Analysis and Synthesis

Extraction of points &

Organisation of these points. Using Sands of Time

Analysis

Is the extraction of points from given research material

Points chosen according to the focus question given

Only relevant points are used for extraction Main ideas are removed and written in your

own words (paraphrased) Keywords are extracted and meaning

constructed

Points Presented

Sewage waste- storm-water, channeled into the ocean- by coastal towns.

the nitrogen and phosphorus content of sewage affects the ecosystem - causing deaths of plants underwater and depletion of nutrients necessary for marine life (1)

chemicals - dumped into the ocean through shipping work (2) leaching of fertilizers(1) - putting dolphins, whales and seals at

risk (3) high concentrations of herbicides and pesticides can be found in

waters off Melbourne and Sydney. (3) litter in the form of plastic bags and fishing net fragments cause

deaths of animals like turtles and whales. (3)

Pollution

One of the main problems in Australia’s coastal areas and oceans is that of pollution.

Linking points together (paragraph)

One of the main problems in Australia’s coastal areas and oceans is that of pollution. Sewage waste as well as storm-water is channeled into the ocean, particularly by coastal towns. According to Margi Prideaux, the nitrogen and phosphorus content of sewage affects the ecosystem, to the extent of causing deaths of plants underwater and depletion of nurtrients necessary for marine life (Safe, 1998).

Cont. paragraph

Additionally, chemicals are dumped into the ocean through shipping work (Prideaux, Emmett and Horsman, 1998), and also via leaching of fertilizers (Safe, 1998), putting dolphins, whales and seals at risk (O’Donnell, 1999). O’ Donnell (1999) reiterates this point, stating that high concentrations of herbicides and pesticides can be found in waters off Melbourne and Sydney. He also raises the concern of litter in the form of plastic bags and fishing net fragments which cause deaths of animals like turtles and whales.

Whole paragraph 1: Pollution

One of the main problems in Australia’s coastal areas and oceans is that of pollution. Sewage waste as well as storm-water is channeled into the ocean, particularly by coastal towns. According to Margi Prideaux, the nitrogen and phosphorus content of sewage affects the ecosystem, to the extent of causing deaths of plants underwater and depletion of nurtrients necessary for marine life (Safe, 1998). Additionally, chemicals are dumped into the ocean through shipping work (Prideaux, Emmett and Horsman, 1998), and also via leaching of fertilizers (Safe, 1998), putting dolphins, whales and seals at risk (O’Donnell, 1999). O’ Donnell (1999) reiterates this point, stating that high concentrations of herbicides and pesticides can be found in waters off Melbourne and Sydney. He also raises the concern of litter in the form of plastic bags and fishing net fragments which cause deaths of animals like turtles and whales.

Point 2: Overcrowding

On another note, the shoreline is also subject to development and with that, overcrowding. This results in depletion of mangroves, as pointed out by O’Donnell (1999) and Margi Prideaux (Safe, 1998). By unsuitably clearing land such as hillsides and dunes, erosion occurs, forming algal blooms in water and decreasing beach size. Furthermore, coastal areas become overcrowded, with tourism compounding the problem (Safe, 1998).

Paragraph 3: Over fishing

Yet another complication is that of destructive fishing activities. O’Donnell (1999) reports that some fishing practices adversely affect seabed organism. What’s worse, protected marine life are facing extinction because of irresponsible fisheries which include these fish in their haul and cause changes to habitats (Prideaux , Emmett and Horsman, 1998).

Paragraph 4: No reserves

On a different angle, another problem is that of insufficient reserves or ‘no-take’ areas. Both O’Donnell (1999) and Prideaux , Emmett and Horsman, (1998) state that a large part of Australian waters are not placed under protection, the latter reporting that nine-tenths of the Great Barrier Reef is exposed to fishing and tourism.

Transition to second question

Use transitional sentence

As a result of these problems, solutions have been suggested, one of which is the improved planning of development of coastal areas.

What needs to be done in order to solve these problems?

As a result of these problems, solutions have been suggested, one of which is the improved planning of development of coastal areas. According to Patricia Harvey, the government will need to persuade people to migrate inland and reduce the traffic of humans heading for the coast. Meanwhile, Professor Andy Short recommends that coastal development be reduced and better managed, suggesting the combining of smaller councils as a solution (Safe, 1998).

Solution 2: create reserves

A different way of approaching the problems is that of creating greater areas of marine reserves. A combination of ‘no-take areas’ and ‘multiple use’ areas are required (Prideaux , Emmett and Horsman, 1998). O’Donnell believes that industrial effluent must not be released into the ocean, and that fish catch limits be reduced and enforced. He also reports that fish habitats have to be safeguarded while risks of pollution to the waters be removed, such as that of oil spills.

Alternative Point: Control Pollution

Another solution suggested in the control of pollution by regulation. For example, there is a need for the creation of world class sewage treatment. To prevent further pollution, all industrial waste needs to be taken from the sewage system. Plus, a ban on discharging waste such as organochlorine into the sea needs to be enforced and alternative for these chemicals needs to be suggested. The redirection of international tankers away from the Great Barrier Reef would also help control this pollution.

Conclusion

In conclusion, much has to be done to improve the situation of Australia’s oceans and coastal areas. This is to ensure that future generations of Australians may be able to reap the benefits from its rich shores, in time to come.

Introduction

Australia is blessed with wide oceans and coastal areas. Nevertheless, these regions are under threat due to a multitude of problems. As such, action has to be taken to deal with these complications.

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