anatomy and physiology female external structures ○ vulva ○ labia majora and labia minora ○...
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Anatomy and Physiology
Female external structures○ Vulva○ Labia majora and labia minora○ Clitoris○ Vestibule and vestibular glands○ Hymen○ Vaginal orifice
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Anatomy and Physiology
Female internal structuresOvariesFallopian tubesUterusCervixVagina
Hormones: estrogen and progesterone
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Anatomy and Physiology
Male external organsScrotum and penis
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Anatomy and Physiology
Male internal organsTestesEpididymisVas deferensUrethraSeminal vesiclesBulbouretheral and prostate glands
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Common Signs and Symptoms Female
Abdominal and pelvic painFever and malaiseAbnormal vaginal dischargeBurning and/or itching of the genitals
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Common Signs and Symptoms Female
Pain during sexual intercourseAny change in breast tissueAbnormal discharge from the nipple
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Common Signs and Symptoms Male
Urinary disorders including frequency, dysuria, nocturia, and incontinence
Pain in the pelvis, groin, or reproductive organs
Lesions on external genitals
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Common Signs and Symptoms Male
Swelling or abnormal enlargement of the reproductive organs
Abnormal penile dischargeBurning and/or itching of the genitals
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Diagnostic Tests
Female Bimanual examinationHysterosalpingogramPapanicolaou smear of cervixCervical biopsyCone biopsy
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Diagnostic Tests
Female Dilatation and CurettageLaparoscopyMammographyBlood tests
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Diagnostic Tests
MaleDigital rectal examinationCystoscopyBiopsyLaboratory tests including PSA
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Premenstrual Syndrome
Symotoms prior to menses Symptoms begin mid-cycle
Headache and nauseaBack and joint painEdema and bloatingWeight gain
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Premenstrual Syndrome
Symptoms begin mid-cycleBreast tendernessSleep disturbancesIrritabilityMood swingsDepression
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Premenstrual Syndrome
TreatmentIndividualized Dietary changesAvoid caffeine, chocolate, nicotine, salt,
sugar, and alcohol
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Menstrual Abnormalities
Amenorrhea Dysmenorrhea Menorrhagia Metrorrhagia
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Endometriosis
Abnormal growth of endometrial tissue outside of the uterus
Common sites of implantation include ovaries, fallopian tubes, abdominal wall, and intestines
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Endometriosis
SymptomsDysmenorrheaLow back, vaginal, and pelvic crampingHeavy menses and dyspareunia
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Endometriosis
TreatmentHormonesRemission with pregnancy, nursing, and
menopausePanhysterectomy
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Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Inflammation of some or all of the pelvic
reproductive organs May include cervicitis, salpingitis,
endometritis, oophoritis Most commonly caused by STDs
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Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Symptoms
FeverChillsPain in pelvic areaLeukorrhea
Treatment: antibiotics, analgesics, and rest
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Ovarian Cyst
Commonly benign fluid-filled sacs on or near the ovary
Two typesPhysiologicNeoplastic
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Ovarian Cyst Symptoms
Low back painPelvic painDyspareuniaNausea and vomiting
Treatment depends on type and size May resolve by itself or require
laparoscopy
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Fibroid Tumor
Also known as leiomyomas Benign tumors of smooth uterine muscle Symptoms
Abnormal uterine bleedingExcessive menstrual bleeding and pain
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Fibroid Tumor
Treatment depends on woman’s age and desire for children
Surgical removal of fibroids or hysterectomy
Uterine embolization Hormone therapy
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Vaginitis
Inflammation of vagina Symptoms
Burning and itchingSwelling of vagina and external genitalia
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Vaginitis
Common type of vaginitisCandida: fungus or yeastTrichomonas: parasiteAtrophic: post-menopausal
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Toxic Shock Syndrome
Found almost exclusively in menstruating women using tampons
Organism: staphylococcus aureus Symptoms: high fever, vomiting,
diarrhea, and dropping blood pressure Treatment: IV fluids, antibiotics
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Toxic Shock Syndrome
SymptomsHigh feverVomitingDiarrheaDecreasing blood pressure
Treatment: IV fluids, antibiotics
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Menopause
Natural halting of menstruation Occurs between ages 45 and 55
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Menopause
Common symptomsHot flashes and night sweatsVaginal drynessDepressionSleep disorders Decreased libido
Treatment: hormone therapy, exercise
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Uterine Prolapse
Uterus protrudes into vagina Symptoms
Heaviness in pelvisUrinary stress DysuriaLow back pain
Treatment: hysterectomy
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Cystocele
Herniation of urinary bladder through anterior vaginal wall
Symptoms: pelvic pressure, urinary urgency, frequency, and incontinence
Treatment: depends on degree of herniation
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Rectocele
Herniation of rectum through posterior vaginal wall
Symptoms: discomfort, constipation, fecal incontinence
Treatment: surgical repair
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Cervical Cancer
Fifth leading cause of cancer-related death in females
Symptoms: abnormal cervical bleeding Treatment: surgical removal of tumor
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Uterine Cancer
Develops in endometrium and spreads to uterine wall
Symptoms: abnormal bleeding in menopausal women
Treatment: surgical removal of uterus and ovaries with radiation
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Ovarian Cancer
Quite common and often fatal Symptoms: pressure on the bladder,
abdominal or pelvic pain, general feeling of ill health
Treatment: complete hysterectomy, radiation, and chemotherapy
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Fibrocystic Disease
Most common breast disorder of premenopausal females between the ages of 30 and 55
Cysts are linked to estrogen levels
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Fibrocystic Disease
To decrease breast pain:Reduce caffeine and saltUse of mild diureticsUse of mild analgesics the week prior to
menstruation is recommended
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Mastitis
Inflammation of breast tissue Symptoms
RednessHeatSwellingPain and often bloody nipple discharge
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Mastitis
TreatmentAntibioticsApplication of heatAnalgesicsFirm supporting bra to decrease discomfort
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Breast Cancer
Adenocarcinoma of the breast ducts Most common breast neoplasm (affects
one out of nine females) Risk factors
Age 40 and overFamily member affected with breast cancer
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Breast Cancer
Risk factorsOnset of menses before age 13Menses continuing after age 50NulliparaFirst child after age 30ObesityChronic breast disease
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Breast Cancer
SymptomsNon-tender lump of varying size Occurs most often in upper outer quadrant
of breast often with dimpling
TreatmentMastectomy, chemotherapy, and/or
radiation
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Ectopic Pregnancy
Fertilized ovum attaches to tissue outside the uterus, usually in fallopian tubes
SymptomsAcute pelvic painVaginal bleedingPositive pregnancy test
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Ectopic Pregnancy
TreatmentPrompt surgery to terminate pregnancyEvery effort is taken to preserve ovary and
tube if future pregnancy is desired
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Spontaneous Abortion
“Miscarriage” Natural termination of pregnancy before
fetus is viable Symptoms
Vaginal bleedingCramping and pelvic pain
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Spontaneous Abortion
Once it starts, progression is difficult to stop
D & C may be necessary to remove any tissue remaining in the uterus
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Morning Sickness
Associated with first trimester of pregnancy
Symptoms: nausea and vomiting Treatment
Not necessary unless vomiting Light meals several times a day
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Morning Sickness
Treatment Dry food before drinkingAvoid fatty foodsRest after meals
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Hyperemesis Gravidarum Excessive vomiting during pregnancy Treatment includes IV fluids and
withholding all foods and oral fluids Usually subsides by second pregnancy
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Toxemia
Usually appears during 3rd trimester Symptoms
HypertensionSudden weight gainProteinuriaEdema in face, hands, and feet
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Toxemia
TreatmentFrequent monitoring of blood pressureWeight and urine protein
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Abruptio Placentae
Separation of placenta from uterus Degrees of symptoms
Partial separation may be asymptomaticComplete separation may cause severe
abdominal pain and vaginal bleedingShock and decrease in fetal heart tones
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Abruptio Placentae
TreatmentPrompt delivery either vaginally or by c-
sectionBlood replacement may also be necessary
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Placenta Previa
Abnormal positioning of placenta in lower uterus near or over cervical os
Symptoms: painless, bright red vaginal bleeding during third trimester
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Placenta Previa
Treatment-vaginal delivery is asymptomatic or if bleeding is not severe; emergency c-section if maternal bleeding or fetal anoxia
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Placenta Previa
Treatment Vaginal delivery is asymptomatic if bleeding
is not severeEmergency c-section if maternal bleeding or
fetal anoxia
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Prostatitis
Inflammation of prostate gland Symptoms
DysuriaPyuriaFever and low back pain
Treatment: antibiotics, warm sitz baths, increased fluid intake, analgesics
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Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Enlargement of prostate gland due to
normal cells overgrowing and enlarging Common in men over age 60
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Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Symptoms
NocturiaInability to start urinationWeak urinary streamInability to empty stream
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Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Treatment
Prostatic massageSitz bathCatheterizationsRegular sexual intercourseSurgery
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Prostatic Carcinoma
Neoplasm of prostate gland affecting men over 50
Second most common cause of cancer-related deaths in men
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Prostatic Carcinoma
Symptoms are similar to BPH Treatment
Depends on age and physical condition of individual
Degree of metastasis
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Epididymitis
Inflammation of epididymis Symptoms
Swollen, hard, and painful epididymis Often accompanied by severe scrotal pain
and swelling
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Epididymitis
TreatmentRestAnalgesicsUse of a scrotal supportAvoidance of alcohol, spicy foods, and
sexual stimulation
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Orchitis
Inflammation of one or both testes due to viral or bacterial infection
Symptoms: swelling, pain, tenderness of one or both testes, fever, malaise
Treatment: dependent on cause
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Testicular Tumor
Commonly affect young men age 20-35 Most common type of cancer in this
group Symptoms: painless mass felt in testicle Treatment: orchiectomy, chemotherapy,
and radiation
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Cryptorchidism
Undescended testicle Premature birth is common cause Treatment: surgery
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Genital Herpes
Viral infection 1 in 6 individuals in United States is
infected Not curable Periods of remission and exacerbation
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Genital Herpes
SymptomsBlister-like lesions causing dysuriaSevere itching
Treatment is symptomaticAntiviral medicationsSitz bathsIce therapy and analgesics
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Gonorrhea
“Clap” Symptoms
Purulent discharge from penis and vagina DysuriaUrinary frequency in males and femalesFemale - cervicitis Genital itching and burning pain
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Gonorrhea
TreatmentAntibiotics including PenicillinTetracyclineCeftiaxone
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Syphilis
Treatment: Penicillin or Tetracycline is very effective
Three stagesPrimary - appearance of painless chancreSecondary - chancre healsPeriod of rest lasting 6 weeks to 1 year
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Syphilis
Secondary - rash appears Tertiary
Bacteria invade organs throughout body causing gumma
Curable with antibiotics during this stage but effects of lesions are irreversible
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Chlamydia
Known as “silent” STD - Bacterial Symptoms
Drainage with burning and itching Urination due to urethritis and epididymitis
Treatment: antibiotics
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Trichomoniasis
Caused by protozoan Symptoms
Male - urethritis, epididymitis, and prostatitisFemale - green frothy vaginal discharge,
itching and burning of genital area
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Trichomoniasis
TreatmentAntiparasitic medications such as Flagyl
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Genital Warts
Viral infection Symptoms
Possible tenderness in affected area
TreatmentChemical or surgical removal
Cervical cancer related to genital warts
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Dyspareunia
Pain or discomfort with sexual intercourse
May affect men and women Treatment is dependent on cause
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Premature Ejaculation
Expulsion of seminal fluid during foreplay, prior to complete erection, or immediately after sexual intercourse
Common in young males Treatment is based on cause
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Infertility
Inability of couple to achieve pregnancy after one year of unprotected sex
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Infertility
CausesPresence of STDHormonal disordersAbnormality of reproductive organsEndometriosisScarring or blockage of fallopian tubesVaginal antibodies that kill sperm
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Infertility
TreatmentBased on causeSurgeryMedication therapyHormone imbalance
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Hydiatidiform Mole
Grape-like cysts in uterus that mimic pregnancy
Treatment: D & C At higher risk to develop
choriocarcinoma requiring frequent follow-up examinations
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