analysing language and anticipating problems
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Analysing language and anticipating problems
Jo GakongaCELTA trainer
elt-training.com
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What is ‘analysing language’?
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WHY analyse language?
To find out how simple or complex an area of language is…
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WHY analyse language?
To enable us to anticipate problems students may have and so to avoid unnecessary problems when introducing the language…
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WHY analyse language?
To enable us to correct students’ mistakes and to answer their questions about language
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WHAT do we analyse?
MeaningForm
Pronunciation
function & appropriateness
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MeaningProblems can arise because:
• meaning is very complex, abstract or otherwise difficult to grasp
• this concept does not exist in the student’s own language
• a different meaning in std’s own language produces ‘L1 interference’
• the language item has more than one meaning in English
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Form Problems can arise due to:
• word order• grammatical rules e.g. use of auxiliary verbs, 3rd
person ‘s’ etc.• the part of speech (adjective, adverb etc.)• regular vs. irregular (e.g. past simple, -ing forms etc.)• spelling• over-generalisation of the rule
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PronunciationProblems can arise due to:
• student’s own language produces interference• spelling vs. pronunciation – silent letters etc.• Contractions (eg I’ve) and weak forms (eg could have
= /әv/) etc.• word or sentence stress• intonation
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Function - the purpose of the speaker
how and for what the language item is used (e.g. for giving advice, making an offer, giving permission, speculating etc.)
Appropriateness- where, when and with whom it can be used • register – formal, informal or neutral• how colloquial (or fashionable?) or specialised it is• whether it is written or spoken
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Solutions
• Present language in a clear situation• Give clear, simple explanations• Check meaning systematically• Do your research!
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I wish I had more time.
Meaning:
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I wish I had more time.
Meaning:
I want more time (now or in the future)I don’t have enough time nowI’m unlikely to get more time
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I wish I had more time.
Concept checks
Do I want more time now? (Yes)Do I have enough time now? (No)Do I think I’ll get more time in the future? (probably not)
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I wish I had more time.
Form:
I wish I had more time.
Subject + wish +(that)+ subject + simple past tense
(There are two subjects and two verbs because there are two clauses)
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I wish I had more time.
Form: Anticipated problem:
We use the simple past tense
BUT
the meaning is the present or the future
BECAUSE
the situation is unlikely or impossible.
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I wish I had more time.
Pronunciation: Anticipated problem:
had = /hӕd/ It can’t be contracted to I’d because it’s the main verb in this clause, NOT an auxiliary.
Stress – I wish I had more time
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SOME SUGGESTIONS Do your own analysis first – examine the language before you consult a grammar book. Then check with a grammar book that you find clear and accessible.
Check in your course book. Some course books have very user-friendly’ grammar sections. Sometimes looking at books designed to help students with grammar points may help you when you start out – e.g. Raymond Murphy’s ‘English Grammar in Use’
Do grammar exercises yourself first as if you were a student – then try to explain your choice of answer to yourself before you try it out on the students!
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Grammar reference books – some useful titles
• Practical English Grammar, M. Swan, OUP
• Grammar for English Teachers. M.Parrott• Teaching English Grammar, What to teach and how to teach it.
J.Scrivener.• Teaching Tenses. R.Aitken
• English Grammar in Use, R. Murphy, CUP