anatomi klinik sistem cardiovascular ku_10
DESCRIPTION
lectureTRANSCRIPT
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SISTEM CARDIOVASCULAR
Nur Hayati
Bagian Anatomi FK UMY
Medical Education Unit
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Masalah klinik
Seorang pria berusia 55 tahun mengemukakan bahwa dia mengalami rasa nyeri yang menjalar pada permukaan dalam lengan kirinya waktu dia berjalan naik tangga atau bila dia latihan fisik.
Terangkan secara anatomi kasus ini!
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TUJUAN
Setelah mengikuti kuliah ini, mahasiswa dapat:• Menjelaskan struktur anatomi jantung• Menjelaskan vaskularisasi dan inervasi otot jantung• Menjelaskan penyusun sistema conductoria• Menjelaskan perbedaan struktur jantung dewasa dan jantung janin• Menjelaskan dasar anatomi nyeri alih pada kematian otot jantung• Menjelaskan tinjauan anatomis masalah klinik jantung• Menjelaskan struktur anatomi pembuluh darah• Menjelaskan perbedaan vena dan arteri• Menjelaskan dan mengidentifikasi arteri • Menjelaskan tinjauan anatomi masalah klinik pada pembuluh darah
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Fungsi sirkulasi
Transportasi ke seluruh tubuh:• Panas
• Gas-gas: O2, CO2
• Nutrisi
• Hormon
• antibodi
Membantu memelihara keseimbangan elektrolit dan cairan
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Mekanisme kerjaJantung: pompaArteri dan vena: saluran• Arteri: meninggalkan jantung• Vena: menuju jantung
Kapiler: difusi gas, nutrisi, dan sisa metabolisme
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Sistem sirkulasi
Sirkulasi besar (sistemik) mensuplai darah ke seluruh tubuh
Sirkulasi khusus:• Sirkulasi kecil (pulmonal) pertukaran gas
• Sirkulasi koroner: a. Coronaria kapiler jantung vena-vena kecil atrium dextrum
• Sirkulasi serebral: Konstan autoregulasi
• Sirkulasi portal: Vena mengalirkan darah dari saluran cerna
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Two circulatory paths
Pulmonary
Systemic
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Sistem Sirkulasi
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COR
Topographi: mediastinum
Ukuran: sebesar kepalan tinju (pada individu normal)
Bentuk: konus• Basis: dorsokranial
kanan
• Apex: ventrokaudal kiri
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Facies externa
F. sternocostalis
F. diaphragmatica
F. pulmonalis
sulcus coronarius (A - V)
sulcus interatrialis
sulcus interventricularis
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Radiografi jantung normal
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Ruangan/rongga
atrium dextrum
ventriculus dexter
atrium sinistrum
ventriculus sinister
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Atrium dextrum
Muara dari :• v. cava superior - ostium
VC superior • v. cava inferior - ostium
VC inferior & (valvula VC Inf.)
• sinus coronarius – ostium sinus coronarii (valva sinus cor.)
• vv. cordis minimae - foramina venarum minimarum
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Lanjutan atrium dextrum
auricula mm. pectinatiseptum interatriale : • fossa ovalis (janin : foramen ovale)
foramen ovale persisten• limbus fossa ovalis• Foramina venarum minimarum
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VENTRICULUS DEXTEROstium atrioventriculare dext: menghubungkan atrium dext dengan ventriculus dext• dibatasi anulus fibrosus• ditutupi valvula tricuspidalis• chorda tendinea• m.papillaris
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….lanjutan ventriculus dext
interior:• trabeculae carneae• m. papillaris • septum interventricularis:
• pars membranacea• pars muscularis
A. pulmonalis • pangkal : conus arteriosus• ostium trunci pulmonalis - valva trunci pulmonalis
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Atrium sinistrum
Muara dr : vv. Pulmonalis (4)
auricula sinistra : mm. Pectinati
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Ventriculus sinistrum
Ostium atrioventriculare sinistra: menghubungkan atrium sinistrum dan ventriculus sinister
• dibatasi anulus fibrosus
• ditutupi valvula bicuspidalis/mitralis
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….lanjutan ventriculus sinisterInterior :• trabecula carneae• m. papillaris ant : cuspis anterior• m. papilaris post : cuspis ant & post
aorta • ostium aorta - valva aortae:
• valv. semilunaris dextra• valv. semilunaris sinistra• valv. semilunaris post
• vestibulum aorta• Sinus aorta
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Lapisan dinding cor
Endocardium: epitel skuamous simpleks
Myocardium: otot jantung
Epicardium: pericardium visceralis jaringan ikat fibrosa
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Epicardium dan pericardium
Epicardium: melipat membentuk pericardium lamina serosapericardium: kantong pembungkus cor gerak cor bebas & terfiksir• lapisan :
• dalam/lamina serosa• lap. luar/lamina fibrosa)
• Di antaranya: cavum percardii• cavum pericardii antara aorta & VC sup: sinus
transversus pericardii• cavum pericardii antara vv. Pulmonalis dx & sn :
sinus obliquus pericardii
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Vascularisasi
Arteri:• a. coronaria cordis dextra:
sulc. Coronarius dorsal kanan sulc. Interventriculare post: r. Interventriculare post
• a. coronaria cordis sinistra:• sulc. IV ant: r. IV ant • sulc. coronarius: r.
circumflexa• arteri terminalis: sumbatan
infark myocard
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vena: bermuara ke atrium dextra melalui• sinus coronarius (v.cordis
magna, vc media, vc parva , v. ventriculi sinistri & v.obliqua atrii sinistri
• langsung : vv. Cordis minimae
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Systema conductorium
Sistem yg bertugas menjalarkan impuls
terdiri dari :• nodus sinoauricularis
• nodus atrioventriculare
• fasciculus atrioventriculare
impuls : berkala, spontanSA kontr.atrium AV fasc. AV mm. Pectinati & myocard. ventric.
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The Cardiac CycleContraction pattern of the myocardium
• Determined by the conduction system
• Systole = contraction
• Diastole = relaxation
Both atria contract
Both ventricles contract
Atria alternate with ventricles
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Heart InnervationHeart receives visceral motor innervation• Sympathetic (speeds up)
• Parasympathetic (slows down) p. 534
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Inervasi Simpatis:• Berasal dari medulla spinalis segmen thoracal atas
• Bergabung dengan plexus cardiacus
• Didistribusikan ke:• Nodus sinoauricularis dan nodus atrioventricularis
• Miocardium
• A. coronaria
• Stimuli simpatis: heart rate stroke volume kontraktilitas myocard
• Dilatasi a. coronaria
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…..lanjutan inervasi
Parasimpatis:• Berasal dari n. vagus• Distribusi:
• Nodus sinoauricularis dan nodus atrioventricularis
• miocard
• Stimuli parasimpatis: heart rate stroke volume kontraktilitas myocard• Konstriksi a. coronaria
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Bunyi jantung
Bunyi jantung I:• Kontraksi otot atrium dan ventriculus
• Bergetarnya cuspis ketika menutup
• Bergetar chorda tendinea
Bunyi jantung II:• Bergetarnya valvula semilunaris ketika
menutup
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Batas jantung
Kanan atas: tepi cranial costa-3 kanan 2 cm dari linea sternalis
Kanan bawah: tepi caudal costa-5 kanan
Kiri atas: SIC II kiri 3 cm dari linea sternalis
Kiri bawah: SIC V kiri lateral linea parasternalis (ictus cordis)
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Location of Heart in Thorax
pg 523
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Letak valvula dan bunyi jantung
valvula letak bunyi
V tricuspidalis
V mitralis
V semilunaris aorta
V semilunaris pulmonalis
SIC V kanan lin med
SIC III kiri lin med
Perlekatan costa- 2 pd sternum kn lin med
Perlekatan costa-3 pd sternum kiri lin med
SIC V kn lat lin sternalis kn
Ictus cordis
SIC II kn lat lin sternalis kn
SIC II kiri lat lin sternalis kiri
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VASA DARAH BESARaorta:
• aorta ascendens• arcus aortae:
• a. anonyma:• A. carotis communis dextra
• A. carotis communis dextra
• a. carotis communis sinistra
• a. subclavia sinistra
• aorta descendens – aorta abdominalis
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….lanjutan vasa darah besara. pulmonalis:• a. pulmonalis dextra• a. pulmonalis sinistra – lig arteriosum
Botalli (sisa ductus arterosus Botalli) - arcus aorta
V. cava superior :• V. anonyma (brachiocephalica) dextra
• v. subclavia dext• v. jugularis interna dext
• V. anonyma sinistra• v. subclavia sin• v. jugularis interna sin
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GREAT VESSELS•Aorta•IVC, SVC•Pulmonary Trunk•Pulmonary Veins
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SIRKULASI DARAH JANIN
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Sirkulasi darah janin
Darah teroksigenasi dalam plasenta v. umbilicalis (hepar) ductus venosus v. cava inferior atrium kanan:• foramen ovale atrium sinistrum
ventriculus sinister aorta seluruh tubuh janin a. umbilicalis plasenta
• ventriculus dexter a. pulmonalis ductus arteriosus aorta
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Sirkulasi darah janin
Darah vena: • dari kepala dan lengan v. cava superior
atrium dextrum ventriculus dexter truncus pulmonalis ductus arteriosus Botalli aorta
• Dari abdomen dan membrum inferior v.cava inferior (+ darah vena umbilicalis) atrium dextrum
Darah ke paru-paru sangat sedikit
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Fetal Circulation•No circulation to lungs
•Foramen ovale•Ductus arteriosum
•Circulation must go to placenta•Umbilical aa., vv.
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Adult remnants of fetal circulation
Adult Fetus
Fossa ovale Foramen ovale
Ligamentum arteriosum Ductus arteriosus
Medial umbilical ligaments Umbilical aa.(within fetus)
Round ligament (ligamentum teres) of liver
Umbilical v.(within fetus)
Ligamentum venosum Ductus venosus
Medial umbilical ligament Umbilical cord (leaving fetus)
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Vasa Darah
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Vasa sanguineaArteri: • semua pembuluh darah yang membawa darah dari
jantung (meninggalkan jantung)
Vena: • semua pembuluh darah yang membawa darah
menuju jantung• Venula vena vena cava jantung
Kapiler: jalinan pembuluh darah antara arteri dan vena
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Walls of Arteries and VeinsTunica externa• Outermost layer
• CT w/elastin and collagen
• Strengthens, Anchors
Tunica media• Middle layer
• Circular Smooth Muscle
• Vaso-constriction/dilation
Tunica intima• Innermost layer
• Endothelium Simple squamous epithelium• Minimize friction
Lumen
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Atherosclerosis
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Macam-macam arteri
Arteri besar/a. elastika: • sbg penghantar • misal : aorta, a. brachiocephalica, a. subclavia, a.carotis communis
a. sedang/a. muskuler: • sbg pendistribusi • mis : a. axillaris, a.brachialis, a. radialis, a. intercostalis
arteriola: • arteri yang ke jaringan• Dinding otot polos relatif tebal kontraksi-relaksasi• Mampu vasokonstriksi-vasodilatasi
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Sistem hubungan antar arteri
Jaringan disuplai oleh >1 arteri anastomosis (hubungan silang/kolateral) bila terjadi oklusi/sumbatan pada salah satu arteri tidak masalah
Jaringan arteri tunggal = “end arteri” bila terjadi sumbatan infark jaringan yang bersangkutan
contoh: hepar, ginjal, lien, otak, retina, arteri coronaria
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Systemic Arterial System
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Major Arteries of the Trunk
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Arteries of the Chest and Upper Extremity
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SKEMA PEREDARANDARAH ARTERI
PERCABANGAN ARTERI.doc
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VeinsVenules• Very small • Contain only tunica
intima and tunica externaMedium-sized veins and large veins• Contain same 3 layers as
arteries• Tunica media thinner • Tuna externa - thickest
layer
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Veins with ValvesSome veins contain valves – prevent blood from flowing backwards
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Perbedaan arteri & venaArteri• dinding tebal, elastis
• kosong tdk kolaps
• tekanan tinggi
• berdenyut
• berisi darah O2 >> (kec. A. pulmonalis)
• dari jantung
• terpotong memancar
• tidak mempunyai katub ( kec : aortae & a. pulmonalis)
Vena:• dinding tipis, tdk elastis
• kosong kolaps
• tekanan rendah
• tidak berdenyut
• berisi darah CO2 >> (kec : v. pulmonalis)
• menuju jantung
• terpotong merembes
• mempunyai katub ( vv. Di kaki)
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Vena
Tenaga untuk transportasi darah vena:• Tekanan arteri yang berjalan bersama vena
• “pompa otot”
• pernafasan
Letak:• Mengikuti arteri
• Subcutan
pengambilan darah vena: v. mediana cubiti
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Varicose Veins
www.sirweb.org/patPub/varicoseVeinMain.shtml
www.veinhelp.com/varicoseVeins.htm
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Systemic Venous System
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Venous System of the Trunk and Upper Limb
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Vasa limfatika
Cairan limfa
beda dengan darah:
• Air >>
• Protein <
• Sel darah (-), kecuali limfosit
Vasa lymphatica berjalan paralel dengan vena masuk ke aliran vena:
• Ductus thoracicus (ductus lymphaticus sinister) vena brachiocephalica
• Ductus lymphaticus dexter vena subclavia
Di beberapa tempat nodus lymphaticus penyaring biologik terhadap agen infeksi
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CapillariesMicroscopic--one cell layer thickNetwork Bathed in extracellular matrix of areolar tissueEntire goal of C-V system is to get blood into capillaries where diffusion takes place
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Capillary Bed
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MASALAH KLINIKPericardium
Pericarditis: peradangan pada pericardium serosum• penimbunan cairan pericardium tamponade jantung
• Eksudat pericardium menjadi kasar gesekan pericardium: pericardial friction rub
Paracentesis: aspirasi cairan pericardium • Caranya: jarum dimasukkan dari sebelah kiri processus
xyphoideus dengan arah craniodorsal dengan sudut 45 derajad.
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Jantung
Defek septum atrium: foramen ovale persistenDefek septum ventricel: pars membranosa tidak bersatu dengan pars muscularePaten Ductus Arteriosus: Kegagalan penutupan ductus arteriosus Koarctasio Aorta: Penyempitan kongenital aorta pada tempat melekatnya ligamentum arteriosum. Tanda:• tidak ada atau berkurangnya denyut a. Femoralis• munculnya sirkulasi kolateral, dilatasi a. thoracica, a.
subclavia dan a. intercostalis posterior.
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Ischemia myocardium
Pasokan darah tidak adekuat ke myocardium Nyeri hebat sekitar pertengahan sternum, sering menyebar ke lengan, pangkal leher dan rahang• Serabut saraf aferen berjalan ke atas menuju sistem saraf pusat melalui rr.
cardiaci truncus sympathicus dan masuk ke medulla spinalis melalui radix posterior 4 n. thoracalis bagian atas. Rasa nyeri dialihkan ke kulit yang dipersarafi oleh nervus spinalis tersebut.
Arteri coronaria: end arteri fungsional penyumbatan salah satu cabang a. coronaria nekrosis otot jantung (infark myocard) kematian mendadakSistem conductorium mendapat vascularisasi dari a. coronaria pula. Penyumbatan arteri yang memperdarahi fasciculus atrioventricularis dapat menyebabkan blok jantung. Pada keadaan ini ventricel tidak mendapat impuls jantung dari atrium, sehingga ventricel berdenyut tidak tergantung pada atrium dengan kecepatan lambat.
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Penyakit katub jantung
Peradangan pinggir cuspis saling melekat penebalan fibrosa hilangnya fleksibilitas dan pengerutan stenosis; insufisiensi jantung kehilangan fungsi sebagai pompa yang efisien
Bising katub jantung: akibat aliran darah yang melewati jantung tidak normal, terjadi turbulensi dan vibrasi yang terdengar sebagai bising.