju{, cfly{s :t/ alnof] ePsf "zlQmzfnL JolQmx¿af6" dlxnfdfly ;fdflhs lx+;f x'g] u/ ] sf] kfO{of] . lkQ[;QfTds ;fdflhs ;+/ rgf / ;lbof} +b] lv Jojxf/ df / x] sf] c;dfg zlQm ;DaGwn] cfly{s ¿kdf sdhf] / agfO{Psf, dWod ju{sf / k5fl8 kfl/ Psf ;d'bfosf dlxnfx¿dfly ;fdflhs lx+;f a9L x'g] u/ ] sf] kfO{of] .

• pRr lzIff xfFl;n u/ ] sf dlxnfx¿sf] t'ngfdf ;fdfGo n] vk9 ug{ hfGg] dlxnfx¿dfly a9L lx+;f ePsf] tYofÍ k|fKt x'g'n] z} lIfs :t/ sd / x] sf dlxnfx¿nfO{ h;/ L klg lx+;f ug{ ;lsG5, / pgLx¿n] ph'/ L ub{} gg\ eGg] cfTdljZjf;sf ;fy kL8saf6 o:tf 36gfx¿ ePsf kfO{G5 . dlxnfsf] ;fIf/ tfsf] cj:yf;Fu} dlxnfsf] cfly{s ;zQmLs/ 0fsf] kf6f] klg hf] l8Psf] 5 . lzIffsf] :t/ a9L ePsf] dlxnfx¿ s'g} k] zfdf ;+nUg x'g] u/ ] sf 5g\ eg] ;fdfGo n] vk9 ug{] dlxnfx¿ k|fo s[lif k] zfdf / 3/ fo;L sfddf ;+nUg / x] sf] kfO{G5 . cfly{s cj:yf alnof] ePsf dlxnfx¿sf] t'ngfdf cfly{s :t/ sdhf] / ePsf dlxnfdfly ;fdflhs lx+;f a9L ePsf] kfO{of] . www.wore

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• s[lif k] zfdf, cfkm\g} Joj;fo / Hofnf dhb"/ L u/ ] / hLljsf] kfh{g ul/ / x] sf dlxnfx¿dfly ;fdflhs lx+;f a9L ePsf] kfO{of] . o;n] s] b] vfpF5 eg] hf] dlxnfx¿ ;fdflhs ;+/ rgfnfO{ r'gf} tL lbb} + cfkm\g} ;Lk, an / d] xgtsf e/ df ;dfhdf :yflkt x'g vf] lh/ x] sf 5g\ tL dlxnfx¿åf/ f ;dfhdf klxn] b] lv g} :yflkt ju{sf] :yfg vf] l;g] 8/ sf sf/ 0f To:tf dlxnfx¿nfO{ sdhf] / agfpgsf nflu dlxnfx¿dfly ;fdflhs lx+;f a9L x'g] ub{5 .

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kl/R5]b %

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%=! anfTsf/ lkQ[;QfTds ;fdflhs ;+/ rgfdf anfTsf/ dlxnfnfO{ lgoGq0f ug{] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ xltof/ sf ¿kdf k|of] u ul/ G5 . k'?ifjfbL ;f] r / lkQ[;Qfn] dlxnfsf] z/ L/ sf] k|of] u k'?ifn] h;/ L u/ ] klg x'G5 eGg] dfGotf :yflkt ePsf] ;dfhdf dlxnfdfly anfTsf/ sf w] / } 36gfx¿ x'g] ub{5g\ . dlxnfsf] z/ L/ , of} lgstfnfO{ kl/ jf/ sf] OHht;Fu hf] 8\g', dlxnfsf] klxrfgnfO{ pgsf] of} lgstf;Fu hf] 8\g', kl/ jf/ jf dlxnf;Fu abnf lng dlxnfsf] z/ L/ df lgoGq0f ug{] kl/ kf6Ln] ;fdflhs dfGotf k|fKt ug'{ h:tf tTjx¿ ;dfhdf ljBdfg / xg' a9\bf] "anfTsf/" sf nflu lhDd] jf/ b] lvG5g\ . anfTsf/ k|lt ;dfhdf / x] sf] b[li6sf] 0f, anfTs[t ePsf dlxnfx¿nfO{ ;dfhdf ul/ g] Jojxf/ sf sf/ 0f anfTsf/ sf w] / } 36gfx¿ aflx/ cfpFb} gg\ . tyflk o; jif{ cf/ ] s g] kfndf !!) j6f anfTsf/ sf 36gfx¿, #^ j6f anfTsf/ sf k|of;sf 36gfx¿ btf{ ePsf 5g\ eg] o;jif{ !)! j6f anfTsf/ sf 36gfx¿ ljleGg ;+rf/ dfWoddf k|sflzt ePsf 5g\ .

anfTsf/ Ps ck/ fw xf] . t/ ;dfhdf cem klg k|efljt dlxnfx¿g} ;fdflhs lje] b / ljleGg nf~5gfx¿sf] lzsf/ x'g afWo 5g\ . dlxnfsf] z/ L/ nfO{ k|of] u u/ L z/ L/ sf] cv08tfnfO{ vl08t ug{] zlQm / ;f] rsf] k|bz{g ug{sf nflu dlxnfx¿sf] anfTsf/ x'g] u/ ] s] f 5 . o:tf] ck/ faf/ ] aflx/ eg] df kl/ jf/ sf] O{Hht hfg] 8/ , cljjflxt 5f] / L ePdf ljjfx gx'g] 8/ , kLl8tnfO{ g} bf] ifL b] vfpg] jt{dfg ;fdflhs ;+/ rgf / dWo:ytfsf sf/ 0f o:tf 36gf x'Fbf klg klxn] t kl/ jf/ df, To;kl5 ;dfhdf 36gfnfO{ n'sfpg] k|of; u/ ] sf] kfO{G5 . h;n] ubf{ b08xLgtfsf] ;+:s[lt df} nfpFb} uPsf] 5 / kL8snfO{ yk dgf] an k|bfg u/ L o:tf 36gf 36gfpgsf nflu k|f] T;fxg ePsf] kfO{G5 . To;} u/ L

kl/R5]b % M anfTsf/

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j} jflxs anfTsf/ sf 36gfsf ;DaGwdf ljjfxk|ltsf] dfGotf, tyf ljjfxkl5 dlxnfsf] z/ L/ p;sf] >Ldfg\sf] clwgdf x'gkb{5 eGg] ;f] rsf sf/ 0f o:tf 36gfx¿ sfg'g ePklg aflx/ NofOFb} gg\ . o; jif{ & hgf dlxnfx¿n] cfkm"dfly j} jflxs anfTsf/ ePsf] elg eg] tf klg tL 36gfx¿ sfg'gL k|lqmofdf uPsf] kfO{b} g . -cf] / ] s g] kfnn] ;d'bfo :t/ df ;~rfng u/ ] sf] dgf] ;fdflhs k/ fdz{ s] Gb|df ;d:of lnP/ cfPsf dlxnfx¿;Fu ulx/ f] 5nkmnaf6 oL 36gfx¿ clen] vLs/ 0f ul/ Psf] xf] . _ pgLx¿ o:tf 36gf aflx/ NofP cfkm} g/ fd|f] x'G5sL+ eGg] dfGotf / fVb5g\ kmn:j¿k kL8f vk] / a:g afWo 5g\ .

cg';Gwfgdf anfTsf/ sf 36gfx¿ k|foz l5d] sLaf6 x'g] u/ ] sf] kfO{Psf] 5 . o; tYon] "cghfg / glrg]sf dflg;x¿ dlxnfsfnflu vt/gfs x'G5g\" eGg] ;dfhdf / x] sf] ldysnfO{ unt ;flat u5{ . anfTsf/ k|efljt dlxnfx¿sf] Gofodf kx'Fr ljifos / fli6«o cg';Gwfgn] klg ;a} eGbf a9L lrghfg, gftfuf] tfsf JolQmx¿af6 g} dlxnfx¿ anfTsf/ af6 k|efljt x'g] ] tYonfO{ O+lut u/ ] sf] 5 .22

!# jifL{of dlgzfsf] hGd Ps dWod / ;+o'Qm kl/ jf/ df ePsf] lyof] . pgL sIff ̂ df cWoog/ t lyOg\ . Pslbg pgL ljBfnoaf6 3/ kmls{bf lbgsf] sl/ a $ ah] lt/ pgsf] 3/ glhs a:g] km'kfh' -dfO{nL km'k'sf] >Ldfg\_ n] pgnfO{ af] nfP / ? !) lbP/ r'/ f] 6 / v} gL lsg] / Nofp egL pgnfO{ cx|fP . pgn] km'kfh'n] eg] s] f ;dfg lsg] / NofOlbOg / ;fdfg lbgsf nflu km'kfh'nfO{ af] nfpFb} sf] 7fdf uO{g\ . To;kl5 km'kfh'n] pgnfO{ 8/ , qf; b] vfO{ d'v y'g] / hj/ h:tL s/ 0fL u/ ] . “kl/ jf/ s;} nfO{ klg of] s'/ f geGg', egL;\ eg] tF / t] / f] kl/ jf/ nfO{ df5'{“ egL wDsL lbP . dlgzf Psbd} 8/ fO{g, pgn] pQm 36gfsf] af/ ] df s;} nfO{ eGg ;lsg\g . pQm 36gf x'bf+ pgsf] klxnf] dlxgfjf/ L dfq ePsf] lyof] . pQm 36gfsf sf/ 0f pgsf] zf/ Ll/ s / dfgl;s :Jff:Yodf g/ fd|f]

22 Research report on access to justice for rape survivor in Nepal by Isis-WICCE & WOREC, 2010

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c;/ kof{] . pgL lj/ fdL xF'b} uO{g\ . Hj/ f] cfpg] , slxn] of} gLaf6 / ut jlu/ xg] To;kl5 3/ kl/ jf/ n] bf] ;|f] k6ssf] dlxgfjf/ L xf] sL eg] / wfdL b] vfP . dlgzfsf] :jf:Yodf s'g} ;'wf/ gePkl5 pgnfO{ d] rL d] l8sn c:ktfndf nluof] . ToxfF 8fS6/ n] pgnfO{ ha/ h:tL s/ 0fL ePsf] x'g ;Sg] eg] kl5 ;f] wk'5 ubf{ pgn] pQm 36gfsf af/ ] df atfO{g\ . klxn] t pQm 36gf kl/ jf/ df g} ldnfpg] egL ;Demf} tf eof] t/ kl5 dlxnf dfgj clwsf/ / Ifsx?sf] kxndf pQm 36gfnfO{ sfg'gL k|lqmofdf nluof] . pQm 36gf clxn] cg';Gwfgsf] k|lqmofdf / x] sf] 5 . dlgzf xfn cf] / ] s g] kfnsf] ;'/ lIft cfjf;df a:b} cfPsL 5g\ .

%=@ anfTsf/sf kL8ssf k|sf/dlxnfx¿ h'g ;dfhdf a;f] af; u5{g\ ToxL ;dfhsf JolQmx¿af6 / kl/ jf/ sf ;b:ox¿af6} a9L anfTsf/ ePsf] kfO{of] . ;a} eGbf a9L -%&Ü_ dlxnfx¿ l5d] sLaf6, !^Ü kl/ jf/ sf ;b:ox¿af6, !^Ü s'g} klg ;DaGw gePsf JolQmx¿af6, ^Ü dlxnfn] ;fyL dfg] sf tyf k|] d ;DaGw ePsf JolQmaf6 / %Ü dlxnfx¿ >Ldfg\af6 anfTs[t ePsf] tYofÍ k|fKt ePsf] 5 . -rf6{ g+ @(_

rf6{ g+= @( anfTsf/ k|efljt dlxnfx¿sf] kL8s;Fusf] ;DaGw

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%=# k|efljtsf] j}jflxs cj:yfanfTsf/ af6 k|efljt dlxnfx¿sf] j} jflxs cj:yfnfO{ ljZn] if0f ubf{ cljjflxt dlxnfx¿dfly a9L -^@Ü_ anfTsf/ sf 36gfx¿ ePsf] kfO{Psf] 5 . To;} u/ L anfTsf/ af6 k|efljt dlxnfx¿dWo] #$Ü cljjflxt, @Ü Psn, @Ü 5'l§P/ a;] sf dlxnfx¿ ePsf] kfO{of] -rf6{ g+ #)_ .

rf6{ g+ #) anfTsf/ / k|efljtsf] j} jflxs cj:yf

%=$ anfTsf/af6 k|efljtsf] pd]/ dlxnfx¿ hlt sd pd] / ;d"xsf x'G5g\ Tolt g} pgLx¿ anfTsf/ sf] hf] lvddf / xg] ;Defjg al9 / x] sf] o; jif{sf] tYofÍn] b] vfPsf] 5 . x'gt ;a} pd] / ;d"xsf dlxnfx¿dfly anfTsf/ sf] 36gf ePsf] kfO{G5 . t/ klg !^ jif{d'lgsf $@Ü afnaflnsfx¿ a9L anfTsf/ af6 k|efljt ePsf 5g\ . !^-@% jif{ pd] / ;d"xsf #@Ü , @^-#% jif{ pd] / ;d"xsf !#Ü, #^-$% jif{ pd] / ;d"xsf !!Ü, $% jif{eGbf dflysf pd] / ;d"xsf @Ü dlxnfx¿ anfTsf/ af6 k|efljt ePsf] kfO{of] -rf6{ g+= #!_ .

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rf6{ g+= #! anfTsf/ k|efljt dlxnfx¿sf] pd]/sf cfwf/df lx+;fsf kl/0ffdx¿

%=% anfTsf/af6 k|efljtsf] z}lIfs cj:yfanfTsf/ af6 k|efljt dlxnfx¿sf] z} lIfs :t/ sf af/ ] df ljZn] if0f ubf{ lg/ If/ dlxnfx¿sf] t'ngfdf ;fIf/ dlxnfx¿ g} anfTsf/ af6 a9L k|efljt x'g] u/ ] sf] kfO{Psf] 5 . o; jif{ k|fKt tYofÍsf cfwf/ df @!Ü lg/ If/ / &(Ü ;fIf/ dlxnfx¿dfly anfTsf/ sf 36gfx¿ ePsf] kfO{of] -rf6{ g+ #@_ . o;} u/ L dlxnfsf] ;fIf/ tfsf] cj:yfnfO{ x] bf{ #@Ü k|fyldstx;Dd cWoog u/ ] sf, #!Ü k|f] 9 lzIff, @)Ü pRrdfWolds tx;Dd cWoog u/ ] sf, !$Ü dfWolds / #Ü pRrdfWolds txeGbf dflysf] z} lIfs of] Uotf ePsf JolQmx¿dfly anfTsf/ ePsf] kfO{of] -rf6{ g+ ## .

%=^ k|efljtsf] hflt anfTsf/ af6 k|efljt dlxnfx¿dWo] ;a} eGbf a9L #*Ü kxf8] hghflt dlxnfx¿ / x] sf 5g\ . o:f} u/ L !#Ü t/ fO{ u} / blnt, !@Ü If] qL, !!Ü t/ fO{ hghflt, !!Ü a|fXd0f, !)Ü kxf8] blnt, $Ü

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9090

t/ fO{ blnt / !Ü d'l:nd dlxnfx¿ anfTsf/ af6 k|efljt / x] sf] kfO{Psf] 5 -rf6{ g+= #$_ .

rf6{ g+= #@ anfTsf/ k|efljt dlxnfx¿sf] z}lIfs cj:yf / lx+;fsf kl/0ffdx¿

rf6{ g+= ## anfTsf/ k|efljt dlxnfx¿sf] ;fIf/tfsf] cj:yf / lx+;fsf kl/0ffdx¿

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91

rf6{ g+= #$ hfltut cfwf/df dlxnfdfly ePsf] ;fdflhs lx+;fsf] cj:yf

%=& k|efljtsf] k]zfanfTsf/ af6 k|efljt ePsf dlxnfx¿ dWo] a9L !^ jif{ d'lgsf afnaflnsf / k9\b} u/ ] sf pd] / ;d"xsf / x] sfn] k|efljtsf] k] zfsf cfwf/ df ljZn] if0f ubf{ s'g} klg sfo{df ;+nUg g/ x] sf cyf{t\ k9\b} u/ ] sf dlxnfx¿df anfTsf/ sf 36gf a9L ePsf] kfO{Psf] 5 -rf6{ g+=##_ . To;} u/ L #%Ü s[lif, !@Ü3/ fo;L sfddf ;+nUg / x] sf, ^Ü dh'b'/ L u/ L hLljsf] kfh{g ul/ / x] sf, #Ü Joj;fo, j} b] lzs / f] huf/ L, cgf} krfl/ s If] qdf sfo{/ t / u} / ;/ sf/ L If] qdf sfo{/ t a/ fj/ -!–!Ü_ dlxnfx¿dfly anfTsf/ sf 36gfx¿ ePsf] kfO{Psf] 5 -rf6{ g+= #%_ .

%=* anfTsf/af6 k|efljtdf k/]sf] c;/anfTsf/ af6 k|efljt dlxnfx¿dfly uDeL/ k|sf/ sf c;/ x¿ kg{] u/ ] s] f kfO{of] . t/ o;nfO{ dfkg ug{ cK7\of/ f] 5 . anfTsf/ n] dlxnfsf] hLjgdf nfdf] ;do;Dd ljleGg k|sf/ sf c;/ x¿ kfg{]

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9292

u/ ] s] f kfO{of] . anfTsf/ k|efljt dlxnfx¿dWo] a9L dlxnfx¿ -$(Ü_ df dfgl;s c;/ kg{] u/ ] sf] 5 . o:t} ul/ @%Ü dlxnfx¿df zf/ Ll/ s, !!Ü dlxnfx¿df ;fdflhs, (Ü dlxnfx¿df cfly{s / ^Ü dlxnfx¿df ;a} k|sf/ sf c;/ x¿ k/ ] s] f kfO{of] -rf6{ g+= #^_ .

rf6{ g+= #% k|efljtsf] k]zf / anfTsf/sf 36gfx?sf] cj:yf

rf6{ g+= #^ anfTsf/ af6 k|efljtdf k/ ] sf c;/ x?

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93

ljZn]if0f• !^ jif{d'lgsf dlxnfx¿ a9L anfTsf/ af6 k|efljt x'g] u/ ] sf]

kfO{Psf] 5 . o;n] aflnsfsf] lzIffsf] vl08t u/ ] sf] 5 . c?nfO{ dlxnf aflx/ uP anfTsf/ x'G5 / Gofo kfO{Gg eGg] ;Gb] z aflx/ uPsf] 5 . o'jfj:yfsf dlxnfx¿ hf] lvddf / x] sf xG5g\ . o; cj:yfdf oL pd] / ;d"xsf dlxnfx¿ ;dfhdf s;/ L ;'/ lIft hLjgofkg ug{ ;S5g\ eGg] r'gf} tL pTkGg u/ ] sf] 5 . ;fy} ;/ sf/ n] ljz] ifu/ L o; pd] / ;d"xsf dlxnfx¿sf] :jtGqtfk'j{s hLjgofkg ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ ;'lglZrttfsf nflu plrt Joj:yf ug'{ h¿/ L 5 .

• anfTsf/ sf 36gfaf6 k|efljt dlxnfx¿dWo] !^Ü dlxnfx¿ 3/ kl/ jf/ sf ;b:ox¿af6, ^Ü dlxnfn] ;fyLdfg] sf / k|] d ;DaGw ePsf JolQmx¿af6, %Ü dlxnfx¿ >Ldfg\af6} kLl8t ePsf] kfO{Psf] 5 . dlxnfx¿ a9L dfqfdf cfkmGt / glhssf] ;DaGw ePsf JolQmx¿af6 g} ljleGg k|sf/ sf] lx+;fsf] hf] lvddf / x] sf] tYofÍnfO{ o; cWoog tyf cGo cWoogx¿n] k'li6 ul/ ;s] sf 5g\ . o:tf cfk/ flws 36gfx¿nfO{ cem klg kl/ jf/ / ;dfhdf "lghL ;jfn" sf ¿kdf lng] ul/ Psf] n] yf/ } ;+Vofdf dfq o:tf 36gfx¿ aflx/ cfpg] u/ ] sf] cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 . o;} u/ L ;Fu} a;] sf] hf] l8nfO{ sfg'gL / ;fdflhs dfGotf k|bfg ug{ g;Sbf ;Fu} a;] sf dlxnfx¿df ePsf] lx+;fsf 36gfx¿ Go"g dfqfdf aflx/ cfPsf] x'g ;Sb5 .

• anfTsf/ sf 36gfx¿ ;a} ;d'bfosf, hfltsf, wd{sf, pd] / sf, ;a} vfnsf k] zfdf ;+nUg dlxnfx¿dfly ePsf] kfO{Psf] 5 . sd pd] / sf, cljjflxt / ljBfyL{ hLjgdf / x] sf dlxnfx¿ anfTsf/ sf] pRr hf] lvddf / x] sf] kfO{Psf] 5 .

• anfTsf/ sf 36gfn] k|efljt dlxnf / k|efljtsf] kl/ jf/ b'j} df

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uDeL/ c;/ kg{] u/ ] sf] 5 . oBlk o:tf 36gfx¿df ;xof] uL ;+oGqsf] cefj / sfg'gL Joj:yf k|efljt dlxnf s] lGb|t x'g g;Sbf Gofodf k|efljtx¿sf] kxF'Fr a[l4 x'g ;s] sf] 5} g . k|efljt dlxnfx¿dWo] $(Ü k|efljtx¿df dfgl;s c;/ b] vf k/ ] sf] 5 eg] @%Ü dlxnfx¿df zf/ Ll/ s c;/ . zf/ Ll/ s c;/ :jf:Yopkrf/ kZrft\ l7s x'g] ePtf klg k|efljt / k|efljtsf] kl/ jf/ df k/ ] sf] dfgl;s c;/ nfdf] ;do;Dd / lx/ xg] tYo cWoogsf qmddf kfO{Psf] 5 . 36gfn] k|efljt dlxnfdf kf/ ] sf dfgl;s c;/ sf sf/ 0f anfTsf/ af6 k|efljt dlxnfx¿nfO{ ;dfhdf k'gPsLs/ 0fsf bf} / fgfdf klg ;d:of kfg{] ub{5 .

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kl/R5]b ^

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9696

^=! of}lgs lx+;f dlxnfdfly x'g] of} lgs lx+;f ;a} ;dfhsf nflu Pp6f r'gf} ltk"0f{ ljifo / x] s] f 5 . of} lgs lx+;fsf sf/ 0f dlxnfsf] zf/ Ll/ s, dfgl;s, dgf] ;fdflhs :jf:Yodf gsf/ fTds c;/ kb{5 . x/]s $ hgf dlxnfx¿df ! hgf of}g b'Jo{jxf/af6 k|efljt x'g] ub{5g\ 23. oBlk o:tf 36gfx¿ ph'/ Ldf jf k|sfzdf sd} dfqfdf cfpg] ub{5g\ . dlxnfx¿dfly ljz] ifu/ L lrghfgsf / cfk"mn] ljZjf; u/ ] sf JolQmx¿af6 g} of} g b'Jo{jxf/ sf 36gfx¿ x'g] ub{5g\ .24

o;} tYonfO{ o; jif{ k|fKt of} lgs lx+;f;Fu ;DalGwt clen] vLs/ 0f ePsf 36gfx¿n] klg b] vfPsf 5g\ .

sd pd] / ;d"xsf dlxnfx¿ a9L dfqfdf of} lgs lx+;faf6 k|efljt x'g] u/ ] sf] kfO{Psf] 5 . of] cj:yf dfgj hLjgsf] clt dxTjk"0f{ tyf ;+j] bgzLn cj:yf xf] . o; pd] / sf JolQmx¿df tLj| zf/ Ll/ s, dgf] j} 1flgs tyf efjgfTds kl/ jt{gx¿ x'g] ub{5g\ . of] cj:yfdf dlxnfx¿dfly of} lgs lx+;f ePdf / o;sf] plrt ;dfwfgsf] pkfox¿sf] cefj ePdf dlxnfx¿sf] hLjgdf nfdf] ;do;Dd klg o;n] k|ToIf c;/ kfg{ ;Qm5 . dlxnfx¿dfly x'g] of} lgs lx+;fsf 36gfx¿n] dlxnfsf] z/ L/ df cfkm\gf] clwsf/ , lg0f{o / lgoGq0fsf] clwsf/ ;'lglZrt x'g g;s] sf] cj:yfnfO{ lrq0f ub{5 .

g] kfnsf] sfg'gn] of} lgs lx+;fnfO{ -of} g b'Jo{jxf/ nfO{_ sfg'gL ck/ fwsf] ¿kdf :jLsf/ u/ L o;/ L kl/ eflift u/ ] sf] 5 M "s;} n]

23 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2005). Adverse Childhood Experiences Study: Data and Statistics. Atlanta, GA: Cent-ers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for24 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administra-tion on Children, Youth, and Families. (2007). Child Maltreatment 2005. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing

kl/R5]b ^ M of}lgs lx+;f

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97

s'g} dlxnfsf] d~h'/ L lagf lghsf] ;+j] bgzLn cË 5f] Pdf jf 5'g] k|of; u/ ] df, lghsf] leqL kf] ;fs vf] n] df jf vf] Ng] k|of; u/ ] df, lghnfO{ c:jfefljs ¿kdf s'g} PsfGt 7fpFdf nu] df, cfkm\gf] of} g ;DaGwL cË lghnfO{ 5'g÷;dfpg nufPdf jf lghnfO{ cZnLn jf cGo To:t} k|sf/ sf] zAb, ;+s] t k|of] u u/ ] df jf lrq, t:jL/ b] vfPdf, of} gsf cfzon] lh:sfPdf jf x} / fgL lbPdf jf lgh;Fu} To:t} of} g b'Jo{jxf/ u/ ] sf] dflgG5 / To:tf] s;'/ ug{] JolQmnfO{ Ps jif{;Dd s} b / bz xhf/ ¿k} ofF;Dd hl/ jfgf x'g] 5 . o:tf] sfo{af6 kLl8t JolQmnfO{ s;'/ bf/ af6 dfgl;a dflkmssf] Ifltk"lt{ ;d] t e/ fO{ lbg' kg{ ] 5 ."25

-d'n'sL P] gsf] dxn !#_

^=@ k|efljtsf] pd]/ / of}lgs lx+;fo; jif{ hDdf ̂ # hgf dlxnfx¿dfly of} lgs lx+;f ePsf 36gfx¿ clen] vLs/ 0f ePsf 5g\ . h;dWo] ;a} eGbf a9L !^-@% jif{ pd] / ;d"xsf %(Ü dlxnfx¿ of} lgs lx+;faf6 k|efljt ePsf 5g\ eg] @^-#% jif{ pd] / ;d"xsf !^Ü dlxnfx¿df of} lgs lx+;f ePsf 36gfx¿ o; jif{ clen] vLs/ 0f ePsf 5g\ -rf6{ g+= #&_ . To;} u/ L !^ jif{eGbf sd pd] / ;d"xsf !#Ü dlxnfx¿df, #^-$%jif{ pd] / ;d"xsf *Ü, $^-%% jif{ pd] / ;d"xsf / %% jif{ eGbf dflysf dlxnfx¿df a/ fj/ @–@Ü of} lgs lx+;f;Fu ;DalGwt 36gfx¿ ePsf] kfO{of] .

^=# of}lgs lx+;fsf kL8ssf k|sf/;fyL dfg] sf JolQmx¿ / k|] d ;DaGw ePsf JolQmx¿af6 a9L dfqfdf dlxnfx¿ of} lgs lx+;fdf kg{] u/ ] s] f o; jif{sf] tYofÍn] b] vfPsf] 5 . $#Ü dlxnfx¿ ;fyL / k|] dLaf6, @&Ü l5d] sLaf6, !&Ü cghfg JolQmaf6 -;DaGw gePsf_, !#Ü kl/ jf/ sf ;b:ox¿af6 dlxnfdfly of} lgs lx+;f ePsf] kfO{Psf] 5 .

25 d'n'sL P]g sf] dxn !# -afx|f} ;+;f]wg @)^$÷*÷!%_

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9898

rf6{ g+=#& pd] / sf cfwf/ df dlxnfdfly ePsf] of} lgs lx+;fsf] cj:yf

rf6{ g+= #* of} lgs lx+;faf6 k|efljtx¿sf] kL8s;Fusf] ;DaGw

^=$ k|efljtsf] j}jflxs cj:yf of} lgs lx+;faf6 k|efljt dlxnfx¿sf] j} jflxs cj:yfnfO{ ljZn] if0f ubf{ cljjflxt dlxnfx¿dfly a9L -^&Ü_ anfTsf/ sf 36gfx¿

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99

ePsf] kfO{Psf] 5 . To;} u/ L anfTsf/ af6 k|efljt dlxnfx¿dWo] @*Ü cljjflxt / %Ü Psn dlxnfx¿ ePsf] kfO{of] -rf6{ g+ #(_ .

rf6{ g+= #( k|efljtsf] j} jflxs cj:yf / of} lgs lx+;f

^=% k|efljtsf] z}lIfs of]Uotfof} lgs lx+;faf6 k|efljt dlxnfx¿sf] z} lIfs cj:yfsf] af/ ] df ljZn] if0f ubf{ **Ü ;fIf/ / !@Ü lg/ If/ dlxnfx¿dfly of} lgs lx+;f ePsf] kfO{Psf] 5 -rf6{ g++= $)_ . ;fIf/ dlxnfx¿df klg ;fdfGo n] vk9 ug{ hfGg] dlxnfx¿dfly #$Ü, k|fylds tx;Dd cWoog u/ ] sf @@Ü dlxnfx¿dfly, @)Ü pRr dfWolds, !*Ü dfWolds / pRr dfWodldseGbf a9L cWoog u/ ] sf ^Ü dlxnfx¿df of} lgs lx+;fsf 36gfx¿ ePsf] kfO{Psf] 5 -rf6{ g+= $!_ .

rf6{ g++=$) k|efljtsf] z} lIfs cj:yf / of} lgs lx+;fsf kl/ 0ffdx¿

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100100

rf6{ g++=$! of} lgs lx+;faf6 k|efljtx¿ sf] ;fIf/ tfsf] cj:yf / of} lgs lx+;fsf kl/ 0ffdx¿

^=^ k|efljtsf] hflt of} lgs lx+;faf6 k|efljt dlxnfx¿dWo] ;a} eGbf a9L #)Ü kxf8] hghftL dlxnfx¿ k|efljt / x] sf] o; jif{sf] tYofÍn] b] vfPsf] 5 -rf6{ g+= $@_ . !(Ü kxf8] blnt dlxnfx¿, !^Ü t/ fO{ hghftL, !#Ü If] qL, !)Ü a|fXd0f, ^Ü t/ fO{ u} / blnt / ^Ü d'l:nd dlxnfx¿dfly o:tf 36gf ePsf] kfO{of] .

rf6{ g+= $@ k|efljtsf] hflt / of} lgs lx+;fsf kl/ 0ffx¿

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101

^=& k|efljtsf] k]zfof} lgs lx+;faf6 k|efljt / x] sf dlxnfx¿sf] k] zfsf cfwf/ df #!Ü s[lif k] zfdf cfa4 dlxnfx¿ k|efljt ePsf 5g\ eg] @(Ü s'g} klg k] zfdf cfa4 gePsf, !#Ü 3/ fo;L sfddf ;+nUg / x] sf dlxnfx¿ a9L k|efljt ePsf] kfO{Psf] 5 -rf6{ g+= $#_ . o:t} u/ L (Ü Joj;fo, &Ü dhb'/ L, %Ü cgf} krfl/ s If] qdf sfo{/ t dlxnfx¿ / u} / ;/ sf/ L If] qdf, j} b] lzs / f] huf/ L / ;/ sf/ L If] qdf sfo{/ t a/ fj/ @–@Ü dlxnfx¿dfly of} lgs lx+;fsf 36gfx¿ ePsf] kfO{of] .

rf6{ g+= $# k|efljtsf] k] zf / of} lgs lx+;fsf kl/ 0ffdx¿

^=* k|efljtnfO{ k/]sf c;/x¿ of} lgs lx+;faf6 k|efljtx¿df ;a} eGbf a9L dfgl;s c;/ k/ ] sf] kfO{Psf] 5 . ;a} eGbf a9L ^#Ü dlxnfx¿df dfgl;s c;/ , @$ Ü dlxnfx¿df ;fdflhs c;/ , !!Ü dlxnfx¿df zf/ Ll/ s c;/ / @Ü dlxnfx¿df o; lx+;fsf sf/ 0f cfly{s c;/ kg{] u/ ] s] f o; jif{sf] tYofÍn] b] vfPsf] 5 =-rf6{ g+=$$_ . dlxnfx¿df kg{] c;/ sf] k|ltztdf s] lx km/ s ePtf klg of} lgs lx+;fsf sf/ 0f dlxnfsf] hLjgdf nfdf] ;do;Dd dfgl;s c;/ kg{] u/ ] sf] cWoogsf qmddf kfO{Psf] 5 .

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102102

rf6{ g+= $$ of} lgs lx+;faf6 k|efljtnfO} k/ ] sf c;/ x¿

ljZn]if0f• of} lgs lx+;faf6 k|efljt dlxnfx¿df ;a} eGbf a9L -%(Ü_,

!^-@% jif{ pd] / ;d"xsf dlxnfx¿ / x] sf 5g\ eg] @^-#% jif{ pd] / ;d"xsf !^Ü dlxnfx¿ of} lgs lx+;faf6 k|efljt / x] sf kfO{Psf] 5 . oL pd] / ;d"xsf dlxnfx¿dWo] ljBfyL{ / / f] huf/ Ldf ;+nUg / x] sf] dlxnfx¿ a9L / x] sf] kfO{G5 . o;n] s] b] vfpF5 eg] h'g pd] / ;d"xsf dlxnfx¿ a9L aflx/ L lqmofsnfkdf ;+nUg 5g\ tL dlxnfx¿nfO{ g} of} lgs lx+;fsf nflu nlIft ul/ G5 . kmn:j¿k dlxnfx¿sf] hLjgdf ljleGg lsl;dsf c;/ x¿ b] vf kg{] ub{5 . o; tYon] dlxnfx¿nfO{ ;dfhdf lx+8\8'n ug{ ;d] t sl7g x'g] cj:yfsf] l;h{gf x'b} +5 eGg] lrq0f ub{5 .

• of} lgs lx+;faf6 k|efljtx¿dWo] $#Ü dlxnfx¿dfly pgLx¿s} ;fyL / k|] dLx¿af6 lx+;f ePsf] 5 . o:tf lx+;faf6 k|efljt dlxnfx¿dWo] !^-@% jif{ pd] / ;d"xsf %(Ü dlxnfx¿ / x] sf

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103

5g\ . oL pd] / ;d"xsf JolQmx¿df k|fs[lts ¿kdf g} zf/ Ll/ s cfsif{0f x'g] ub{5 . o; cj:Yffdf dlxnfx¿n] l5§} c?nfO{ ljZjf; ug{] u/ ] sf] kfO{G5 . of] cj:yfdf olb pgLx¿sf] of} g tyf k|hgg\ :jf:Yo ;DaGwL ;"rgfx¿sf] kx'Frdf / hLjgf] kof] uL ;Lk / 1fgsf] sdL ePdf of] pd] / ;d"xsf dlxnfx¿dfly ljleGg k|sf/ n] lx+;f x'g] k|jn ;Defjgf / xG5 .

• of} lgs lx+;faf6 k|efljt dlxnfx¿dWo] ^#Ü dlxnfx¿df dfgl;s c;/ k/ ] s] f kfO{Psf] 5 . of} g;Fu ;DalGwt s'/ fx¿nfO{ cem klg kl/ jf/ / ;dfhdf uf] Ko ljifosf] ¿kdf lnO{ o;sf af/ ] df 5nkmn ul/ b} +g . dlxnfx¿dfly of} lgs lx+;f x'Fbf kl/ jf/ sf JolQmx¿;Fu ;d] t cfkm\gf] ;d:of / fVg] jftfj/ 0f 5} g . dlxnfx¿n] cfkm"dfly of} lgs lx+;f xF'bf cfkm\g} bf] if b] vfpg] , cfTdljZjf;sf sdL x'g] , cfkm"nfO{ g} xfgL k'Ug] lsl;dsf lqmofsnfkx¿ ug{] ub{5g\ . kmn:j¿k dlxnfx¿df bf] xf] / f] lx+;f x'g] ub{5 . o:tf k|sf/ sf dlxnfdfly x'g] of} lgs lx+;fsf] cGTosf nflu dlxnfx¿sf] of} g tyf k|hgg\ :jf:Yo ;DaGwL ;"rgfdf kx'Fr a9fOg' cfjZos 5 .

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kl/R5]b &

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105

&=! xTof dlxnfdfly x'g] ljleGg lsl;dsf lx+;fx¿dWo] xTof a9\bf] cj:yfdf / x] sf] 5 . o; jif{ @* hgf dlxnfx¿sf] xTof ePsf] 5 eg] !* hgf dlxnfx¿dfly xTofsf] k|of; ePsf] 36gf cf] / ] s g] kfnn] clen] vLs/ 0f u/ ] sf] 5 . cf] / ] s g] kfnsf] clen] vLs/ 0f / ;+rf/ dfWodsf cg';f/ o; jif{ !%@ hgf dlxnfx¿sf] xTof ePsf] tYofÍ kfO{Psf] 5 . dlxnfsf] xTof x'g'sf] k|d'v sf/ 0f bfO{hf] / x] sf] 5 . af] S;Lsf] cf/ f] kdf dlxnfsf] xTof / xTofsf] k|of; ePsf 36gfx¿, anfTsf/ / anfTsf/ kZrft\ xTof x'g] u/ ] s] f kfO{Psf] 5 . xTof h'g;'s} sf/ 0f jf k|of] hgsf nflu x'g] u/ ] sf] ePtf klg of] uDeL/ ck/ fw xf] . o:tf] ck/ fwsf sf/ 0f dlxnfsf] afFRg kfpg] clwsf/ sf] xgg\ ePsf] 5 . ;dfhdf xfaL / x] s] f k'?ifjfbL ;f] rn] dlxnfx¿sf] xTof x'g] u/ ] sf] 5 .

l;/ xf lhNnf a:g] jif{ !$ sL ;l/ tf -gfd kl/ jt{g_ cfkm\gf] lgoldt sfd wGbf ;sL lbpF;f] sf] ;dodf sl/ a @M!% ah] 3/ b] lv pQ/ tkm{ cfkm\gf] wfg v] tdf 3f;F sf6\g uPsf] a] nf c1ft JolQmn] PSn} ePsf] df} sf kf/ L ha/ h:tL s/ 0fL u/ L pgnfO{ ;f] xL :yfgdf xl;ofFn] 3f6L / ] 6L xTof u/ ] .

sl/ j ^M$% jh] sf] ;do;Dd 3f; sf6\g uPsL 5f] / L gcfPsf] n] ;l/ tfsf afa'cfdf pgnfO{ vf] Hg lg:s] . 5/ l5d] sdf st} pgnfO{ ge] 6] kl5 cf] Nnf] kNnf] ufpF;Dd vf] Hb} uP . pgnfO{ st} ge] 6] kl5 l5d] ssf s] xL JolQmlx¿;d] t u/ L sl/ j *M)) jh] lt/ 36gf :yndf -wfg v] t_ vf] Hb} hfFbf ;l/ tfn] sf6] sf] ! af] / f 3fF; / 3f;FeGbf s] xL k/ wfg af/ Ldf ;l/ tfnfO{ n5f/ k5f/ ul/ Psf] cj:yfdf pgsf] d[t z/ L/ e] l6of] . ;l/ tfnfO{ Tof] cj:yfdf e] 6\

kl/R5]b & M xTof

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bf pgsf afa'cfdf cr] t eP . ufpFsf JolQmx?n] g} k|x/ Ldf va/ u/ ] / sl/ a !) ah] sf] ;dodf k|x/ L 36gf:yndf k'uL pgsf] d[t z/ L/ nfO{ kf] i6df6{dsf nflu nxfg c:ktfn nluof] . ;l/ tfnfO{ anfTsf/ u/ L xTof ug{] kL8s s] xL ;do km/ f/ / x] . xfn kL8snfO{ lx/ f;tdf / fvL cg';Gwfg k|lqmof eO/ x] sf] 5 . ;l/ tfsf kl/ jf/ 5f] / L u'dfPsf] zf] s;lxt cbfntn] s] km} ;nf u5{ To;sf] kvf{Odf 5g\ .

&=@ k|efljtsf] pd]/ / xTof lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx¿sf] pd] / sf cfwf/ df ljZn] if0f ubf{ !^–@% jif{ pd] / ;d"xsf / @^–#% jif{ pd] / ;d"xsf dlxnfx¿sf] xTof a9L ePsf] kfO{of] -rf6{ g+= $%_ . !^ jif{d'lgsf !$Ü afnaflnsfx¿sf] xTof ePsf] 5 . To;} u/ L #^-$% jif{ pd] / ;d"xsf !)Ü, $^-$% jif{ pd] / ;d"xsf %Ü / %% jif{ dflysf %Ü dlxnfx¿sf] xTof ePsf] tYofÍn] b] vfPsf] 5 .

rf6{ g+= $% dlxnfsf] pd]/cg';f/ xTof cj:yf

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107

&=# xTofsf kL8sx¿ sf] k|sf/

dlxnfsf] xTofdf ;+nUg kL8sx¿df ljz] ifu/ L >Ldfg\sf] ;+nUgtf g} a9L / x] sf] kfO{G5 . %)Ü dlxnfx¿sf] xTof >Ldfg\af6 ePsf] 5 . @^Ü dlxnfx¿sf] xTof kl/ jf/ sf] ;b:ox¿af6, !%Ü dlxnfx¿sf] l5d] sLaf6 / (Ü dlxnfx¿sf] s'g} klg ;DaGw gePsf JolQmx¿af6 xTof ePsf] tYofÍ o; jif{ k|fKt ePsf] 5 -rf6{ g+= $^_ .

rf6{ g+= $^ k|efljt / kL8ssf] lardf /x]sf] ;DaGw

&=$ k|efljtsf] j}jflxs cj:yf ;a} eGbf a9L ljjflxt dlxnfx¿sf] xTof x'g] u/ ] sf] o; jif{sf] tYofÍn] b] vfPsf] 5 . o;/ L xTof x'g] dlxnfx¿df &$Ü ljjflxt dlxnfx¿ / x] sf 5g\ eg] @^Ü cljjflxt dlxnfx¿ / x] sf 5g\ -rf6{ g+= $&_ . dlxnf / k'?if aLrdf / x] sf] c;dfg zlQm ;DaGw dlxnfsf] xTof x'g'sf] k|d'v sf/ s tTjsf] ¿kdf / x] sf] 5 . lkQ[;QfTds ;fdflhs ;+/ rgfn] dlxnfnfO{ k'?ifsf] ;DklQsf] ¿kdf :yflkt u/ ] sf] 5, h;sf sf/ 0f dlxnfdfly o:tf] ck/ flws sfo{ ug{ ;d] t kL8snfO{ k|f] T;fxg ldn] sf] 5 . www.w

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108108

rf6{ g+=$& k|efljtsf] j}jflxs l:yltsf cfwf/df xTof

&=% k|efljtsf] z}lIfs :t/ / xTof dlxnfdfly x'g] ;a} k|sf/ sf lx+;f lg/ If/ dlxnfx¿eGbf a9L ;fIf/ dlxnfx¿dfly g} ePsf] kfO{G5 . xTofsf 36gfdf klg ;fIf/ dlxnfx¿ g} a9L / x] s] f tnsf] tYofÍn] b] vfpF5 -rf6{ g+=$%_ . o; jif{ xTof ul/ Psf dlxnfx¿df ($Ü dlxnfx¿ ;fIf/ / ^Ü dlxnfx¿ lg/ If/ / x] sf lyP . xTof ePsf dlxnfx¿sf] ;fIf/ tfsf] :t/ df $!Ü dlxnfx¿n] pRrdfWolds tx;Ddsf] lzIff k"/ fu/ ] sf, @#Ü pRr dfWolds eGbf dfly / !*Ü dlxnfn] k|fylds tx;Dd cWoog u/ ] sf lyP -rf6{ g+= $(_ .

rf6{ g+= $* k|efljtsf] z}lIfs cj:yfsf cfwf/df xTof

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109

rf6{ g+= $( k|efljtsf] ;fIf/ tfsf] cj:yf / xTof

&=^ k|efljtsf] hftL / xTof;a} eGbf a9L xTof x'g] df kxf8] hghftL dlxnfx¿sf] / x] sf 5g\ . @&Ü kxf8] hghftL dlxnfx¿sf] xTof ePsf] kfO{Psf] 5 . To:t} ul/ bf] ;|df] !*Ü If] qL dlxnfx¿, !*Ü t/ fO{ u} / blnt dlxnfx¿, !^Ü a|fXd0f dlxnfx¿, !!% t/ fO{ hghftL dlxnfx¿sf] o; jif{ xTof ePsf] kfO{of] .

rf6{ g+= %) k|efljtsf] hfltut cj:yfsf cfwf/df xTof

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110110

&=& k|efljtsf] k]zf / xTof xTof ePsf dlxnfx¿dWo] ;a} eGbf a9L #^Ü dlxnfx¿ s[lif k] zfdf ;+nUg / x] sf lyP . o:t} u/ L 3/ fo;L sfddf ;+nUg @*Ü / s] lx gug{] @)Ü dlxnfx¿sf] xTof ePsf] tYofÍ kfO{Psf] 5 . cfkm\g} Joj;fo ug{] , ;/ sf/ L If] qsf sfo{/ t / u} / ;/ sf/ L If] qdf sfo{/ t dlxnfx¿sf] klg xTof ePsf] kfO{Psf] 5 .

rf6{ g+= %! k|efljtsf] k] zf / xTof

ljZn]if0f• lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx¿sf] pd] / sf cfwf/ df ljZn] if0f

ubf{ !^–@% jif{ pd] / ;d"xsf / @^–#% jif{ pd] / ;d"xsf dlxnfx¿sf] xTof a9L ePsf] kfO{of] eg] !^ jif{d'lgsf !$Ü afnaflnsfx¿sf] xTof ePsf] 5 . o;n] s] b] vfpF5 eg] pTkfglzn pd] / ;d"xsf dlxnfx¿sf] a9L xTof x'g] u/ ] s] f kfO{of] .

• cGo dlxnf lx+;fsf 36gfx¿df ljz] if ul/ ;fdfGo n] vk9 ug{

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111

;Sg] / k|fylds tx;Dd cWoog u/ ] sf dlxnfx¿dfly lx+;f ePsf] kfO{of] eg] xTofdf ;a} eGbf a9L $!Ü pRrdfWolds tx;Dd cWoog u/ ] sf / @#Ü pRr dfWolds txeGbf a9L cWoog u/ ] sf dlxnfx¿sf] xTof ePsf] kfO{Psf] 5 . o;n] s] b] vfpF5 eg] hf] dlxnfx¿ cfkm\gf] clwsf/ sf af/ ] df ;r] t 5g\, hf] dlxnfx¿n] cfkm"dfly ePsf] ck/ fwsf] lj?4 af] Ng] k|of; u5{g\ jf af] N5g\ lt dlxnfx¿nfO{ r'k nufpgsf nflu dlxnfsf] xTof ul/ G5 . xTofnfO{ dlxnfdfly ePsf] lx+;fsf] oyfy{tf n'sfpg] ;+oGqsf] ¿kdf k|of] u ePsf] o; tYofÍn] b] vfpF5 .

• xTof x'g] dlxnfx¿df %)Ü >Ldfg\af6 / @^Ü 3/ kl/ jf/ sf ;b:ox¿af6 dlxnfx¿sf] xTof ePsf] kfO{Psf] 5 . o;n] s] b] vfpF5 eg] ha;Dd dlxnfx¿df lx+;fnfO{ "gfO{ eGg ;Sg] ;zlQms/0fsf] ljsf; ug{ ;lsb}g" ta;Dd dlxnfx¿n] lx+;fnfO{ hLjgsf] kf6f] sf] ¿kdf lnG5g\ / 3/ ] n' lx+;faf6 dlxnfn] Hofg g} u'dfpg' kg{] ;Ddsf] cj:yf cfpF5 . 3/ ] n' lx+;f lgoGq0fsf nflu ag] sf] P] \g -@)^^_ df d] nldnfk ;DalGw Joj:yf / x] sf] 5 . Psk6s lx+;f ef] u] sf dlxnfx¿n] cem yk ls;Ldsf] lx+;fsf] ;fdgf u/ ] s] f l:ylt o; cWoogsf] qmddf kfO{Psf] 5 . o;y{ dlxnfsf] lhjgdf d] nldnfkn] s:tf] c;/ kf/ ] s] f 5 To;sf] lj:t[t cWoog ug{sf nflu klg o; cWoogn] ;'emfj k] z ub{5 .

• xTofnfO{ a9fjf lbg 3/ ] n' lx+;fn] k|d'v e"ldsf v] Ng] o; jif{s] f tYofÍn] b] vfPsf] 5 . t;y{ xTofnfO{ h;/ L sfg'gn] Pp6f ck/ fwsf] ¿kdf lnO{ sfg'gL k|lqmof rnfO{G5 To;/ L g} dlxnfsf] xTof ;Dd x'g] l:yltsf] l;h{gf ug{] 3/ ] n' lx+;fsf 36gfnfO{ klg sfg'gn] xTof ;/ x ck/ fw dflg ;Daf] wg ug'{ cfjZos 5 .

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kl/R5]b *

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113

*=! dfgj a]rlavg÷cf];f/k;f/ dfgj a] rlavg tyf cf] ;f/ k;f/ Ps cGt/ fli6«o ;d:of xf] . dfgj a] rlavg tyf cf] ;f/ k;f/ ljZje/ eO/ fVg' dfgj ;Eotf s} lglDt s+ns xf] . g] kfn dfgj a] rlavg÷cf] ;f/ k;f/ sf] pRr hf] lvddf / x] sf] b] zsf ¿kdf cGt/ fli6«o :t/ df ;d] t kl/ lrt 5 . ;+o'Qm / fHo cd] l/ sfn] dfgj a] rlavgnfO{ # txdf / fv] / u/ ] sf] Ps cWoogdf g] kfn dfjg a] rlavgsf] hf] lvd / ;d:of / x] sf d'n'sx¿sf] ¿kdf juL{s/ 0f ul/ Psf] >] 0fL @ df k/ ] sf] 5 .26 o;sf ;fy} xfn g] kfnaf6 w] / } dflg;x¿ j} b] lzs / f] huf/ Lsf nflu c;'/ lIft tj/ n] hfg' kg{] cj:yf ljBdfg ePsf] n] hf] lvdnfO{ cem} a9fPsf] 5 .

a] rlavg÷cf] ;f/ k;f/ ;DaGwL ;+o'Qm / fi6« ;+3Lo k|f] 6f] sn “dflg;x¿sf] a]rlavg÷cf];f/k;f/n] 8/, qf;, wDsL, zlQm, 5nsk6, wf]sf, zlQmsf] b'¿kof]usf ;fy} hf]lvdk"0f{ cj:yfsf] b'¿kof]u u/L JolQmx¿nfO{ s'g} klg k|sf/sf] zf]if0fsf nflu egf{ ug'{, :yfgfGt/0f ug'{, To:tf sfo{x¿nfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg' jf pQm sfo{sf nflu ;xof]u k|fKt ug'{ tyf a]rlavg ul/g] JolQmdfly lgoGq0f ePsf] JolQmnfO{ pk/f]Qm sfo{df ;xof]u k|fKt ug{sf lgldQ /sd jf kmfObfx¿ lbg'÷lng' h:tf sfo{nfO{ hgfpFb5 .27

dfgj a] rlavg ljleGg k|of] hgsf nflu x'g] u/ ] sf] kfOPsf] 5 . dlxnf tyf afnaflnsfsf] a] rlavgnfO{ x] bf{ of] w] / } h;f] Jofj;flos of} g zf] if0fsf nflu x'g] u/ ] sf] b] lvG5 . dfgja] rlavg h'g;'s} k|of] hgsf nflu ePtfklg of] Pp6f hl6n k|s[ltsf] ck/ fw xf] , h;n] dflg;x¿ zf/ Ll/ s, dfgl;s, efjgfTds / of} lgs ¿kdf zf] lift x'G5g\ . 26 Trafficking in Persons, U.S. Government’s, Report, 2012,27 a]rlavg÷cf];f/k;f/ ;DaGwL ;+o'Qm /fli6«o;+3Lo k|f]6f]snsf] wf/f #

kl/R5]b * M dfgj a]rlavg÷cf];f/k;f/

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dlxnf tyf afnaflnsf a] rlavgdf kg'{sf] d'Vo sf/ ssf ¿kdf ul/ aL xf] eGg] dflgPtf klg o;nfO{ dfq k|d'v sf/ 0f dfGg ;lsGg . dflg;nfO{ ul/ a agfpg] tTjx¿ h:t} ;dflhs n} lËs lje] b, hLljsf] kfh{gsf] cefj, ;+/ rgfut lje] bx¿ h:tf sf/ 0fx¿nfO{ dfgj a] rlavg÷cf] ;f/ k;f/ sf] klg k|d'v sf/ s tTjsf] ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 . kfk/ (Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers) sf cg';f/ g] kfnsf #*Ü hg;+Vof ul/ aLsf] / ] vfd'lg / x] sf 5g\ . a] rlavg tyf cf] ;f/ k;f/ sf nflu ;fdflhs n} lËs lje] b, hLljsf] kfh{gsf] cefj, ;dfhdf ljBdfg ;+/ rgfut e] befj, k|fs[lts k|sf] kx¿, ;z:q ;+3if{÷u[xo'4n] dfgj a] rlavg tyf cf] ;f/ k;f/ sf] hf] lvddf k'¥ofpg] k|d'v tTjx¿sf] ¿kdf 5g\ .28

ul/ aL / / f] huf/ Lsf] cj;/ sf] cefjdf s'g} cj;/ k|fKt x'g] cfzfsf sf/ 0f jf w] / } 36gfx¿df 3/ ] n' lx+;f cyjf ;fdflhs lje] baf6 d'Qm x'g kfpg] cfzfdf ljz] if¿kdf dlxnf / afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ cfk"m a;] sf] :yfgaf6 zx/ L :yfgdf :yfgfGt/ 0f ug{ bafj l;h{gf ub{5 . To;n] dlxnf / afnaflnsfdfly a] rlavg x'g] hf] lvdnfO{ a9fPsf] ] kfO{G5 .

g] kfnsf] sfg'gn] dfgj a] rlavg tyf cf] ;f/ k;f/ nfO{ sfg'gL ck/ fwsf ¿kdf kl/ eflift u/ ] sf] 5 . g] kfn ;/ sf/ åf/ f of} ghGo / >d zf] if0fsf lgldQ dlxnf / afnaflnsf a] rlavg lj?4sf] / fli6«o sfo{of] hgf tof/ kfl/ Psf] 5 . dfgj, a] rlavg tyf cf] ;f/ k;f/ -lgoGq0f_ P] g @)^$ / lgodfjnL @)^% ;d] t nfu" u/ L g] kfn ;/ sf/ åf/ f dfgj a] rlavg tyf cf] ;f/ k;f/ lgoGq0f ug{ kxn ;'? ePsf] 5 .

g] kfnsf] sfg'gn] dfgj a] rlavg tyf cf] ;f/ k;f/ nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ kl/ eflift u/ ] sf] 5 M æs;}nfO{ klg s'g} k|sf/n] nnfO{ kmsfO{, k|nf]egdf kf/L, e'mSofO{, hfn;fh u/L, k|k~h ldnfO{, ha/h:tL u/L,

28 dfgj a]rlavg tyf cf];f/ k;f/ lj?4 ;"rgf ;fdfu|L "Hof]lt", dlxnf k'g:yfkgf s]Gb| @))@

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115

s/sfkdf kf/L, ckx/0f u/L, z/L/ aGws /fvL, gfh's l:yltsf] kmfObf lnO{, a]xf]; kf/L, kb jf zlQmsf] b'¿kof]u u/L, cleefjs jf ;+/IfsnfO{ k|nf]egdf kf/L x'g] sfo{nfO{ a] rlavg tyf cf] ;f/ k;f/ dflgPsf] 5 . "29

o; jif{ ## hgf dlxnfx¿ dfgj a] rlavg÷cf] ;f/ k;f/ af6 k|efljt ePsf 36gfx¿ clen] vLs/ 0f ePsf 5g\ . h;dWo] @% hgf dlxnfx¿sf] a] rlavg÷cf] ;f/ k;f/ ePsf / * hgf dlxnfx¿dfly a] rlavg÷cf] ;f/ k;f/ sf] k|of; ePsf 36gfx¿ 5g\ . k|fKt ePsf dfgj a] rlavg÷cf] ;f/ k;f/ sf 36gfx¿nfO{ ljZn] if0f u/ L o; cWofodf / flvPsf] 5 .

*=@ k|efljtsf] pd]/ / a]rlavg÷cf];f/k;f/ o; jif{ k|fKt ePsf tYofÍsf cfwf/ df ljZn] if0f ubf{ !^-@% jif{ pd] / ;d"xsf dlxnfx¿ a] rlavgsf] pRr hf] lvddf / x] s] f kfO{of] -rf6{ g+= %@_ . o; pd] / ;d"xsf $(% dlxnfx¿ a] rlavg÷cf] ;f/ k;f/ af6 k|efljt ePsf 5g\ . a] rlavg÷cf] ;f/ k;f/ af6 k|efljtx¿dWo] @$Ü dlxnfx¿ !^ jif{ d'lgsf afnaflnsfx¿, @!Ü dlxnfx¿ @^-#% jif{ pd] / ;d"xsf / ^% dlxnfx¿ #^-$% jif{ pd] / ;d"xsf dlxnfx¿ / x] sf] kfO{of] .

*=# k|efljt / kL8ssf] ;DaGw a] rlavg÷cf] ;f/ k;f/ sf kL8sx¿dWo] k|efljtsf ;fyL / k|] dLx¿ a9L / x] sf] kfO{Psf] 5 . o;n] s] b] vfpF5 eg] kL8sx¿n] dlxnfx¿nfO{ cfkm\gf] hfndf km;fpFgsf nflu dlxnfsf] dha'/ Lsf] kmfO{bf p7fpFb} +, dlxnfnfO{ ljleGg k|nf] egdf kf/ L dlxnf;Fu glhssf] ;DaGw sfod ug{] / dlxnfsf] ljZjf; lhTg ;kmn / xg] / pgLx¿nfO{ a] rlavg÷cf] ;f/ k;f/ sf] hfndf kfg{] u/ ] sf 5g\ . @$Ü dlxnfx¿ ;DaGw gePsf] JolQm -ckl/ lrt, ev{/ lrghfg

29 d"nLsL P]g -afx|f} ;+;f]wg @)^$/* /!%_

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ePsf t/ s'g} klg ;DaGw gePsf_ af6, @!Ü l5d] sLaf6, (Ü kl/ jf/ sf ;b:oaf6 / #Ü dlxnfx¿sf] a] rlavg÷cf] ;f/ k;f/ >Ldfg\af6 ePsf] o; jif{s] f tYofs+n] b] vfPsf] 5 -rf6{ g+=%# _.

rf6{ g+= %@ a]rlavg÷cf];f/k;f/af6 k|efljtsf] pd]/

rf6{ g+=%# a] rlavg÷cf] ;f/ k;f/ af6 k|efljtx¿ sf] kL8s;Fusf] ;DaGw

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*=$ k|efljtsf] j}jflxs cj:yf k |efljtsf ] j } jflxs cj:yfsf af/ ] df ljZn] if0f ubf { a] rljvg÷cf] ;f/ k;f/ af6 k|efljt dlxnfx¿dWo] ^$Ü cljjflxt dlxnfx¿ / x] s] f kfO{Psf] 5 . To:t} u/ L ##Ü ljjflxt dlxnfx¿ / #Ü 5'l§P/ / x] sf dlxnfx¿ a] rlavg÷cf] ;f/ k;f/ af6 k|efljt ePsf] kfO{of] -rf6{ g+=%$ _.

rf6{ g+= %$ a] rlavg÷cf] ;f/ k;f/ af6 k|efljtx¿ sf] j} jflxs cj:yf

*=% k|efljtsf] z}lIfs cj:yf a] rlavg/cf] ;f/ k;f/ sf k|efljtx¿dWo] ;a} eGbf a9L ;fIf/ dlxnfx¿ / x] s] f kfO{Psf] 5 . (#Ü ;fIf/ dlxnfx¿ / &Ü lg/ If/ dlxnfx¿ a] rlavg/cf] ;f/ k;f/ af6 k|efljt ePsf] kfOof] -rf6{ g+= %%_. ;fIf/ dlxnfx¿df $*Ü ;fdfGo n] vk9 ug{ ;Sg] dlxnfx¿, @*Ü k|efljt dlxnfx¿n] pRr dfWolds tx;Dd cWoog u/ ] sf, !@ Ü n] dfWolds / *Ü n] pRr dfWolds txeGbf dfly tyf $Ü dlxnfx¿n] k|fylds tx;Dd cWoog u/ ] sf] kfO{of] -rf6{ g+= %^_.

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rf6{ g+= %% a] rlavg÷cf] ;f/ k;f/ af6 k|efljtx¿ sf] z} lIfs cj:yf

rf6{ g+= %^ a] rlavg÷cf] ;f/ k;f/ af6 k|efljtx¿ sf] ;fIf/ tfsf] :t/ www.w

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*=^ k|efljtsf] hflt a] rlavg/cf] ;f/ k;f/ af6 k|efljt x'g] x¿df %%Ü kxf8] hghftL, @!Ü kxf8] blnt, !$Ü If] qL dlxnfx¿ / x] sf] kfO{of] -rf6{ g+= %&_ . o:t} u/ L &Ü a|fXd0f dlxnf / #Ü t/ fO{ u} / blnt dlxnfx¿ a] rljvg÷cf] ;f/ k;f/ lx+;faf6 k|efljt / x] s] f kfO{Psf] 5 .

rf6{ g+=%& a] rlavg÷cf] ;f/ k;f/ af6 k|efljtx¿ sf] hfltut ljj/ 0f

*=& k|efljtsf] k]zf a] rlavg/cf] ;f/ k;f/ af6 k|efljt dlxnfx¿sf] k] zfsf ;DaGwdf $^Ü k|efljtx¿ s[lif k] zfdf cfa4 / x] sf kfOP eg] @&Ü dlxnfx¿ s'g] klg k] zfdf cfa4 gePsf, & Ü dlxnf 3/ fo;L sfd ug{] / x] sf] kfO{P -rf6{ g+= %*_ . dhb'/ L, Joj;fo, j} b] lzs / f] huf/ L / cgf} krfl/ s If] qdf sfo{/ t dlxnfx¿ a] rlavg/cf] ;f/ k;f/ df k/ ] sf] kfOP . www.w

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rf6{ g+= %* k|efljtsf] k] zf / a] rlavg÷cf] ;f/ k;f/ sf] cj:yf

*=* k|efljtnfO{ k/]sf] c;/x¿ a] rlavgaf6 k|efljt dlxnfx¿dWo] %*Ü dlxnfx¿df dfgl;s c;/ , @&Ü dlxnfx¿df zf/ Ll/ s c;/ , (Ü dlxnfx¿df cfly{s c;/ / ^Ü dlxnfx¿df ;fdflhs c;/ kg{] u/ ] sf] kfO{Psf] 5 - rf6{ g+= %( _ .

rf6{ g+= %( dfgj a] rlavg÷cf] ;f/ k;f/ af6 k|efljtdf k/ ] sf] c;/ x¿

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ljZn]if0f• dfgj a] rlavg÷cf] ;f/ k;f/ af6 sd pd] / ;d"xsf

dlxnfx¿ a9L k|efljt x'g] u/ ] sf] kfO{of] . o;n] s] b] vfpF5 eg] dlxnfx¿sf] a] rlavg / cf] ;f/ k;f/ of} g zf] if0fsf nflu a9L x'g] u/ ] sf] 5 . ljZjdf sl/ a *)Ü b] xJofkf/ sf nflu / !(Ü >d zf] if0fsf nflu dlxnfx¿sf] a] rlavg/cf] ;f/ k;f/ x'g] ub{5 . 30

o; cWoogn] dlxnfdfly x'g] of} lgs lx+;f dlxnfsf] pd] / sf cfwf/ df lgwf{/ 0f x'g] b] vfPsf] 5 .

• lg/ If/ dlxnfx¿eGbf ;fIf/ dlxnfx¿ a9L dfqfdf / To;df klg @*Ü pRrdfWolds, * Ü pRrdfWolds eGbf a9L lzIff cfh{g u/ ] sf dlxnfx¿ a] rlavg/cf] ;f/ k;f/ af6 k|efljt ePsf 5g\ . o;n] s] b] vfpF5 eg] o'jfx¿sf nflu / f] huf/ Lsf] cj;/ cfkm\g} ;dfh jf b] zdf pknAw gx'g', z} lIfs :t/ cg'¿ksf] plrt sfd / Hofnf k|fKt x'g g;Sg'n] dflg;sf] hLjgdf g} / fZotfsf] l;h{gf u5{ / z} lIfs :t/ pRr / x] sf JolQmx¿ sfdsf] vf] lhdf aflx/ hfG5g\ .

• s[lif k] zfdf, s'g} klg sfo{df ;+nUgtf g/ x] sf jf 3/ fo;L sfddf ;+nUg / x] sf dlxnfx¿ a] rlavgdf a9L dfqfdf kb{5g\ . o;n] cfly{s cj:yf sdhf] / ePsf dlxnf / afnaflnsfx¿sf] hLljsf] kfh{gsf] nflu ljsNksf] cefj / x] sf] cj:yfdf cfly{s l:ylt ;'wf/ ug{ s'g} klg k|sf/ sf] k|:tfj cfPdf pgLx¿n] To;nfO{ ;xh ¿kdf cfTd;ft ug{ dha'/ x'G5g\ . kL8sn] o;} s'/ fsf] kmfO{bf p7fO{ dlxnf tyf afnaflnsfdfly o:tf] uDeL/ ck/ fw ug{ ;kmn x'g] u/ ] sf] b] vfpFb5 .

30 Source Initiative against Sexual Trafficking National Coalition Against Domestic Violence

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• a] rlavg/cf] ;f/ k;f/ af6 ;a} eGbf a9L dlxnfx¿s] f dfgl;s / zf/ Ll/ s :jf:Yodf c;/ kg{] u/ ] s] f 5 . ha/ h:tL b] x Jofkf/ df nufO{Psf dlxnfx¿sf] cfkm\gf] z/ L/ dfly ;d] t lgoGq0f / xFb} g . To;sf] k|efj:j¿k dlxnfx¿df PrcfO{eL, of} ghGo ;+qmd0fx¿, clglR5b ue{ / xg] , / dlxnfsf] k|hgg\ k|lqmofnfO{ g} xfgL k'Ug] lsl;dsf ;d:ofx¿ cfpg ;Sb5g\ . a] rlavgdf k/ ] s] f dlxnfx¿sf nflu ;fdflhs PsLs/ 0fdf klg ;d:of kg{] ub{5 . kLl8tnfO{ g} bf] if b] vfpg] ;fdflhs d"NodfGotfn] k|efljtdf emg\ 7"nf] dfgl;s c;/ kb{5 .

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kl/R5]b (

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(=! kL8ssf] k[i7e"ld o; jif{ clen] vLs/ 0f ul/ Psf hDdf !%*! j6f 36gfx¿dWo] k|efljtn] k|bfg u/ ] sf] ;"rgfsf cfwf/ df k|fKt kL8sx¿sf] k[i7e"ldnfO{ ljZn] if0f u/ L o; cWofodf ;dfj] z ul/ Psf] 5 .

(=@ kL8ssf] pd]/ @^ b] lv #% jif{ pd] / ;d"xsf kL8sx¿n] dlxnfx¿dfly a9L-@(Ü_ lx+;f u/ ] sf] kfO{Psf] 5 . To;} u/ L !& Ü kL8sx¿ #^ b] lv $% pd] / ;d"x, !# Ü !^ b] lv @%, (Ü $^ b] lv %% jif{ pd] / ;d"xsf / x] sf 5g\ -rf6{ g+=%&_ . %^ aif{eGbf dflysf kL8sx¿ $Ü / x] sf] kfOof] eg] !% aif{ d'lgsf kL8sx¿ ! Ü / x] sf] kfOof] . @&Ü kL8sx¿sf] pd] / klxrfg gePsf] kfOof] .

rf6{ g+ ^) kL8ssf] pd]/ ;d"x

dflysf] tYofÍn] s] b] vfpF5 eg] x/ ] s pd] / ;d"xsf k'?ifx¿af6

kl/R5]b ( M kL8ssf] k[i7e"ld

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dlxnfdfly lx+;f ePsf] 5 . lkQ[;QfTds d"NodfGotfaf6 g} JolQmsf] ;fdflhsLs/ 0fsf] k|lqmof ;'?x'g] x'Fbf o;n] pgLx¿sf] ;f] r / Jojxf/ df k|efj kf/ ] sf] x'G5 . dlxnf / k'?ifnfO{ afNofj:yf b] lv g} km/ s e"ldsfsf cfwf/ df kl/ jf/ df x'sf{pg] ul/ G5 . kl/ jf/ / ;dfhaf6} dflg;n] w] / } 1fg cfh{g ub{5 . t;y{ ;dfhsf] ;+/ rgfcg'¿k ToxfF / xg] JolQmx¿sf] lzIff, ;f] r / Jojxf/ klg ;+/ rgfut lkQ[;Qfaf6 g} cfh{g x'g] ub{5 . zf/ Ll/ s leGgtf afx] s ;dfg ¿kdf hlGdg] dlxnf / k'?if ;fdflhsLs/ 0f k|lqmofsf sf/ 0f g} km/ s e"ldsfdf :yflkt x'G5g\ . k'?ifnfO{ lg0f{ostf{sf] ¿kdf kl/ jf/ df lnO{G5 eg] dlxnfnfO{ k'?ifn] u/ ] sf] lg0f{o kfngstf{sf] ¿kdf x] l/ G5 .

cfkm\gf] z/ L/ dfly dlxnfsf] cfkm\gf] lgoGq0f 5} g lgoGq0f c?s} xftdf / x] sf] 5 . pbfx/ 0fsf nflu cem klg dlxnfn] kl/ jf/ sf] To;df klg afa'sf] :jLs[lt lagf cfkm"v'l; hLjg;fyL vf] h] / a:g] jftfj/ 0f 5} g . hals pd] / k'u] sf] JolQmn] cfkm"v';L ljjfx ug{ kfpg] ;+j} wflgs clwsf/ / x] s] f 5 . To;} u/ L ;+j} wflgs ¿kdf dlxnfx¿sf] k|hgg\ clwsf/ ;'lglZrt x'g] k|fjwfg 5 . t/ klg dlxnfx¿n] sltj6f aRrf slt jif{sf] km/ sdf hGdfpg] h:tf cToGt} JolQmut s'/ fdf klg c?af6 lgb{] lzt x'g'kb{5 . j} jflxs hLjgdf of} g ;Dks{ / fVg] rfxgf geP klg / fVg afWo agfO{G5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf pgn] cfkm\gf] clwsf/ sf] k|of] u ug{ vf] h] df pgLdfly lx+;f x'g] ub{5Ù / To:tf lx+;fx¿nfO{ ;fdfGoLs/ 0f ul/ G5 . dlxnfx¿ hlGdPb] lv g} :jtGq¿kdf afFRg] / hLjgofkg ug{] clwsf/ ;d] taf6 al~rt ePsf 5g\ . hGd] b] lv ljjfxk"j{sf] cj:yf;Dd dlxnf afa'sf] ;+/ If0fdf / xG5] , ljjfx kZrft\ >Ldfg\sf] , / Psn cj:yfdf / xFbf 5f] / fnfO{ dlxnfsf] ;+/ Ifssf] ¿kdf x] l/ G5 . To;} n] ubf{ ;dfhdf dlxnfsf] z/ L/ dfly / hLjgdf g} lgoGq0f ug{] k'?if xf] eGg] k'?ifjfbL ;f] rn] h/ f] uf8] sf] 5 . o:tf] l:ylt / x] ;Dd dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fdf sdL] cfpg ;Qm} g .

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(=# kL8ssf] n}lËs ljj/0f kL8ssf] n} lËs klxrfgsf cfwf/ df laZn] if0f ug] { xf] eg] dlxnfx¿ a9L k'?ifaf6 lx+;fdf k/ ] sf] kfO{Psf] 5 . dlxnfdfly lx+;f ug] { kL8sx¿df ()Ük'?ifx¿ / !) Ü dlxnfx¿ / x] sf] kfO{Psf] 5 -rf6{ g+=^!_ . o; k|sf/ dlxnfdfly lx+;f ug{] kL8sdf dlxnf / k'?if b'j} / x] sf] kfO{Ptf klg tYofÍn] k'?ifx¿n] g} a9L dlxnfx¿dfly lx+;f ug{] u/ ] sf] b] vfPsf] 5 .

rf6{ g+ ^! kL8ssf] n}lËs ljj/0f

dlxnfnfO{ cem klg ;dfhdf dflg;sf] ¿kdf x] l/ b} g . >Ldfg\ / kl/ jf/ sf] ;DklQsf] ¿kdf / of} g lqmofsnfksf nflu pkef] Uo j:t'sf] ¿kdf x] g{] kl/ kf6Lsf sf/ 0f dlxnfdfly lx+;f eO{/ x] sf] 5 .31 8/ , wDsL, qf; b] vfP/ c?nfO{ lgoGqdf / fVg ;lsof] eg] zlQmzfnL ju{sf] ¿kdf ;dfhdf :yflkt x'g] dfGotfn] ubf{ dlxnfdfly lx+;f ePsf] kfO{G5 . dlxnfsf] bf] if b] vfO{ dlxnfnfO{ yk sdhf] / agfpgsf nflu sltko a'l4hLjLx¿af6} klg dlxnfaf6 g} dlxnf a9L kLl8t agfO{Psf 5g\ eGg] ts{ ;'lgG5 . t/ o o:tf] lsg eO/ x] sf] 5 a'em\g' h¿/ L x'G5 . lkQ[;QfTds ;fdflhs ;+/ rgfdf dlxnfx¿ klg x's{g] / To;df k'?ifs} jr{:j a9L / x] ] sf] b] Vgfn] w] / } dlxnfx¿df lkQ[;QfTds ;f] rsf] ljsf; ePsf] kfO{G5 . 31 Article Written by Sherry Romero December 2001, http://peekabooicu2.50megs.com/abuse-stay.html

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dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;f ;dfhdf dlxnf / k'?ifaLr / x] sf] c;dfg zlQm ;Gt'ngsf] kl/ 0ffd xf] . o;y{ h'g dlxnfsf] zlQmdf kx'Fr x'G5 ltg} dlxnfaf6 zlQmdf kx'Fr gePsf dlxnfx¿ cyf{t\ sdhf] / dlxnfx¿dfly lx+;f ePsf] kfO{G5 . dlxnfdfly lx+;f ug{] x¿df yf] / } k|ltzt -!)Ü_ dlxnfs} ;+nUgtf / x] sf] kfO{Ptf klg dflysf] tYofÍn] s] k'li6 u5{ eg] ;dfhdf x'g] ()Ü lx+;fsf 36gfx¿sf kL8s k'?ifx¿ x'G5g\ .

dlxnfdfly lx+;fug{sf nflu k'?ifTjjfbL ;f] r klg plQs} lhDd] jf/ 5 . ;fdflhsLs/ 0fsf] k|lqmofdf dlxnf / k'?ifn] lgjf{x ub{} cfPsf] e"ldsfn] k'?ifTjjfbL ;f] rsf] ljsf; x'G5 . lsg k'?ifaf6 g} dlxnf a9L kLl8t x'G5g\ eGg] ;Gbe{df rrf{ ubf{ k'?ifdf k'?ifTjjfbL tTj k|fs[lts ¿kdf g} x'g'k5{ eGg] ;f] r ;dfhdf xfaL 5 .32

dlxnfnfO{ lgoGq0fdf /fVg ;lsPg eg] ;dfhdf cfkm\gf] :yfg sdhf]/ x'g] dfgl;stf af]s]sf k'?ifx¿af6 dlxnfdfly lx+;f x'g] ub{5 .

(=$ kL8ssf] z}lIfs cj:yf dlxnfx¿dfly ;a} eGbf a9L-*(Ü_ ;fIf/ JolQmx¿af6} lx+;f x'g] u/ ] sf] kfO{Psf] 5 eg] !! Ü lg/ If/ JolQmx¿n] dlxnfdfly lx+;f u/ ] sf] kfO{Psf] 5 . ;fIf/ JolQmx¿dWo] klg ;a} eGbf a9L -#$Ü) k|f} 9 lzIff k9] sfx¿n] lx+;f u/ ] sf] kfO{Psf] 5 eg] @& Ü dlxnfdfly pRr dfWolds lzIff xfFl;n u/ ] sf JolQmx¿af6 lx+;f ePsf] To;} u/ L !* Ü dfWoflds, !#Ü k|fylds / *Ü pRr dfWofldseGbf dflysf] lzIff xfFl;n u/ ] sf JolQmx¿af6 dlxnfx¿dfly lx+;f ePsf] kfO{of] . -rf6{ g+= ^#_

32 West, C.; Zimmerman, D.H. (1987). "Doing Gender".Gender and Society 1 (2).

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rf6{ g+ ^@ kL8ssf] z}lIfs cj:yf

rf6{ g+= ^# kL8ssf] ;fIf/ tfsf] cj:yf

dflysf] tYofÍn] ;a} :t/ sf] z} lIfs :t/ sf] lzIff xfl;n u/ ] sf JolQmx¿af6 dlxnfdfly lx+;f ePsf] b] vfpF5 . t/ lzIffsf] :t/ df a[l4 x'Fbf dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fdf sdL ePsf] b] lvG5 . o;n] dlxnfdflysf] lx+;f / kL8ssf] z} lIfs :t/ aLr k|ToIf¿kdf gsf/ fTds ;DaGw / x] sf] b] vfpF5 . JolQmsf] lzIffsf] :t/ sf ;fy}

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JolQmsf] ;fdflhsLs/ 0fsf k|lqmof, s:tf] kl/ jf/ / ;dfhdf JolQmsf] x'sf{O{ x'G5 To;n] klg JolQmsf] Jojxf/ / cfr/ 0f lgwf{/ 0f ub{5 .

(=% kL8ssf] j}jflxs cj:yf kL8ssf] j} jflxs cj:yfsf] ljZn] if0f ug] { xf] eg] dlxnfdfly ;a} eGbf a9L -*@Ü_ljjflxt JolQmx¿n] lx+;f u/ ] sf] kfO{Psf] 5 . To;} u/ L cljjflxt JolQmx¿af6 !) Ü , 5'l§P/ a;] sf] @Ü / klxrfg gv'n] sf] ^Ü JolQmx¿af6 lx+;f ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 -rf6{ g++ ^$_.

rf6{ g+ ^$ kL8ssf] j}jflxs cj:yf

dflysf] tYofÍn] s] k'li6 ub{5 eg] dlxnfx¿ cljjflxt / 5'l§P/ a;] sf k'?ifx¿sf] t'ngfdf ljjflxt k'?ifx¿af6 g} a9L lx+;fsf] pRr hf] lvddf / x] sf 5g\ . dlxnfx¿dfly x'g] ;a} k|sf/ sf lx+;f a9L dfqfdf ljjflxt k'?ifaf6 g} x'g] u/ ] sf] dflysf] tYofÍn] b] vfpF5 . "k'?ifx¿n] k'?if eP/ hlGdPkl5 zlQm, of} g / dlxnfdf lgoGq0f ug{] clwsf/ cfkm"df lglxt / x] sf] dxz'; ub{5g\ . k'?ifaf6 ePsf x/ ] s uNtLx¿nfO{ k'?if ePs} sf/ 0fn] d] / f] 5f] / fn] sxfF o:tf] u5{ < d] / f] >Ldfg\af6 s;/ L o:tf] x'g ;S5 < eGg] k'?ifnfO{ ;+/ If0f ug{] ;:s[lt ;dfhdf hLljt g} 5"33 h;sf sf/ 0f k'?ifn]

33 Sociologist Michael Kimmel (2008 book, Guyland)

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dlxnfnfO{ cfkm\gf] lgoGq0fdf / fVgsf nflu zlQmsf] k|bz{g ub{} dlxnfdfly lx+;f ub{5 . o;n] s] b] vfpF5 eg] "dlxnfx¿df cfkm\gf] lgoGq0f sfod ug{ ;lsPg eg] cfkm\gf] cl:tTj ;dfKt x'g] / cfkm" zlQmljxLg x'g] 8/sf sf/0f k'?ifn] cfkm\g} kl/jf/df tyf ;dfhdf /x]sf afnaflnsf tyf dlxnfdfly ljleGg k|sf/sf] lx+;f ub{5 . "

(=^ kL8ssf] k]zf dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;f / kL8ssf] k] zfsf af/ ] df ljZn] if0f ubf{ s[lif k] zfdf ;+nUg ePsf JolQmx¿af6 dlxnfdfly a9L lx+;f ePsf] kfO{Psf] 5 . . s[lifdf ;+nUg $( Ü kL8sx¿af6 dlxnfdfly lx+;f ePsf] 5 . To;} u/ L !# Ü kL8sx¿ Hofnf dhb'/ Ldf ;+nUg / x] sf 5g\ eg] !) Ü kL8sx¿ Joj;fo ug] { / x] sf 5g\ . ;fy} 8«fO{e/ , cfdL{, k'ln;, lzIfs h:tf k] zfsf k'¿ifx?af6 klg dlxnfx¿ kLl8t ePsf] kfO{Psf] 5 -rf6{ g++ ^%_ .

rf6{ g+ ^% kL8ssf] k]zfsf] ljj/0f

o; jif{ k|fKt tYofÍ cg';f/ dlxnfdfly ePsf lx+;fsf 36gfx¿df

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;a} eGbf a9L s[lif k] zfdf ;+nUg dlxnfx¿dfly lx+;f ePsf] / dlxnfdfly lx+;f ug{] kL8sx¿ klg s[lif k] zfdf g} a9L dfqfdf ;+nUg ePsf] kfO{of] . g] kfnsf clw+sfz hg;+Vofsf] k|d'v k] zf s[lif / x] sf] 5 . To;df klg dlxnfx¿sf] k|ToIf ;xefuLtf s[lif k] zfdf a9L / xg] ub{5 . o;n] s] b] vfpF5 eg] g] kfnLx¿sf] k|d'v k] zfdf / x] sf] s[lifdf dlxnfn] ug{] sfdnfO{ sfdsf] ¿kdf klxrfg] ul/ Psf] 5} g, dlxnfn] ug{] sfo{x¿ pTkfbg;Fu hf] l8Psf] ePtf klg To;sf] s'g} d"No tf] lsPsf] 5} g . s[lif k] zfdf k'?ifsf] eGbf dlxnfsf] sfd a9L x'g] ePtf klg k'?ifx¿n] ug{] sfo{sf] dfq klxrfg / d"No ePsf] x'Fbf k'?ifx¿sf] cy{ kl/ rfngdf k|d'v e"ldsf / Fxb} cfPsf] 5 . k'?ifx¿nfO{ dfq 3/ kl/ jf/ rnfpg] d'lnsf] ¿kdf :yflkt ul/ Psf] 5 . ;dfg sfdsf] ;dfg d"No / klxrfg x'g g;Sbf dlxnf / k'?ifn] ug{] sfo{df ;d] t lje] b ePsf] 5 . hldgdf dlxnfsf] clwsf/ 5} g h;n] ubf{ dlxnfdfly lx+;f x'g] jftfj/ 0f tof/ ePsf] 5 .

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kl/R5]b !)

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!)=! k|efljtsf] :jf:Yo kl/If0f o; jif{ clen] vLs/ 0f ul/ Psf 36gfx¿dWo] k|efljtn] k|bfg u/ ] sf] ;'rgfsf] cfwf/ df @%Ü lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx¿n] dfq lx+;f kZrft\ :jf:Yo k/ LIf0f u/ fPsf] kfO{Psf] 5 eg] ^&Ü lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx¿n] s'g} klg lsl;dsf] :jf:Yo k/ LIf0f gu/ fPsf] kfO{Psf] 5 .

rf6{ g+=^^ lx+;f kZrft\ :jf:Yo k/LIf0f l:ylt

;a} k|sf/ sf lx+;faf6 dlxnfx¿sf] :jf:Yodf s'g} g s'g} k|sf/ sf] c;/ kg{] u5{ . dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf sf/ 0f ljz] iful/ dlxnfsf] zfl/ / Ls / dfgl;s :jf:Yodf ulx/ f] c;/ k/ ] sf] kfO{G5 h;nfO{

kl/R5]b !) M k|efljtnfO{ ul/Psf] ;xof]u

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o; jif{sf] tYon] klg k'li6 ub{5 -rf6{ g+=!)_ . dlxnfx¿dfly x'g] w] / } h;f] lx+;f 3/ kl/ jf/ sf ;b:ox¿af6 x'g] ub{5g\ . 3/ kl/ jf/ sf ;b:ox¿af6 ePsf lx+;f "3/ fo;L dfdnf" sf ljifo aGg] / dlxnfsf] :jf:Yodf o;n] h:tf] 7'nf] c;/ kfg{] ePtf klg 3/ kl/ jf/ sf] uf] klgotf cGo JolQm;Dd k'Ug ";fj{hlgs x'g] " / yk lx+;fsf] ;fdgf ug'{kg{] 8/ sf sf/ 0f w] / } dlxnfx¿ :jf:Yo k/ LIf0fsf nflu guPsf] dlxnfx¿n] cWoogsf] qmddf hfgsf/ L u/ fPsf 5g\ .

:jf:Yo ;+:yf;Ddsf] kx'Frsf] cefj, ;j{;'ne pkrf/ sf] cefj / cfjZos :jf:Yo ;] jf pknAw gx'g] h:tf sf/ 0fn] klg dlxnfx¿nfO{ :jf:Yo pkrf/ sf] ;] jf lngaf6 al~rt ub{5 . dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf sf/ 0f zf/ Ll/ s c;/ dlxnfdf w] / } / x] sf] kfO{Ptf klg o;n] dlxnfsf] dfgl;s c;/ df ulx/ f] rf] 6 k'¥ofpg] u/ ] sf] kfO{Psf] 5 . zf/ Ll/ s c;/ b] Vg ;lsG5 t/ lx+;fn] dlxnfsf] dfgl;s :jf:Yodf kf/ ] sf] c;/ b] Vg ;lsGg . dfgl;s c;/ dlxnfsf nflu lgs} vt/ gfs klg x'g ;Qm5 . xfn b] zdf a9\b} uPsf] dlxnf cfTdxTofsf] 36gf of] l:ylt;Fu klg hf] l8Psf] x'g;S5 ls eGg] cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 . t;y{ dlxnfx¿sf] kx'Frdf x'g] u/ L ;d'bfo:t/ df g} dgf] ;fdflhs ljdz{ s] Gb|sf] :yfkgf ug{' clt cfjZos / x] sf] 5 . k/ fdz{ s] Gb|sf dfWodaf6 dlxnfsf] dfgl;s :Jff:Yodf ;sf/ fTds kl/ jt{g Nofpgsf nflu ;xof] u k'Ub5 eg] dlxnfdf yk cfTdljZjf;sf] ljsf; u/ fpg klg k/ fdz{ s] Gb|n] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ub{5 . dlxnfx¿sf] lx+;fd'Qm hLjgofkgsf ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ ;'lglZrttf ug{ klg o;n] ;3fp k'of{pg ;Qm5 .

!)= k|efljtnfO{ ul/Psf] ;xof]usf] ljj/0fo; jif{ cf] / ] s g] kfnn] dlxnf dfgj clwsf/ / Ifsx¿ , ;d'bfodf cfwfl/ t dlxnf ;d"xx¿ / clen] vgstf{x¿ sf] ;xof] udf hDdf

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135

!%*! j6f dlxnfdfly ePsf] lx+;fsf 36gfx¿ ;+sng ug{ ;kmn ePsf] 5 . ;xof] uL ;+oGqx¿ sf] cefjsf sf/ 0f dlxnfx¿ df / x] sf] "df}gtfsf] ;+:s[lt" sf] eË ug{, sfg'gL tyf ;fdflhs Gofodf dlxnfx¿sf] kx'Fr a[l4 ug{sf nflu o; jif{ cf] / ] s g] kfnn] !%$* hgf lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx¿ nfO{34 ljleGg k|sf/ n] ;xof] u u/ ] sf] 5 .

cf] / ] s g] kfnn] cfkm\gf] :yfkgf sfnb] lv g} lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx¿ sf] Gofodf kx'Fr ;'lglZrt / a[l4 ug{sf ljleGg sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ub{} cfPsf] 5 . !((* ;fnb] lv g} ;+:yfn] a] rlavgdf k/ ] sf dlxnfx¿nfO{ nlIft u/ L ;d'bfodf cfwfl/ t ;'/ lIft cfjf;sf] sNkgf u¥of] . ;d'bfosf JolQmx¿ nfO{ g} tflnd k|bfg u/ L g] kfndf klxnf] k6s ;xof] uL ;+oGqsf] cjwf/ 0ffsf] ljsf; klg u¥of] . To;kl5 ;+:yfn] lx+;f k|efljt ;a} dlxnfx¿ sf nflu ;xof] uL ;+oGq cfjZos x'g] / tL ;+oGqx¿ sf] ljsf; x'g g;s] sf] cj:yfdf "dlxnfdfly x'g] h:tf];'s} ck/fw klg kl/jf/sf] JolQmut dfldnfsf] ¿kdf" dfq ;Lldt / xL dlxnfx¿ emg\ o:tf lx+;faf6 k|tfl8t x'g'kg{] cj:yfsf] l;h{gf x'g] s'/ fsf dgg\ ub{} @))) ;fn kZrft\ ;+:yfn] k|ToIf ¿kdf sfo{ ub{} cfPsf lhNnfx¿ df ;'/ lIft cfjf;sf] Joj:yf ug{ ;kmn / x\of] . cfh olx ;+:yf / cGo dlxnf clwsf/ sf If] qdf lqmofzLn cGo ;+:yfsf] lg/ Gt/ k} / jLsf sf/ 0f g] kfn ;/ sf/ s} g] t[Tjdf ;g\ @)!) kl5 ;'/ lIft cfjf;sf] cjwf/ 0f ;/ sf/ L ;+oGqleq / xg ;kmn ePsf] 5 . xfn g] kfn ;/ sf/ n] !% j6f lhNnfx¿ df ;'/ lIft u[xsf] :yfkg u/ L ;] jf k|bfg ub{} cfPsf] 5 . & j6f lhNnfx¿ df k'g:yf{kgf s] Gb|x¿ sf] :yfkgf ePsf] 5 eg] * j6f lhNnfx¿ df Psåf/ ;+s6 Joj:yfkg k|0ffnLsf] ;'?jft ePsf] 5 . o;nfO{ ;+:yfsf] Ps k|d'v pknlAwsf] ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 . oBkL ;/ sf/ n] k|bfg u/ ] sf] ;] jfx¿ k|efljt dlxnfsf] ;xh kx'Frdf gx'g', ;] jf s] Gb|x¿

34 Ps hgf dlxnfx¿ nfO{ PseGbf a9L ;xof]u jf ;]jf k|bfg ul/Psf] ePsfn] of] ;+Vof clen]lvs/0fsf] eGbf a9L b]lvPsf] xf] .

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n] lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfsf nflu cfjZos ;] jfx¿ k|bfg ug{ g;Sg'-;Lldt;] jfx¿ dfq k|bfg ug'{_, oL ;] jf s] Gb|x¿ cem klg k"0f{ ¿kdf n} lu+s ;+j] bgzLn aGg g;Sg', ;] jf s] Gb|x¿ ;Lldtx'g'n] lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx¿ sf nflu oL ;] jfx¿ k|efjsf/ L / kof{Kt 5} gg\ eGg] b] vfpFb5 .

o; jif{ ;+:yfn] clen] vLs/ 0f u/ ] sf 36gfx¿ sf k|efljt dlxnfx¿ dWo] #*@ hgf dlxnfx¿ nfO{ ;'/ lIft cfjf;sf] ;] jf k|bfg u/ ] sf] 5 . o:t} ul/ $^$ hgf dlxnfx¿ nfO{ dgf] ljdz{ ;] jf, (! j6f kl/ jf/ df kf/ Ljfl/ s dgf] ljdz{ ;] jf, #!% hgf dlxnfx¿ nfO{ sfg'gL ;xof] u, @)& hgf dlxnfx¿ sf] :jf:Yo pkrf/ sf nflu ;xof] u, #$ hgf dlxnfx¿ nfO{ ljleGg ;Lkd"ns tflndx¿ sf] Joj:yf u/ L Joj;fo ug{ cfly{s ;xof] u, & hgf dlxnfx¿ nfO{ k9\gsf nflu ;xof] u, @% hgf dlxnfx¿ nfO{ Joj;flos l;k cfh{g ug{sf nflu tflndsf] Joj:yf u/ L ;xof] u u/ ] sf] 5 . #@ hgf dlxnfx¿ nfO{ cGo ljleGg ;+:yfx¿ sf] ;xof] udf lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx¿ sf] cfjZostf x] / L cfjZos ;xof] usf nflu l/ km/ u/ ] sf] 5 .

lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx¿ sf] kx'Frdf x'g] u/ L ;xof] uL ;+oGqsf] ljsf; ug{ ;s] df dlxnfx¿ n] cfkm"dfly ePsf] lx+;fsf lj?4 af] Ng cfTdljZjf; / k|f] T;fxg x'g] u/ ] sf] lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx¿ ;Fusf] 5nkmnsf bf} / fgdf dlxnfx¿ n] atfPsf lyP . h'g If] qdf a9L dfqfdf dlxnfsf nflu ;xof] uL ;+oGqx¿ pknAw 5g\ tL If] qx¿ af6 a9L lx+;fsf 36gfx¿ aflx/ cfPsf 5g\ To;nfO{ o; jif{sf] dlxnfdfly ePsf] lx+;fsf] clen] vLs/ 0fsf] tYofs+n] k'li6 ub{5 .

lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx¿ sf nflu cfjZos kg{] ;xof] uL ;+oGq -;'/ lIft cfjf;, sfg'gL ;] jf, dgf] ljdz{ ;] jf, cf} iflw pkrf/ _

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k|bfg ug{] k|d'v lhDd] jf/ L / fHosf] xf] . s'g} klg dlxnfdfly lx+;f x'Fbf p;sf] clwsf/ ;+/ If0fsf nflu k|efljtnfO{ Gofo lbnfpgsf nflu cfjZos ;Dk"0f{ sfo{x¿ ug'{ / fHosf] bfloTjleq kb{5 .

rf6{ g+= ^& lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx¿ sf nflu ;+:yfn] o; jif{ u/]sf ;xof]usf] ljj/0f k|ltztdf

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kl/R5]b !!

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;~rf/ cg'udgaf6 k|fKt dlxnf lx+;fsf] tYo o;jif{ u/L Psf] ;~rf/cg'udgsf cfwf/df dlxnf lx+;fsf] cj:yfsf] ljZn]if0f

u/L tn k|:t't u/LPsf] 5 . cf/]s g]kfnn] clen]vLs/0f u/]sf 36gfx¿;~rf/

dfWoddf k|sfzgdf cfPsf ePtf klg 36gfsf] ;+Vof bf]xf]l/g glbgsf nflu tL

36gfx¿nfO{ ;dfj]z gu/L hDdf #(* j6f 36gfx¿nfO{ dfq ljZn]if0f u/L o;

k|ltj]bgdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 .

;+rf/dfWodf 36gfx¿k|fo ;+ªlIfKt ;dfrf/sf] ¿kdf k|sflzt x'G5g\ . To;sf]

lj:t[t hfgsf/L k|fKt gx'g] x'bfF+ 36gfsf] ljZn]if0f ug{ t ;lsPsf] 5}g oBlk ;+rf/

dfWoddf k|sflzt dlxnfdfly ePsf lx+;fsf 36gfx¿sf] cj:yfnfO{ ljZn]if0f u/L

rf6{df k|:t't u/LPsf] 5 .

rf6{ ^* kfFr ljsfz If]q / lx+;fsf] kl/0ffd

kl/R5]b !! M ;~rf/ cg'udg

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rf6{ g+ ^( dlxnf dfly ePsf lx+;fsf k|sf/x¿ -k|ltztdf _

rf6{ &) kfFr ljsfz If]q / lx+;fsf] kl/0ffd

dlxnf dfly x'g] lx+;fsf k|sf/x¿

3/]n' lx+;fsf k|sf/x¿

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rf6{ g+ dlxnf dfly ePsf ;fdflhs lx+;fsf k|sf/x¿ rf6{ g+ &! dlxnf dfly ePsf ;fdflhs lx+;fsf k|sf/x¿

rf6{ g+ &@ lx+;fsf] k|sf/ / kL8s;Fusf] ;DaGw

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rf6{ g+ &# pd]/ ;d"x cg';f/ lx+;fsf] cj:yf

rf6{ g+ &$ kLl8tsf] hflt cg';f/ lx+;fsf] k|sf/ www.wore

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rf6{ g+ &% k|efljtsf] a}jflxs cj:yf

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kl/R5]b !@

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lgisif{ / ;'emfjx¿dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;f g] kfnsf] ;Gbe{df dfq gP/ ljZjdf g} hl6n ;d:ofsf] ¿kdf ljBdfg 5 . dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;f dfgj clwsf/ xgg\sf] w] / } ] nHhf:kb pbfx/ 0f xf] . dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf :j¿kx¿ ljleGg ePtf klg of] ;a} ju{, ef} uf} lns ;Ldf, ;+:s[ltx¿df JofKt / x] sf] kfO{G5 . ha;Dd dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] cGTo x'Fb} g ta;Dd ;dfgtf, ljsf; / zflGtsf] ;xL k|ult xfFl;n ug{ ;lsb} +g -sf] kmL cGgfg, k'j{ dxf;lrj, ;+o'Qm / fi6« ;ª\3_ .

dlxnfdfly x'g] x/ ] s lx+;f ck/ fw xf] / of] dfgj clwsf/ sf] xgg\ xf] . dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf sf/ 0f dlxnfx¿ cfwf/ e"t dfgj clwsf/ x¿M afFRg kfpg] clwsf/ , ;dfgtfsf] clwsf/ , oftgfd'Qm eO{ hLjgofkg ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ , :jtGq / ;'/ lIft ¿kdf hLjgofkg ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ ;d] taf6 al~rt agfO{Psf 5g\ . dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf sf/ 0f dlxnfsf] zf/ Ll/ s, dfgl;s, ;fdflhs / cfly{s hLjgdf k|ToIf ¿kdf c;/ kb{5 eg] afnaflnsf / kl/ jf/ klg dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;faf6 k|efljt x'g] ub{5g\ .

dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] Go"gLs/ 0fsf nflu ;/ sf/ L / u} / ;/ sf/ L b'j} If] qx¿af6 ljleGg k|of;x¿ ePsf 5g\ . oBkL xfn;Dd ePsf k|of;x¿ ;Lldt dfqfdf sfof{Gjog÷nfu" ul/ Psf] 5 h;n] ubf{ dlxnfx¿sf] hLjgdf ck] Iffs[t kl/ jt{g x'g ;s] sf] 5} g . dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] Go"gLs/ 0fsf nflu ;+/ rgfut kl/ jt{g clt cfjZos 5 . To;sf ;fy} dlxnfx¿sf nflu kof{Kt ;xof] uL ;+oGqsf] lj:tf/ ul/ g' jf~5gLo 5 .

kl/R5]b !@ M lgisif{ / ;'emfjx¿

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dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] cGTo ;Dej 5 . o;sf nflu ;j{k|yd dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;f dlxnfsf] dfq ;jfn geP/ ;a} sf] k|d'v ;jfnsf] ¿kdf :yflkt ul/ g' h?/ L 5 . ;dfhdf h/ f] uf8] / / x] s] f lje] bk"0f{ lkQ[;QfTds ;+/ rgfn] ;a} If] qnfO{ k|efj kf/ ] sf] 5 . o;y{ s'g} Ps If] qdf ePsf] kl/ jt{gn] dfq dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] cGTo ;Dej 5} g . x/ ] s If] qx¿df dlxnfsf] ;dfg ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt x'g' cfjZos 5 . dlxnfd'vL sfg'gL Joj:yf, ePsf] gLlt lgodx¿sf] n} lËs ;+j] bgzLntfsf ;fy k|efjsf/ L ¿kdf sfof{Gjog, ;] jf k|bfos sfg'gL, Goflos, :jf:Yo nufot ;a} If] qx¿df n} lËs ;+j] bgzLntfsf] ljsf; / dlxnfd'vL jftfj/ 0f tof/ ug{ ;s] df dlxnfx¿sf] "df}gtfsf] ;+:s[lt" nfO{ eË ub{} dlxnfx¿df lx+;fnfO{ ægfO{Æ eGgsf nflu cfTdan / yk cfTdljZjf;sf] ljsf; ug{ ;lsG5 .

o; k':tsdf ul/ Psf] dlxnfdfly ePsf lx+;fsf 36gfx¿sf] ljZn] if0f kZrft\ dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fk|lt ;a} ;/ f] sf/ jfnfx¿nfO{ hjfkmb] xL, pQ/ bfoL aGg / ;Daf] wg ug{ xfdL lgDg ;'emfjx¿ k] z ub{5f} + M

• dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;f lj?4 sfo{/ t ;ª\3;+:yfx¿n] cf–cfkm\g} 9ª\un] dlxnf lj?4sf lx+;fsf 36gfx¿sf] tYofÍ ;ª\sng ug{] u/ ] tf klg ;du|df dlxnfdfly x'g] u/ ] sf lx+;fsf 36gfx¿sf] / fli6«o tYofÍ pknAw 5} g . g] kfndf n} lu+s lje] bdf cfwfl/ t lje] b ;'rgf Joj:yfkg k|0ffnLsf] :yfkgf / fli6«o dlxnf cfof] udf ePsf] 5 . o;y{ o;sf] k|efjsf/ L ;~rfngsf nflu g] kfn ;/ sf/ af6} cg'udg / cfjZos ;|f] t ;fwgx¿ pknAw u/ fOg' h?/ L 5 .

• ;xof] uL ;+oGqx¿df dlxnfsf] kx'Fr k'u] sf] l:yltdf dfq dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf 36gfx¿ aflx/ cfpg] x'Fbf dlxnfsf]

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;xh kx'Frdf x'g] u/ L g] kfn ;/ sf/ af6 b] zsf &% j6} lhNnfx¿df ;xof] uL ;+oGqx¿ -;'/ lIft cfjf;, sfg'gL k/ fdz{ tyf ;xof] u, lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfsf nflu lgz'Ns :jf:Yo hfFr cfbL_ sf] ljsf; ul/ g' jf~5gLo 5 .

• dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf sf/ 0f dlxnfx¿sf] dfgl;s :jf:Yodf a9L c;/ kg{] u/ ] sf] kfO{Psf] 5 . o;y{ dlxnfsf] kx'Frdf x'g] u/ L ;d'bfo :t/ df dgf] ;fdflhs k/ fdz{ s] Gb|x¿sf] :yfkgf u/ L tflnd k|fKt / ;Lkjfg JolQmx¿af6 ;] jf k|bfg ul/ g' kb{5 .

• dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] d"n sf/ 0fsf] ¿kdf kl/ jf/ , ;dfh / b] zs} x/ ] s ;+/ rgfx¿df h/ f] uf8] / / x] sf] lje] bk"0f{ lkQ[;QfTds ;+/ rgf lhDd] jf/ kfO{Psf] 5 . dlxnf / k'?ifsf nflu lgwf{l/ t e"ldsfdf kl/ jt{g gu/ L dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] cGTo ;Dej 5} g . of] kl/ jt{gsf nflu / fHosf x/ ] s lgsfox¿df dlxnfsf] ;dfg'kflts ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ul/ g' jf~5gLo 5 .

• 3/ ] n' lx+;f lgoGq0fsf nflu ag] sf] 3/ ] n' lx+;f -s;'/ / ;hfo_ P] g @)^^ / lgodfjnL @)^& n] 3/ ] n' lx+;fsf ;a} kIfx¿nfO{ ;d] 6\g ;s] sf] 5} g, / sfg'gL k|lqmofsf s'/ fx¿ klg c:ki6 ePsf x'Fbf o;nfO{ t'?Gt kl/ dfh{g ul/ g' cfjZos 5 .

• @)^* kmfu'g !! ut] k|wfgdGqL 8f= afa'/ fd e§/ fO{åf/ f dGqfnosf ;lrjx¿ / ;'/ Iff lgsfonfO{ dlxnfn] 36gfx¿sf] ph'/ L u/ ] sf] @$ 306fleq sfjf{xL ug{] Joj:yf ug{ lbPsf] lgb{] zg cem;Dd klg Jojxf/ df nfu" x'g ;s] sf] 5} g . o;y{ k|wfgdGqLaf6 ePsf] Tof] lgb{] zgsf] k|efjsf/ L

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sfof{Gjog ;] jf k|bfos x/ ] s lgsfoaf6 oyflz3| ul/ g' h?/ L 5 .

• dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf 36gfsf] ph'/ L lnP/ hfFbf klg ph'/ L g;'Gg] , pN6} dlxnfnfO{ yk kL8f k'¥ofpg] vfnsf lqmofsnfk ;/ sf/ L ;+oGqdf / x] sf sd{rf/ Lx¿af6 g} x'g] u/ ] sf] w] / } u'gf;fx¿ dlxnfaf6 cfPsf 5g\ . o;y{ o;/ L dlxnfnfO{ yk kL8f k'¥ofpg] ;/ sf/ L ;+oGqdf / x] sf jf ;] jf k|bfg ug{] :yfgdf / x] sf JolQmx¿nfO{ dlxnfdfly lx+;f ug{ lg?T;flxt ug{sf nflu g] kfn ;/ sf/ åf/ f ljz] if Joj:yf cljnDj ul/ g' kb{5 .

dlxnfdfly h'g;'s} ;dodf klg lx+;f x'g ;Sg] x'Fbf dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;f ;Daf] wgsf nflu u7g ePsf / fHosf lgsfox¿af6 lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfsf] cfjZostfnfO{ x] / L ;dosf] s'g} kfjlGblagf ;] jf lj:tf/ ul/ g'kb{5 .

sfg'gsf lje] bsf/ L ;Dk"0f{ k|fjwfgx¿ vf/ ] h u/ L kLl8t s] lGb|t Gofo k|0ffnL, gofF sfg'gsf] lgdf{0f ul/ g' cfjZos 5 .

kLl8t÷k|efljt / ;fIfLsf] ;'/ Iffsf nflu ;'/ Iff / ;+/ If0f P] gsf] t'?Gt Joj:yf ul/ g' kb{5 .

;d'bfo :t/ df dlxnf clwsf/ ;'lglZrttfsf nflu :jod;] jL efjgfn] lqmofzLn dlxnf dfgj clwsf/ / Ifsx¿n] ljleGg lsl;dsf r'gf} tLx¿sf] ;fdgf ug'{kg{] l:yltn] b08xLgtfsf] ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; u/ ] sf] 5 . dlxnf dfgj clwsf/ / Ifsx¿dfly x'g] lx+;fsf] hf] lvd sd ug{sf nflu g] kfn ;/ sf/ af6 dlxnf dfgj clwsf/ / Ifsx¿sf] ;'/ Iffsf] gLltut Joj:yf cljnDa ul/ g' kb{5 .

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anbeshi 2069

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human rights

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human rights

domestic violence

rashida manjoo

disease control

special rapporteur