analysis and presentation of results final report and ethics

7/28/2019 Analysis and Presentation of Results Final Report and Ethics

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M04 EKM Study Skills and

Research Methods

Lecture 8 Analysis, Critique and

presentation of results and ethics in

research projects.


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Learning Outcomes of today

Develop a results analysis strategy.

Ensure clarity and understanding of the critique of

results of different research methodologies.

Communicate and present results in a clearmanner.

Understand potential problems and errors inresearch.

Understand a thesis structure


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What will the raw data look like?

Brain storming

Focus Groups

Observation Interviews

Questionnaires

Case Studies Library-based research

Desk-based research


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How will you present the data?

Pictograms Charts

Pie charts

Bar charts Component bar

charts

% component bar

charts

Compound bar

charts

Histograms

Frequency polygon Graphs

Scatter/line

Curves Tables

Case Studies

Transcript


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Bar Charts


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Histograms and Frequency

Curves


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Graphs

Scatter/line

Curves

Translating a histograms /graphs into words

Is there a clear pattern to the shape?

What are the most and least frequent values and where do they occur in the

histogram / graph?

Is it possible to make an educated guess about where the mean value for

the distribution lies in the histogram?

How frequent is that mean value?

Can you draw conclusions about relationships from or between the graphs?


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ExampleAn investigation into the effect of students average grades

at school and their thoughts on University on their planswhen leaving.

Objectives

Find out what student

average grades are. Investigate their

thoughts on University.

Find out what their

intentions are afteruniversity.

Evaluate and critique

any relationships

between these.

Methodology

Focus groups

Interviews

Questionnaires

How are you going to analyseall this information?


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A possible suggestion . . . .

If you have thought carefully about your

questionnaire you could put the results

together in the form of a simple table.

Lesson learnt think about How you are

going to present the results when you are

doing the research!

Once you have the table you couldcompare data in the form of a graph

what sort of graph would you use and

why?


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How to write a case study A case study is more than just a description it is information

arranged in such a way that the reader is put in the same position asthe case writer.

There are three basic steps

The Research Phase

Library and internet research (desk based)

Interview people (email, phone, in person)

The analysis phase

Put all the information together and decide what you are

using and what you are not using.

Refer to your aims and objectives and select information thatassists you to critically analyse these.

The writing Phase

Organize your case into sections e.g. Introduction,

background, describe the situation that links to your project,

include tables, pictures, questionnaire analysis etc.


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Common mistakes Inadequate summaries of data

Choice of scale for graphs

Incorrect pictogram size comparisons

Coincidences

Generalising from very small samples

Misuse of data

Not referring to the figure in the text

Referring to data in the text but not drawing afigure

Cluttered graph/table with too much data

Not using the Math Support Centre (in AS)


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Research misconduct

Fabrication of evidence, data or results

Falsification of evidence, data or results

Selective use of evidence to support an

hypothesis Choosing and using only experimental

samples that will produce evidencesupporting the hypothesis

Suppression of evidence

Claiming anothers work as your own


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Possible consequences

Loss of respect and recognition by peers

Effective ending of academic and research

career prospects

Notification to the relevant professional

organisations

Notification of the offence to journal editorsor book publishers

IN THIS CASE FAILURE OF YOUR

DEGREE


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Coventry University Ethics Policy

CU ETHICS is available at

http://ethics.coventry.ac.uk


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Rights

Rights

As researchers we need to let those involved inour research understand what is expected ofthem, their rights including the right to withdrawfrom the research, and our obligations towardsthem and towards the data we collect aboutthem

It is a disciplinary offence to misuse researchdata or to fail to abide by the Universitys Ethicspolicy.


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Risks

You need to consider your personal safety during theresearch project and the safety of any other peopleinvolved in it. For example, would the research that youare carrying out:

Endanger you by requiring data to be collected in unsafeplaces or by giving away personal data about yourself?

Upset participants with research material that they mayfind distasteful or which may causes a violent reaction?

Damage the participants job prospects by confidentialdata about them becoming known to others becauseyour research makes it easy for them to be identify orbecause you accidently leaking information about them?


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Ethics Process


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Principle InvestigatorCertificate

no ethical approval requiredRoutes

SecondaryData Only

LivingParticipants

No LivingParticipants

PIC

Other

PIC

Personal Data Other SecondaryData Only

?PIC?


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Participant Information Sheet

Key headings suggested are:

Information about the project/Purpose of the project

Why have I been chosen?

Do I have to take part?

What do I have to do?

What are the risks associated with this project?

What are the benefits of taking part?

Withdrawal options

Data protection & confidentiality What if things go wrong? Who to complain to

What will happen with the results of the study?

Who has reviewed this study?

Further information/Key contact details


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Approvals

Some projects might use a survey to collect anonymous data, i.e.data that cannot be traced back to named or identified individualseither from other students or from other groups of people.

In this case, a participant information leaflet about the project needsto be prepared and offered to all participants in the study even

though you will not take their contact details.

The participant information leaflet needs to be pre-approved by theresearch Supervisor or the Faculty Research Ethics Leader beforeany data is collected and will need to be included in the dissertationor report. The participant information leaflet should be attached to

the low risk ethics checklist.


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Approvals

Some projects might ask individuals to be interviewed to provide data. Theinterviewees will need to provide what is called "informed consent". Theresearcher will need to make sure that all interviewees have completedinformed consent forms before being interviewed and they will also need tobe given participant information leaflets at the time when informed consentis requested. The informed consent for should be attached to the low riskethics checklist.

These need to be approved by research Supervisors or the FacultyResearch Leader before any contact is made and therefore before any datais collected so this method of research requires a long development timeand very good advance planning.

Data collected in this way has to be stored securely. It also needs to be

destroyed after the research is completed and again this will need to beconfirmed. You will need to convince interviewees that the information thatthey share with you will be treated confidentially and show to us that this isthe case.


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Informed Consent Form

TemplatePlease tick

1. I confirm that I have read and understood the participant information

sheet for the above study and have had the opportunity to ask questions.

2. I understand that my participation is voluntary and that I am free towithdraw at anytime without giving a reason.

3. I understand that all the information I provide will be treated in confidence

4. I understand that I also have the right to change my mind about

participating in the study for a short period after the study has concluded

(insert deadline here).

5. I agree to be filmed/recorded (delete as appropriate) as part of the

research project

6. I agree to take part in the research project


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Generic Objectives

To define and plan the project

To identify and review the current state of prior literature

To design a robust study to answer the research question

To collect all the data needed to answer the research questionusing the developed study design

To derive and present the results of the study from the datacollected

To analyse the results of the study in the light of prior knowledge

To draw conclusions about the contribution made by the studywhich may be concerned with the problem under investigation, themethods deployed or the student as researcher

To provide a complete and accurate record of the material used inthe study, cited consistently according to a recognised system.


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Thesis Structure

Introduction HypothesisAimsObjectives

Research Methodology

Literature review

Research Study Presentation of Results

Discussion

Conclusion

Further Work

References

Bibliography

Appendices


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Learning Outcomes of Today

Investigate the concept of ethics in

research.

Communicate the Universitys ethics

policy.

Discuss the ethics of different research

methodologies.

Recap (briefly) Plagiarism.


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A Final Note

This was your last M04EKM lecture.

You must submit coursework 1 (Logbook)next week and Coursework 2 via Moodle

through Turnitin.

Coursework 2 will be released this week

analysis and presentation of results final report and ethics

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