anatomy & physiology lat chapter 5. chapter 5 lat presentations study tips if viewing this in...

Anatomy & PhysiologyAnatomy & Physiology

LAT Chapter 5

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Chapter 5Anatomy And PhysiologyAnatomy And Physiology

• Study of cells, tissues and organs

• Gross anatomy

• Histology

• Physiology

For cell diagrams and labeling exercises, go to:

http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/animals/cell/

Chapter 5

• Animal cells have threeAnimal cells have three basic components basic components Cell membrane Nucleus Cytoplasm

Body OrganizationBody Organization

• Animal’s body has three levels of organizationAnimal’s body has three levels of organization Cellular Tissue Organ

• Some cellular processes are active, while others are passive.

Chapter 5Body OrganizationBody Organization

Chapter 5

• Connective tissue Binds together or supports cells, other tissues/organs

TissueTissue

• Muscle (contractile) tissue Contracts on stimulation Movement, posture and heat production

• Nerve tissue Conducts nerve impulses throughout the body

• Epithelial tissue Covers all body surfaces; lines all cavities; forms glands Protective barrier against the environment

Four Tissue Types:Four Tissue Types:

Chapter 5Organ and Organ SystemsOrgan and Organ Systems

Integumentary Skeletal Muscular Circulatory Lymphatic Respiratory

Major Organ SystemsMajor Organ Systems

Digestive Urinary Reproductive Nervous Endocrine

Chapter 5IntegumentaryIntegumentary SystemSystem

• The skin, or integument, covers an animal and The skin, or integument, covers an animal and protects it for the outside environment.protects it for the outside environment.

• Vertebrate skin has three basic structures:Vertebrate skin has three basic structures:

Epidermis

Dermis

Glands

Chapter 5SkeletalSkeletal SystemSystem

• A skeleton is the framework of an animal’s A skeleton is the framework of an animal’s body.body.

• Most vertebrates have an Most vertebrates have an internal skeleton or internal skeleton or endoskeletonendoskeleton, which protects , which protects various parts of the body.various parts of the body.

• The skeleton facilitates movement.The skeleton facilitates movement.

• Two tissue types in the vertebrate skeleton: Two tissue types in the vertebrate skeleton: BoneCartilage

Chapter 5Bone ClassificationBone Classification

Four types of bones classified by shape:Four types of bones classified by shape:Bones

Long bones

Short bones

Flat bones

Irregular bones

Bone Parts

Diaphysis

Epiphysis

Medullary cavity

Periosteum

Chapter 5

Axial SkeletonAxial Skeleton Skull

Two parts: cranium and facial Vertebrae

Vertebral column consists of bones known as vertebrate

Ribs and sternum Part of the thoracic region

Main Bone GroupsMain Bone Groups

Two main bone groups:Two main bone groups: Axial skeleton Appendicular skeleton

Chapter 5Main Bone GroupsMain Bone Groups

Appendicular Skeleton is made up of bones Appendicular Skeleton is made up of bones and includes the pectoral girdleand includes the pectoral girdle

• The forelimb consists of the: Humerus (upper arm) Radius and ulna (forearm) Carpals (wrist bones) Metacarpals (hand bones) Phalanges (fingers, digits, thumbs)

• The hindlimb consists of the: Femur (thigh) Tarsals (ankle bones) Metatarsals (foot bones)

Patella (knee cap) Tibia and fibula (lower leg) Phalanges (toes)

Chapter 5Main Bone GroupsMain Bone Groups

Chapter 5Joints and MovementJoints and Movement

The following general terms apply to joint The following general terms apply to joint movement:movement:•Rotation

Pivot movement; e.g., turning the head

•Flexion Bending or folding; e.g., elbow joint

•Extension Opening the joint

•Abduction Movement of bone away from midline

•Adduction Movement toward the midline

Chapter 5Muscular SystemMuscular System

Muscle tissue found in almost every part of Muscle tissue found in almost every part of the body and consists of three distinct the body and consists of three distinct types:types:

Skeletal muscle Smooth muscle Cardiac muscle

Chapter 5Muscle ClassificationMuscle Classification

Muscles and their functionsMuscles and their functions Skeletal muscle (striated muscle)

Primary function is movement of bones

Smooth muscle Muscle contractions are involuntary Walls of blood vessels and organs of digestive system

Cardiac muscle (heart) Specialized type of striated muscle Normally self-stimulating, producing the continuous pumping

of the heart

Chapter 5Circulatory System - BloodCirculatory System - Blood

• Primary function of circulatory system is to Primary function of circulatory system is to remove carbon dioxide and waste products remove carbon dioxide and waste products from cells.from cells.

• The medium transport is The medium transport is blood.blood. Blood is composed of a plasma portion and several

types of cellular elements. Plasma comprises 55 percent of total blood volume.

• ErythrocytesErythrocytes are the most abundant type of are the most abundant type of blood cell.blood cell. Produced primarily in the bone marrow and aids the

transport of respiratory gases.

Chapter 5Circulatory System - BloodCirculatory System - Blood

Chapter 5LeukocytesLeukocytes

• Leukocytes are less Leukocytes are less abundant than RBCs.abundant than RBCs.

• Two main types:Two main types: Granulocytes Lymphoid cells

• GranulocytesGranulocytes• Relatively large cells; nuclei are multi-lobed; cytoplasm

contains microscopic granules• Classified based on straining properties:

Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils

Chapter 5Lymphoid and Thrombocyte CellsLymphoid and Thrombocyte Cells

• Lymphoid cellsLymphoid cells Most commonly occur in lymph vessels and in the

nodes along these vessels Large lymphoid cells - monocytes Small white blood cells - lymphocytes Lymphoid and small white blood cells help make

up the immune system

• ThrombocytesThrombocytes Platelets essential for blood clotting Formation of hemostatic plugs or clots Serum

Chapter 5Structures of the Circulatory SystemStructures of the Circulatory System

HeartHeart• Four chambers in mammals and birdsFour chambers in mammals and birds

• Composed of three separate tissue layersComposed of three separate tissue layers Myocardium (heart muscle) Epicardium (covers outer surface of myocardium) Endocardium (delicate layer of tissue lining the inside

of the heart’s chambers)

• Right and left halvesRight and left halves Each contains an atrium and

a ventricle, which acts to collect blood and circulate it throughout the body


Blood VesselsBlood Vessels• Heart contains three Heart contains three

types of blood types of blood vessels:vessels:

Arteries Carry blood away from the

heart

Veins Return blood to the heart

Blood capillaries Connect arteries and veins

Capillaries

Veins


Blood VesselsBlood Vessels• Blood passes from the capillaries into the Blood passes from the capillaries into the

venous system; first through venules and venous system; first through venules and then veins.then veins.

• Veins Veins Carry blood at pressures lower

than arteries. Venous systems act as reservoir.

Hold roughly 60% of total blood volume.

Largest vein in body: Vena Cava, which lies next to the aorta.

Vena cava empties into the right atrium.

Chapter 5Circulation ControlCirculation Control

• Blood flows from an area where pressure is greater Blood flows from an area where pressure is greater to an area where it is lower.to an area where it is lower.

• Left ventricle is source of highest pressure.Left ventricle is source of highest pressure.• Blood pressure is recorded as Blood pressure is recorded as diastolicdiastolic and and

systolicsystolic pressures. pressures. Diastole

occurs as the blood flows in and the ventricle is at rest. Systole

occurs as the mitral valve closes just as the ventricle begins to contract.

• Blood is taken from the ventricles during a cardiac Blood is taken from the ventricles during a cardiac puncture procedure.puncture procedure.

Chapter 5Lymphatic SystemLymphatic System

• Lymphatic system is the filter mechanism Lymphatic system is the filter mechanism for the body; it provides one of the major for the body; it provides one of the major defenses against pathogenic invasion.defenses against pathogenic invasion.

• System componentsSystem components Lymph Lymphatics Lymph Nodes

Chapter 5Lymphatic SystemLymphatic System

Chapter 5

• RespirationRespiration• The exchange of gases between cells and the tissue

fluids around them• Largely a mechanical process

• Gills and skinGills and skin• Fish and larval amphibians

• LungsLungs• All terrestrial vertebrates

• Gas exchange: OGas exchange: O2 2 & CO& CO2 2 by diffusionby diffusion

• Respiratory system aids vocalization, Respiratory system aids vocalization, temperature and water loss in vertebrates.temperature and water loss in vertebrates.

Respiratory SystemRespiratory System

Chapter 5Anatomy of the Respiratory SystemAnatomy of the Respiratory System

• The structures of the vertebrate respiratory The structures of the vertebrate respiratory system consist of:system consist of: Nose Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Alveoli Lung

Chapter 5Mechanism of VentilationMechanism of Ventilation

• Air moves into and out of the lungs.Air moves into and out of the lungs. Air flows into the lungs if atmospheric pressure

is greater than pressure within the lungs. Air flows out of the lungs if pressure within the

lungs is greater that atmospheric pressure.

• InspirationInspiration (breathing in) is accomplished (breathing in) is accomplished by increasing volume of the thoracic by increasing volume of the thoracic cavity.cavity.

• ExpirationExpiration (breathing out) is accomplished (breathing out) is accomplished by relaxation of the diaphragm.by relaxation of the diaphragm.

Chapter 5Exchange of Gases and Transport by the BloodExchange of Gases and Transport by the Blood

• Exchange of gases and COExchange of gases and CO22 between blood in between blood in the capillaries and air in the alveoli occurs by the capillaries and air in the alveoli occurs by diffusion.diffusion.

Venous blood arrives at lungs deficient in oxygen and rich in CO2.

Gases are exchanged as the blood passes through the capillary at the alveolus.

Chapter 5

• Carnivore, herbivore & omnivoreCarnivore, herbivore & omnivore

• Alimentary canalAlimentary canal

• Stomach Stomach

• RumenRumen

• IntestinesIntestines

• CecumCecum

Digestive SystemDigestive System

Chapter 5Digestive System Anatomy and OperationDigestive System Anatomy and Operation

• Gastrointestinal tractGastrointestinal tract Long tube called the alimentary canal consisting of

several organs (e.g., stomach, intestines) Begins at the lips, teeth and tongue

Inside of digestive system lined with epithelial tissue

• Carnivorous and omnivorous animals Carnivorous and omnivorous animals have one stomach; some herbivores have one stomach; some herbivores (ruminants) have four specialized stomach (ruminants) have four specialized stomach compartments.compartments.

• Primary purpose of stomach is storage.Primary purpose of stomach is storage.


• Most digestion occurs in first section of Most digestion occurs in first section of small intestine, which is the duodenum.small intestine, which is the duodenum.

• Digestion is accomplished by bacteria Digestion is accomplished by bacteria found in the cecum.found in the cecum. Cecum is large in rabbits, horses, and rodents and

helps to digest roughage. Cecum is small in other species, such as humans and

dogs, and contributes little to digestion.

• Nutrient and water absorption completed Nutrient and water absorption completed in large intestine or colon.in large intestine or colon.

• Feces are eliminate through anal sphincter Feces are eliminate through anal sphincter muscle.muscle.


• Process of digestion breaks down large Process of digestion breaks down large particles of food into smaller molecules.particles of food into smaller molecules.

• Liver and pancreas play vital roles in Liver and pancreas play vital roles in digestion.digestion.

• Pancreas serves two functions:Pancreas serves two functions: Exocrine gland

secretes digestive enzymes through ducts into small intestine Endocrine gland

secretes glucose-regulating hormones directly into the bloodstream

• Technicians should monitor appearance of Technicians should monitor appearance of feces and promptly report abnormalities.feces and promptly report abnormalities.

Chapter 5

• KidneysKidneys• nephron• urine

• UretersUreters• transports urine to bladder

• Urinary bladderUrinary bladder• urine storage

• UrethraUrethra• connects bladder with exterior

Urinary SystemUrinary System

Chapter 5Urinary SystemUrinary System

Chapter 5

• GonadsGonads Production of gametes and secretion of sex

hormones

• Female reproductive organsFemale reproductive organs

• Male reproductive organsMale reproductive organs

Reproductive SystemReproductive System

Chapter 5Reproductive SystemReproductive System

Chapter 5

• NeuronsNeurons

• BrainBrain

• Central nervous systemCentral nervous system Includes brain and spinal cord

• Peripheral nervous systemPeripheral nervous system Controls voluntary movement Subdivision is the ANS which

regulates involuntary functions of visceral and other organs

The Nervous SystemThe Nervous System

Chapter 5

• RegulationRegulation Digestion, metabolism, growth, puberty,

reproduction and aging

• GlandsGlands Pituitary “master gland” Adrenal Thyroid Parathyroid Pancreas Gonads

Endocrine SystemEndocrine System

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