• ANATOMY – study of the parts of the body

• PHYSIOLOGY – function of the body

• ANATOMICAL POSITION – standing erect with face forward, arms at the side, palms forward

Anatomic Terminology – Position and Direction

• ANTERIOR or VENTRAL – front or in front of

• POSTERIOR or DORSAL – back or in back of

Frontal

Dorsal ↓

• CRANIAL – refers to the head of the body

• CAUDAL – means tail endTail end

• SUPERIOR – upper or above something

• INFERIOR – lower or below something

Superior

Inferior

• MEDIAL – toward the middle

• LATERAL – toward the side of the body

←←MedialLateral

• PROXIMAL – toward the point of attachment to the body or the trunk of the body

• DISTAL – away from the point of attachment to the body

Proximal

Distal

• SUPERFICIAL

(EXTERNAL) – near the surface or outside the body

• DEEP (INTERNAL) – inside the body

Body Planes and Sections

• PLANES – imaginary anatomical dividing planes

• SECTION – cut made through the body in the direction of a certain plane

• SAGITTAL PLANE – divides the body into right and left parts

• CORONAL (FRONTAL) PLANE – vertical cut at right angles to saggital plane, divides the body into anterior and posterior portions

• TRANSVERSE PLANE – cross-section, a horizontal cut that divides the body into upper and lower parts

Cavities of the Body

• DORSAL CAVITY – contains brain and spinal cord – the brain is in the CRANIAL CAVITY and the spinal cord is in the SPINAL CAVITY.

• ANTERIOR or VENTRAL CAVITY contains the THORACIC and ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITIES

• The thoracic cavity contains the lungs and heart

• ABDOMINAL CAVITY contains stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder and pancreas

• PELVIC CAVITY contains urinary bladder and reproductive organs

Abdominopelvic Cavity Regions

R Hypochondriac Epigastric L Hypochondriac

R LumbarUmbilical L Lumbar

R Inguinal Hypogastric L Inguinal

Tissues

• TISSUES – cells grouped because they are similar in shape, size, structure, and function

• EPITHELIAL TISSUE – protects the body by covering internal and external surfaces, and produces secretions

• CONNECTIVE TISSUE – supports and connects organs and tissue

• MUSCLE TISSUE – has the ability to contract and move the body

• NERVOUS TISSUE – cells that react to stimuli and conduct an impulse

Tissue Continued

• ADIPOSE TISSUE – type of connective tissue that stores fat cells

• LIGAMENTS – strong, flexible bands of connective tissue that hold bones firmly together at the joints

• TENDONS – white bands of connective tissue attaching skeletal muscle to bone

• CARTILAGE – firm, flexible support of the embryonic skeleton and part of the adult skeleton

Membranes

• MEMBRANES – formed by putting two thin layers of tissue together, cells may secrete a fluid

• MUCOUS MEMBRANES– lines digestive, respiratory, reproductive and urinary systems – produces mucous to lubricate and protect the lining

SEROUS MEMBRANES – double-walled membrane - produces a watery fluid, lines closed

body cavities

• the outer part of the membrane that lines the cavity is the PARIETAL membrane

• the part that covers the organs is the VISCERAL membrane.

• PLEURAL MEMBRANE – lines thoracic or chest cavity and protects the lungs

• PERICARDIAL MEMBRANE – lines the heart cavity and protects the heart

• PERITONEAL MEMBRANE – lines the abdominal cavity and protects abdominal organs

•

Organs and Systems

• ORGAN SYSTEM – a group of organs which act together to perform a specific, related function

• Integumentary• Skeletal• Muscular• Digestive• Respiratory• Circulatory• Excretory• Nervous• Endocrine• Reproductive