Anatomy and Physiology

Arteries and VeinsMs. Popovich

Top to Bottom

External CarotidVertebral

BrachiocephalicBrachial

RenalAortaRadial

Common iliacInternal iliac

PoplitealAnterior tibial

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Internal carotidCommon carotid

SubclavianAxillary

Celiac trunkSuperior

mesentericUlnar

Inferior mesentericExternal iliac

FemoralPosterior tibial

Arteries

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VertebralBrachiocephalic

Superior Vena CavaBrachial

Inferior Vena CavaRenalRadial

Common IliacInternal Iliac

Great saphenousPosterior tibial

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Internal JugularSubclavian

AxillaryCephalicHepatic

Median cubitalUlnar

FemoralPopliteal

Small saphenousAnterior tibial

Veins

BLOOD VESSELSWhat are the 3 types of blood vessels?

A. Arteries (4 main points)1. Carry blood away from heart towards capillaries

2. Thick walls with 3 layersEndothelium: inside layerMuscle: middle layer, flexibility and strengthConnective tissue: 4 strength

endothelium

connectivemuscle

3. Must with stand higher blood Pressure (BP) than veins & capillaries

4. Small arteries are called arterioles

endothelium

connective

muscle

arteriole

Arteries to know1.Pulmonary lung2.Aorta rest of the body3.Coronary heart cells

R pulmonary

L pulmonaryAorta

B. Capillaries• Allow materials to diffuse in/out of the blood• Thickness: 1 cell, endothelium• Diameter: only 1 red blood cell can pass at a time

• Examples of materials that are exchanged-nutrients, waste, oxygen, CO2

Interstitial fluid: • Fluid fills the gaps between cells• Carries dissolved materials between blood and body cells

C. Veins- Carry blood from capillaries towards the heart

- Walls with 3 layers (not as thick as arteries)Endothelium: Muscle:Connective tissue:

endothelium

connective

muscle

- Small veins are called venules.

endothelium

connective

muscle

arteriole venule

- BP too low to push blood back to heart against gravity- Veins have valves: prevents back flow

of blood between pulses- Muscle movement helps move blood

Veins to know1.Pulmonary: from lung2.Superior vena cava: from upper body3.Inferior vena cava: from lower body4.Coronary: from heart cells

R pulmonary V

L pulmonary V

Superior vena cava

Inferior vena cava

A

B

C

A

B

C

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

D E

Chapter 10: Blood What is the function of blood?

What are the 2 main components of blood?

What is the function of blood?Transport

Defense against diseaseDistribute heat

Blood: Physical Characteristics and Volume

• Sticky opaque fluid with a characteristic metallic taste.

• Heavier than water.• 5x thicker than water. (More viscous)• PH between 7.35 and 7.45 (Alkaline)• Temperature- 38⁰C or 140⁰F (↑than body temp)

What are the 2 main components of blood?1. Plasma—55% of blood

2. Formed Elements—45% of blood

1. Plasma—55% of blood

• Liquid part of blood.• 90% water.• 100 different substances in plasma.

- Electrolytes, gases, hormones, plasma proteins, waste, etc.

2. Formed Elements—45% of blood

A. 44% of blood : Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells-RBC)B. >1% of blood: Leukocytes (White Blood Cells-WBC)C. >1% of blood: Platelets (Help stop bleeding)

A. Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells/RBC)• Transports Oxygen• Contains protein: hemoglobin w/ Fe (iron)– O2 attaches to hemoglobin

• Biconcave• No nucleus• Most numerous

What color is deoxygenated blood?

B. Leukocytes (White blood cells/WBC) •Defense against pathogens (disease causing organisms)•Can go through capillary walls•Two major groups:

1. Granulocytes• Granule-containing WBC• Lobed nuclei

2. Agranulocytes• Lack visible cytoplasmic granules

B. Leukocytes (White blood cells/WBC) Cont.• Largest• Least numerous (if healthy)• Variety of shapes for cells and nucleus

C. Platelets • Blood clotting– Fibrin (liquid plasma protein) turns

solid when mixed with chemicals that are released by platelets

– Fibrin sticks to cut edges and forms a mesh that catches blood cells and forms a scab

• Smallest• No nucleus

1.

2.

3.

4.

Human Blood Groups• Plasma membranes of RBC’s, like those of all

other body cells, bear genetically determined proteins (antigens), which identify each person as unique.

Antigen—a substance that the body recognizes as foreign; it stimulates the immune system to release antibodies or use other means to mount a defense against it.

Human Blood Groups• Although each of us tolerated our own cellular

(self) antigens, one person’s RBC proteins will be recognized as foreign us transfused into another person with different RBC antigens.

• The “recognizers” are antibodies present in the plasma that attach to RBC’s bearing surface antigens different from those on the patient’s (blood recipient’s) RBC’s.

• Binding of the antibodies causes the foreign RBC’s to clump, a phenomenon called agglutination. clogging of blood vessels.

ABO Blood Groups

• The ABO blood groups are based on which of two antigens, type A or type B, a person inherits.

• Absence of both antigens results in type O blood• Presence of both antigens leads to type AB blood• Presence of either A or B antigens yield type A or

B blood.

Antibodies form during infancy against the ABO antigens NOT present on your own RBC’s

A baby with neither the A nor the B antigen (group O) forms both anti-A and anti-B antibodies.

Those with type A antigens (Group A) form anti-B antibodies.

Testing blood types- Antibodies : proteins which attach to specific foreign proteins• Mix blood w 1 antibody one at a time• If the antibody reacts w blood, the antibodies complimentary

protein is present on blood• A reaction causes particles or fibers to form in blood

antibody Reacts w

Anti A A protein

Anti B B protein

Anti Rh Rh protein

What type of blood doe this person have?

The end

What color is deoxygenated blood?Human blood is always red and never blue.

However, the color of the blood ranges from bright red, when it is oxygenated, to dark red when it is not. When blood leaves the heart to be transported to organs and tissues, it carries oxygen in its hemoglobin. When oxygen is bound to iron, the blood looks bright red. Once oxygen is released, and carbon dioxide binds, the deoxygenated blood looks darker in color.

The mistaken belief that deoxygenated blood is blue is due to the fact that darker blood absorbs less light. Light is an electromagnetic radiation of different wavelengths. Visible light consists of different colors (the colors of the rainbow) when combined, they look white. According to some researchers, tissue optics (how light is absorbed and scattered) is responsible for the blue blood phenomenon. According to this theory, the depths of the veins as well as the darkness of the deoxygenated blood reflect the blue color of the light spectrum. Since the blue color is not absorbed, it is "bounced back" and the eye sees the veins as blue.