analisis diferencial y fijación de precios
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Differential Analysis and Product Pricing
Student Version
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Prepare differential analysis reports for a variety of managerial decisions.
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Sunk Costs
Costs that have been incurred in the past are not relevant to the decision. These costs are called sunk costs.
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Differential revenue is the amount of increase or decrease in revenue that is expected from a course of action as compared with an alternative action.
Differential Revenue
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Differential cost is the amount of increase or decrease in cost that is expected from a course of action as compared with an alternative action.
Differential Cost
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Differential income (or loss) is the difference between the differential revenue and the differential costs. Differential income indicates that a particular decision is expected to be profitable, while a differential loss indicates the opposite.
Differential Income or Loss
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Marcus Company is considering leasing or disposing of the following equipment:
Lease or Sell
Cost of equipment $200,000Less accumulated depreciation 120,000Book value $ 80,000Lease Option:
Total revenue for five-year lease 160,000Total estimated repair, insurance,
and property tax expenses during life of lease 35,000
Sell Option:Sales price $100,000Commission on sale 6%
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Differential Analysis Report—Lease or SellExhibit 2
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Management may consider discontinuing the product or segment of a business that is generating losses. Based on the information contained in the condensed income statement (Slide 10), management of Battle Creek Cereal Co. is considering discontinuing Bran Flakes.
Discontinue a Segment or Product
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Income (Loss) by ProductExhibit 4
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Differential Analysis Report—Discontinue an Unprofitable Segment
Don’t discontinue Bran Flakes!
Exhibit 5
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Make or Buy
An automobile manufacturer has been purchasing instrument panels for $240 a unit. The factory currently operates at 80% of capacity. The cost per unit is estimated as follows:
Direct materials $ 80Direct labor 80Variable factory overhead 52Fixed factory overhead 68Total estimated cost per unit $280
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Differential Analysis Report—Make or BuyExhibit 7
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The amount of income that is foregone from an alternative use of an asset, such as cash, is called an opportunity cost.
Opportunity Cost
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A business produces kerosene as follows:
Process or Sell
Batch size 4,000 gallonsCost of producing kerosene $2,400 per batchSelling price $0.80 per gallon
(continued)
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The kerosene can be processed further to yield gasoline as follows:
Process or Sell
Input batch size 4,000 gallonsLess evaporation (20%) 800 (4,000 × 20%)Output batch size 3,200
Additional processing costs $650 per batch
Selling price $1.25 per gallon
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Differential Analysis Report—Process or SellExhibit 9
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Accept Business at a Special Price
B-Ball Inc. manufactures basketballs as follows:
Monthly productive capacity 12,500 basketballsCurrent monthly sales 10,000 basketballsNormal (domestic) selling price $30.00 per basketballManufacturing costs:
Variable costs $12.50 per basketballFixed costs 7.50 Total $20.00 per basketball
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The manufacturer receives an offer from an exporter for 5,000 basketballs at $18 each. Production can be spread over three months, so these basketballs can be manufactured using normal capacity. Domestic sales would not be affected.
Accept Business at a Special Price
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Differential Analysis Report—Sell at Special Price
Exhibit 10
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Determine the selling price of a product using the total cost, product cost, and variable cost concepts.
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Markup
Using the cost-plus methods, managers add to the cost an amount called a markup. This allows for all costs plus a profit to be included in the selling price.
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Manufacturing Cost
Selling Expenses
Administrative Expenses
The markup is determined by applying the following formula:
Markup percentag
e
=Desired profit Total costs
Desired
selling price
Desired Profit
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Manufacturing costs:Direct materials ($3.00 × 100,000) $ 300,000Direct labor ($10.00 × 100,000) 1,000,000Factory overhead:
Variable costs ($1.50 × 100,000) $150,000 Fixed costs 50,000 200,000Total manufacturing costs $1,500,000Selling and administrative expenses:
Variable expenses ($1.50 × 100,000) $150,000Fixed costs 20,000
Total selling and administrative expenses 170,000Total cost $1,670,000
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Only the desired profit is covered in the markup.
Desired profit Total costs
= 9.6%=
Total cost per calculator $16.70Markup ($16.70 × 9.6%) 1.60Selling price $18.30
$160,000 $1,670,000
Markup Percentage
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Using the product cost concept, only the costs of manufacturing the product are included in the cost amount to which the markup is added. The markup percentage is computed as follows:
Product Cost Concept
Markup Percentage =
Desired Profit + Total Selling and Administrative Expenses
Total Product Cost
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Manufacturing costs:Direct materials ($3.00 × 100,000) $ 300,000Direct labor ($10.00 × 100,000) 1,000,000Factory overhead:
Variable costs ($1.50 × 100,000) $150,000 Fixed costs 50,000 200,000Total manufacturing costs $1,500,000Selling and administrative expenses:
Variable expenses ($1.50 × 100,000) $150,000Fixed costs 20,000
Total selling and administrative expenses 170,000Total cost $1,670,000
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Manufacturing Cost
Product Cost
MarkupAdministrative
Expense
+
Selling Expense
+
Desired Profit
Desired
Desired Selling
Selling PricePrice
Desired Selling Price
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Markup Percentage
Desired Profit +
=
Total Selling and Administrative Expenses
Total Manufacturing Costs
Calculating the Markup Percentage
Markup Percentage
$160,000 + $170,000
=$1,500,000
Markup Percentage = 22%
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Digital Solutions Inc. would price each calculator at $18.30 per unit, as shown below:
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Manufacturing cost per calculator $15.00Markup ($15.00 × 22%) 3.30Selling price $18.30
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Variable Cost Concept
The variable cost concept emphasizes the distinction between variable and fixed costs in product pricing. Only variable costs are include in the cost amount to which the markup is added.
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Product Cost
Markup
Variable Manufacturing
Cost+
Variable Administrative
and Selling Expenses
Total Fixed Costs + Desired Profit
Desired
Selling Price
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Markup Percentage
Desired Profit + =
Total Fixed Costs
Total Variable Costs
Markup Percentage
Markup Percentage
$160,000 + $50,000 + $20,000 =
$1,600,000
Direct materials ($3 × 100,000) $ 300,000Direct labor ($10 × 100,000) 1,000,000Variable factory overhead
($1.50 × 100,000) 150,000Variable selling and
administrative expenses ($1.50 × 100,000) 150,000
Total variable costs $1,600,000
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Markup Percentage
Desired Profit + =
Total Fixed Costs
Total Variable Costs
Markup Percentage
Markup Percentage
$160,000 + $50,000 + $20,000 =
$1,600,000
Markup Percentage=
$230,000
$1,600,000= 14.4%
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Variable cost per calculator $16.00Markup ($16.00 × 14.4%) 2.30Selling price $18.30
Digital Solutions Inc. would price each calculator at $18.30 per unit, as shown below:
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Target Costing
Target costing is a method of setting prices that combines market-based pricing with a cost reductive emphasis. A future price is anticipated, using the demand-based methods or the competition-based methods.
Target Cost = Expected Selling Price – Desired Profit
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Compute the relative profitability of products in bottleneck production processes.
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Production Bottlenecks and Profits
A production bottleneck (or constraint) occurs at the point in the process where the demand for the company’s product exceeds the ability to produce the product.
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Sales price per unit $130 $140
$160
Variable cost per unit 40 40
40
Contribution margin per unit $ 90 $100
$120
Heat treatment hours per unit 1 hr. 4 hrs.
8 hrs.
Small Medium LargeWrench Wrench Wrench
The product unit contribution margin and the number of hours of heat treatment used by each wrench are as follows:
(continued)
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Unit Contribution Margin per Bottleneck Hour
=Unit Contribution Margin
Heat Treatment Hours per Unit
Small Wrenches
Unit Contribution Margin per Bottleneck Hour
=$90
1 hr.= $90 per hour
Medium Wrenches
Unit Contribution Margin per Bottleneck Hour
= $100
4 hrs.= $25 per hour
Large Wrenches
Unit Contribution Margin per Bottleneck Hour
=$120
8 hrs.= $15 per hour
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Unit Contribution Margin per Bottleneck Hour
=Unit Contribution Margin
Heat Treatment Hours per Unit
Small Wrenches
Unit Contribution Margin per Bottleneck Hour
=$90
1 hr.= $90 per hour
Medium Wrenches
Unit Contribution Margin per Bottleneck Hour
= $100
4 hrs.= $25 per hour
Large Wrenches
Unit Contribution Margin per Bottleneck Hour
=$120
8 hrs.= $15 per hour
The small wrench is the most profitable
product per bottleneck hour.
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Contribution Margin (per unit) per Bottleneck Hour for Small
Wrench
=
Revised Price of Large Wrench
Variable Cost per Unit for Large
Wrench–
Bottleneck Hours per Unit for Large Wrench
$90 =
Revised Price of Large Wrench – $40
8 $720 = Revised Price of Large Wrench – $40
$760 = Revised Price of Large Wrench
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