Anatomy and PhysiologyStructure and Function

Mary Beth Vogel, BSN, RN-C

Useless Facts:

• There are at least 200 different types of cells in the human body

• 11% of the world is left-handed • 50% of a human’s bones are in the

hands/feet • A cough releases an explosive charge of air

that moves at speeds up to 60 mph • A human being loses an average of 40 to

100 strands of hair a day

• Anatomy

• Gross vs Microscopic

• Comparative anatomy

• Physiology

• Pathology or Pathophysiology

Structural Levels of Organization

• Least to most complex:

• A. Chemical

• B. Cellular

• C. Tissue

• D. Organ

• E. Systems

• F. Body

Levels of Organization

Systems

• Organs arranged to perform complex functions

• Can you name all of the systems?

Levels of Organization

• Integumentary• Nervous• Skeletal• Endocrine • Muscular• Cardiovascular• Lymphatic• Urinary• Respiratory• Digestive• Reproductive• Sensory (12th in some texts)

Anatomical Position• Reference position

• Variations:

• Supine

• Prone

Directional Terminology

• Reference points• Anterior• Posterior• Superficial• Deep• Proximal• Distal

• Superior

• Inferior

• Medial

• Lateral

• Why are these important in health care?

• Can you put a directional term in a patient related/clinical sentence?

Directional References

Planes

• A. Transverse

• B. Frontal (coronal)

• C. Sagittal / Midsagittal

• What careers use plane

terminology?

Planes

Body Cavities• Internal spaces that hold organs

• What is the function of a cavity?

• Two major:

• Dorsal

• Ventral

Body Cavities

Dorsal Cavity

• 1. Cranial cavity

• 2. Spinal cavity

Ventral Cavity

• 1. Thoracic cavity

• R&L pleural cav: lungs

• Mediastinum: hrt/pericardial cav, trachea, major vess

• 2. Abdominopelvic cavity

• Abdominal cav: dig organs

• Pelvic cav: dig/rep/urin organs

• 1 & 2 sep by diaphragm

Review!

A:

B:

B:

Check your answers!

Membranes• Serous memb: covers viscera and lines

thoracic + abdominopel cav

• 2 types:

• 1. Parietal – lines cavity

• 2. Visceral – covers organs

• Also named by cavity location:

• 1. Pleural: thoracic cav

• 2. Peritoneum: abd cavity

• Parietal pleura

• Visceral pleura

• Parietal peritoneum

• Visceral peritoneum

Quadrants

• Abdominopelvic area divided into 4:

• RUQ, LUQ, RLQ, LLQ

• Reference pt

• Major organs in each?

Abdominopelvic Quadrants

Abdominopelvic Regions

• 9 total:

• Upper: R & L hypochondriac, epigastric

• Middle: R & L lumbar, umbilical

• Lower: R & L iliac/inguinal, hypogastric

• What abdominopelvic region is located in all 4 quadrants?

Body Regions Terminology• Why is this vocabulary important in health

care?• Antecubital• Axillary• Antebrachial• Brachial• Buccal• Carpal• Cephalic• Cervical• Cranial/cranium

• Cutaneous• Cubital• Deltoid• Digital• Dorsal• Facial: nasal, orbital/opthalmic, oral,

frontal, zygomatic• Femoral• Gastric• Gluteal• Hepatic

• Inguinal• Lumbar• Mammary• Occipital• Olecranal• Patellar• Pedal• Pelvic• Perineal• Plantar• Popliteal

• Pectoral• Supraclavicular• Tarsal• Temporal• Thoracic• Umbilical• Volar

Body divisions

• Axial

• Appendicular

Technology allows a view

• X-rays

• Computerized tomography (CT) scans

• Ultrasound images

• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans

• Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)

• Positron emission tomography (PET) scans

X-ray

Ultrasound

Uses high frequency sound waves to create an image of some part of the inside of the body

CT/CAT

MRI

A strong magnetic field is created by passing an electric current through the wire loops. While this is happening, other coils in the magnet send and receive radio waves. This triggers protons in the body to align themselves. Once aligned, radio waves are absorbed by the protons, which stimulate spinning. Energy is released after "exciting" the molecules, which in turn emits energy signals that are picked up by the coil. This information is then sent to a computer which processes all the signals and generates it into an image. The final product is a 3-D image representation of the area

PET Scan

PET: detects pairs of gamma rays which are emitted indirectly by a tracer (positron-emitting radionuclide) which is placed in the body on a biologically active molecule. The images are reconstructed by computer analysis

Detects energy emitted by positively-charge particles (positrons). As the radiotracer is broken down inside the patient's body positrons are made. This energy appears as a 3-dimensional image on a computer monitor.

Homeostasis

•

• State of relative constancy/equilibrium

• Adaptive responses; stabilize internal env

• Malfunction = disease

• Less efficient in geri/peds

• Maintains: vital signs, fl/elec bal, hormones, O2-CO2, bld gl/pH…

• Feedback Loops

• 3 parts:

• Sensor

• Control Center

• Effector

• Types:

• Neg or Pos

Negative Feedback Loop

• Common

• Opposes/negates a change

• Reversal of conditions

• Temp, bld gluc, exercise & O2, fl bal

Negative Feedback: The Control of Body Temperature

Positive Feedback Loop

• Uncommon

• Amplifies/reinforces a change

• Stimulatory until an event occurs to stop

• Blood clotting, labor

Positive Feedback: Blood Clotting

• This is the last slide of the first chapter we’ll cover this year!

• HOORAY!

• Last slides will become your favorite…

• …especially with PPTs that have more than 100 slides