an urban geography of globalisation part 2
DESCRIPTION
This is part 2 of the lecture "An Urban Geography of Globalization". This was originally prepared for the free-choice (ellective) course "Globalization" of the department of Urbanism of the Delft of Technology (TU Delft), The Netherlands. In this part I introduce the city of Sao Paulo in Brazil, its historical development and main drivers for development. At the end of the presentation, I present an empirical study on the location of Advanced Producer Services in the city and explain how global foces in oartnership with local forces are changing city structure.TRANSCRIPT
AN URBAN GEOGRAPHY OF GLOBALISATIONUNDERSTANDING SPATIAL CHANGE IN THE
AGE OF HYPER-CONNECTIVITY
Roberto RoccoChair Spatial Planning & Strategy Delft University of Technology (TU Delft)
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1Wednesday, 20April, 2011
PART 2:How is
globalisation impacting the
ground? An illustration
2Wednesday, 20April, 2011
Sao Paulo: a divided global
city
3Wednesday, 20April, 2011
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JXSTvjQTl1A&feature=player_embeddeda
4Wednesday, 20April, 2011
Sao Paulo
5Wednesday, 20April, 2011
Sao Paulo
6Wednesday, 20April, 2011
a
m
pa
s
Bahia
Resistencia
Salta
San MiguelDe Tucuman
San SalvadorDe Jujuy
Tar i ja
CampoGrande
Concepcion
C. Oviedo
Durazno
Paysandu
Tacuarembo
Foz Do Iguacu
Argentina
Uruguay
Paraguay
> than 10 million inh.
> than 5 million inh.
> than 3 million inh.
> than 1 million inh.
São Paulo > than 18 million inh.
Belo Horizont
Rio de Janeir
São PauloCuritiba
Buenos Aires Montevideo
Florianopolis
Porto Alegre
Vitoria
Santos
Campinas
Joinville
Cordoba
Rosario
Santa Cruz
Asuncion
7Wednesday, 20April, 2011
Pacific
ValdesPenninsula
A m a z o n
B a s i n
An
de
s
Mo
un
ta
in
s
Mato Grosso
Plateau
An
de
sM
ou
nt
a
i ns
Atacam
aD
ese
rt
ia
Pa
m
pa
s
Macapa
Antofagasta
Ar ica
Concepcion
Iquique
Puerto Montt
Valparaiso
Cucuta
Mitu
Puno
Talara
BahiaBlanca
Mendoza
Neuquen
Rawson
Resistencia
Salta
San Car losde Bar i loche
San MiguelDe Tucuman
SanRafael
San SalvadorDe Jujuy
Tar i ja
Aracaju
Boa Vista
CampoGrande
Cuiaba
Imperatr iz
Porto VelhoRioBranco
Santarem
Tarauaca
Teres ina
Valdiv ia
Pasto
Apoter i
B luef ie lds
Concepcion
C. Oviedo
Arequipa
Ayacucho
Cerro De PascoCocama
Cuzco
Huanuco
Ica
Iquitos
Orel lana
Sul lana
Tacna
Durazno
Paysandu
Tacuarembo
Ciudad Bol ivar
Matur in
PuertoAyacucho
San Cr istobal
Foz Do Iguacu
PuertoCabezas
Barquisimeto
Brazil
Argentina
Uruguay
Paraguay
Bolivia
Peru
Chile
Ecuador
Colombia
VenezuelaGuiana
SurinameFrench Guiana
> than 10 million inh. (megalopolis)
> than 5 million inh. (continental metropolis)
> than 3 million inh. (metropolis)
> than 1 million inh. (big city)
São Paulo > than 18 million inh.
Bogota
Medellin
Lima
Cali
Maracaibo
Caracas
Belem
Sao Luis Fortaleza
Recife
Salvador
Goiania
Belo Horizonte
Rio de Janeiro
São PauloCuritiba
Buenos Aires Montevideo
Florianopolis
Porto Alegre
Manaus
Brasilia
Vitoria
Santos
Campinas
Natal
Maceio
Joinville
Cordoba
Rosario
Santiago
La Paz
Santa Cruz
Asuncion
Barranquilla
Quito
Guayaquil
Valencia
Callao
8Wednesday, 20April, 2011
9Wednesday, 20April, 2011
Buenos Aires
MontevideoSantiago
Lima
Porto Alegre
Sao PauloRio
SalvadorBrasilia
Belo Horizonte
Curitiba
Cordoba
Asuncion
10Wednesday, 20April, 2011
11Wednesday, 20April, 2011
A Global Macrometropolis
12Wednesday, 20April, 2011
Population (2010) - Municipality11.244.369 - Metro19.672.582
Metropolitan Area: 8.051 km2Urbanized Area: app.2.000 km2Core Municipality: 1.500 km2
13Wednesday, 20April, 2011
Different polycentricities
14Wednesday, 20April, 2011
But which polycentricity are we talking about?
Slide prepared by Renata Parente, MSC3 Spatial Planning & Strategy, TU Delft, 2009
15Wednesday, 20April, 2011
16Wednesday, 20April, 2011
São Paulo
17Wednesday, 20April, 2011
Some basic starting points• Brazil (and LA as a whole) has entered a new
demographic phase. Birth rates are lower, the population is mostly urban (+80%).
• Many cities must face historically produced problems, the result of decades of strong demographic pressure, poor governance and lack of effective planning strategies.
• Meanwhile, a new economic scenario (globalisation?) is creating new urban form and structures. Human activity is differently distributed over the territory.
• Much of the continent is now democratic. This makes an enormous difference on how cities are planned and managed. The ‘right to the city’ has become a central point of many governments agendas.
18Wednesday, 20April, 2011
The content of this presentation in simple words
1. What IS São Paulo today 2. Historical origins and
growth process 3. Most relevant problems
today 4. How are ‘globalizing forces’
impacting the structures and infrastructures of the city
19Wednesday, 20April, 2011
Utrecht
Rotterdam
Amsterdam
SPaulo
Santos
Campinas
0 10 20
Den Haag
0 10 20
Nordzee
S Atlantic
Area: 8.313 Km2 Area: 8.051 Km2c. 2.000 urbanised
São Paulo ‘in comparison’ with the Randstad
75km
50km
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São Paulo ‘in comparison’ with the Randstad
Randstad-Holland Sao Paulo Metropolitan
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Possible contrast?
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Possible contrast?
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In 1494, with the seal of the Pope, Portugal and Spain modestly divided the world amongst them. Most of South
and North America (then unknown) fell out of the Portuguese share.
Why São Paulo is there?The Tordesillas Treaty 1494
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An Unimportant Colonial City
Sugarcane cyclec.1530- 1640
Gold Cyclec.1690- 1790
Coffee Cycle 1808-1929
Rubber cycle 1890-1945
Cacao cyclec.1820-1920
In colonial times, S Paulo had very little importance.
First the sugar cane plantations in Pernambuco and then the gold digging in Minas constituted the main colonial activities, until the arrival of coffee plantations to the
South East part of the country.
26Wednesday, 20April, 2011
An Unimportant Colonial City
Picture showing Benedictine Monastery and Church and the Faculty of Law in 1860
1750: Pop 20.000
In 1822, Brazil got independent from Portugal. SP gained some
importance when the Brazilian Imperial court
chose to place a Law Academy in the city in 1827.
27Wednesday, 20April, 2011
Eastern central area of the city in 1892 (Largo do Bixiga). Market colonial forms.
An unimportant colonial city
28Wednesday, 20April, 2011
1850:The Coffee Revolution
Sao Paulo Railway Station (1892) is built with English investment.
1880: Pop 31.000
The great coffee plantations
commercialise their products in the city. The coffee economy
produces the development of urban activities,
because it demands a complex
organisation of financing, transport,
commerce and export.
29Wednesday, 20April, 2011
European Immigration
Workers at Textile Factory around 1910. The factory belonged to Matarazzo family
The Black population is small in the city. Freed slaves establish in peripheral areas (later districts of the city)
Slavery abolished, it was necessary to have paid labour force. European and Japanese immigrants come to the city en masse.
1895 Pop 131.000
1900Pop 239.820
30Wednesday, 20April, 2011
European ImmigrationThe population of the city grows enormously:
1895: pop. 130.000 (54%of which were foreigners).
1900: pop. 239.820 (growth of 84% in 5 years!) Almost half of the population speaks Italian. Others: Spanish and Portuguese.
1905: First Syrian and Lebanese (50.000 Lebanese until 1946)
1908: Fist Japanese (500.000 along the XX century)
1920: Armenians, Jewish, Germans, Polish, Russian
Pop in 1920: 579.00031Wednesday, 20April, 2011
New Urban Paradigms
Rua Direita. Central Core circa 1860.
32Wednesday, 20April, 2011
New Urban Paradigms
The capital generated by coffee was (for the first time in the history of the country) re-invested in the country itself. It meant more and more coffee plantations but also urban transformation.
L. Badaro street and Dr Falcao st 1895 and 1915
c. 1895In 1880 the
population was 31.000
1915In 1920 the population
was 579.000
33Wednesday, 20April, 2011
New Urban Paradigms
The model for the new architecture was the French eclectic style. Even the simplest houses tried to emulate its forms. In the central core, new services are offered.
European workforce provide the basis for new consumption and architectural patterns.
34Wednesday, 20April, 2011
Industry and urban change
Workers in front of textiles factory c. 1900. Note the large number of women and children (although the picture does not let us know whether they were employees of the factory or not.
Economic progress brings changes in urban form, structure and economic bases. Small industry begins to appear in order to tend to the growing agglomeration necessities.
35Wednesday, 20April, 2011
A new elite comes into view
Traditional Boarding School Des Oiseaux, c. 1900 Note Art Nouveau Style. The elite is composed by rich Portuguese landowners and enriched Italian, German and Jewish families
36Wednesday, 20April, 2011
A new elite comes into view
1914 Opera House
The construction of a big opera house is a sign of the elite’s search for a more urban and sophisticated life style. Perhaps the biggest sign of change in mentalities.
37Wednesday, 20April, 2011
A new elite comes into view
Anhangabaú Valley in 1915, with Opera House and Hotel
38Wednesday, 20April, 2011
The ‘European’ city
Anhangabaú Valley c. 1915
39Wednesday, 20April, 2011
The ‘European’ city
Central Cinema, c. 1916
40Wednesday, 20April, 2011
The ‘European’ city
Patriarca square c. 1925
41Wednesday, 20April, 2011
The ‘European’ city
Patriarca square in 1925.
42Wednesday, 20April, 2011
Anhangabaú Valley, 1927
The ‘European’ city
43Wednesday, 20April, 2011
Anhangabaú Valley c. 1932
44Wednesday, 20April, 2011
Central Business District
15 Novembro Street, c. 1915
45Wednesday, 20April, 2011
Central Business District
15 de Novembro Street c. 190646Wednesday, 20April, 2011
New urban facilities:The Central Market
New City Market 1933 AE
47Wednesday, 20April, 2011
New mentalities: the urban man
In a country still predominantly agrarian, the surge of a metropolis represented the appearance of a new kind of mentality and life style.
Sao Joao Avenue with Martinelli Building 1937
In 1940 the pop reached
1.32 million
48Wednesday, 20April, 2011
The urban man
Anhangabau Valley in 1929.
49Wednesday, 20April, 2011
The urban man
Sao Jose Cinema in 1929
50Wednesday, 20April, 2011
The urban man
Central Post Office Offices in 1938
51Wednesday, 20April, 2011
Urban Problems
Tramway at Cathedral Square in 1937
52Wednesday, 20April, 2011
Wedding at Italian Family in 1940 (Bela Vista)
In the 40’s, the city population reaches its first million. Thousands of refugees arrive from Eastern Europe (Poland, Ukraine), Germany (Jews, but also Germans) and Italian.
After 1950, European immigration decreases.
1940:Pop 1.32 million
Immigration: 2nd WW
53Wednesday, 20April, 2011
After WW II: New Urban Paradigm
Anhangabau Valley in 1949
The new prominence of the USA in the international arena shifts paradigms. New urban models come from the North. The belief in “progress” and the Fordist model of production asks for new Urban Form and Structure.
Beginning of massive internal migration.
54Wednesday, 20April, 2011
After WW II: New migration trends & new urbanity
Sao Joao Avenue 1951
1950
Pop: 2.19 m
55Wednesday, 20April, 2011
After WW II: New migration trends & new urbanity
São João Avenue (Rua Líbero Badaró) 1952
56Wednesday, 20April, 2011
Tram 55 and bus 74 in Casa Verde District, 1953
After WW II: New Urban Paradigm
The adoption of more and more buses instead of tramways allows the sprawling of the city to distant peripheries.
Newly arrived migrants establish themselves in those peripheries.
57Wednesday, 20April, 2011
After WW II: New Urban Paradigm
58Wednesday, 20April, 2011
After WW II: New Urban Paradigm
Anhangabau Av Prestes Maia c1950
59Wednesday, 20April, 2011
After WW II: New Urban Paradigm
Anhangabau Valley and Tiradentes Ave c. 1948
60Wednesday, 20April, 2011
After WW II: New Urban Paradigm
São João Avenue, Down Town, 1960s
61Wednesday, 20April, 2011
Immigration:1960’s Major Internal Migrations
1960Pop: 3.7 m
1970Pop: 5.9 m
Sugarcane cyclec.1530- 1640
Gold Cyclec.1690- 1790
Coffee Cycle 1808-1929
Rubber cycle 1890-1945
Cacao cyclec.1820-1920
Industrial Era
62Wednesday, 20April, 2011
Migration from old colonized areas in the North-East of Brazil
Curiously, there are not many images of Nordeste immigrants taken at that time available on the internet. These are artistic representations of immigration. Left: Immigrant family by Candido Portinari.
63Wednesday, 20April, 2011
Candido Portinari
64Wednesday, 20April, 2011
Population growth municipality SP
65Wednesday, 20April, 2011
SP Urban Growth
Source: Meyer et al. 200466Wednesday, 20April, 2011
Slums
Paraisopolis, the second biggest favela in Sao Paulo, houses approximately 60.000 people (Delft= 120.000).
67Wednesday, 20April, 2011
In 1964, while a social democrat was president, a military coup d’etat took place. Elections were abolished. The mayor of the city and all fist echelon staff would be indicated by the Brasilia. Institutions were shattered.
Planning the city became a matter of social control.
Military Rule (1964-1986)
68Wednesday, 20April, 2011
69Wednesday, 20April, 2011
. Direct public investment in heavy industry and infrastructure (State owned)
Unions are strong where industry is.(Workers are weak where old colonial and post colonial structures subsist)
1930- 1973: Economical Growththrough import substitution policiesbuilding up an internal market:
70Wednesday, 20April, 2011
1973: The oil crisis
•Explosion of External Debt (International Interest Rates Rocket)•Growth is based on increase of debt + corruption + bad management •Inflation (directly linked to the oil prices raises)•Depression of commodity prices (in Brazil: resulting in accentuation of internal migrations)
71Wednesday, 20April, 2011
1979: The Debt crisisGrowth comes to a sudden halt: -25% industry -20% employment
Fotos 1º de Maio de Luta. Praça da Sé.Por x 01/05/2006 às 22:35 http://www.midiaindependente.org/pt/red/2006/05/352170.shtml
72Wednesday, 20April, 2011
1980s: The “lost decade”
Loss of investment capacity by the State
Recurrence to increasing international DEBT
Hyper inflation
Chronic unemployment
73Wednesday, 20April, 2011
70 and 80’s: Bad Management Environmental Decay
74Wednesday, 20April, 2011
70s and 80s: Bad ManagementSocial polarization
75Wednesday, 20April, 2011
70s and 80s: Bad ManagementSocial polarisation
1970Pop: 5.94 mi
1980Pop: 8.49 mi
76Wednesday, 20April, 2011
80s: congestionThe centre decadence
77Wednesday, 20April, 2011
1986: DEMOCRACY is back!
78Wednesday, 20April, 2011
Avenida Paulista: The new centrality
79Wednesday, 20April, 2011
Avenida Paulista in the beginning of
the 20th century and now
80Wednesday, 20April, 2011
Favelas are build on invaded land. Shacks are built by each family with improvised materials. The State was absent from the space of the ‘favela’.
With time, inhabitants conquered rights. They start improving their shacks and soon the houses are built with bricks and are connected (legally or illegally) to electricity and water supply. There is usually no sewage system.
There are special programmes of empowerment for the inhabitants. Some of them focus on the land rights and other on the infrastructure and services available.
SLUMS
81Wednesday, 20April, 2011
Human Development Compared
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83Wednesday, 20April, 2011
Average income (2000)
Average household income (2000)(in US$ in december 2000)
from 230 to 343 (relative poverty)
from 347 to 448 (low income)
from 452 to 616 (low middle income)
from 628 to 933 (middle-income)
Source: IBGE Census 2000, EMPLASA.
above 1096 (high-income)
84Wednesday, 20April, 2011
Blacks more affected by unemployment
% of unemployed persons among blacks and whites
Source: Seade, 2003
85Wednesday, 20April, 2011
90’s Emigration: Centre looses almost 20% of pop.
Causes:
1. Low birth rate (national trend)
2. Deconcentration of industrial production
3. Disappointment with lifestyle/housing/economic opportunities
4. Cost of life (plots are cheaper in outside municipalities)
Population Growth perDistrict in the period1991-2000
Lost population
> 7.87%
Source: IBGE 1991 and 2000
Pop. 1991: 9.646.185Pop. 2000: 10.405.867Growth: 7.87 %
CentreLost 19.73% of its inhabitantsPari District lost 31.82%
< 7.87%
Centre
Anhanguera
Perus
Jaragua
S. Domingos
PiritubaFreguesia do O
Brasilandia
Limao
Cachoei-rinha
Mandaqui
Casa Verde Santana
Tremembe
Tucuruvi
Jacana
Vila Medeiros
Vila Maria
Vila Guilherme
Cangaiba
Penha
Tatuape
Carrao
Belem
Mooca
Agua Rasa
Vila Matilde
Vila Formosa
Ermelino Matarazzo
Itaquera
Ponte Rasa
Artur Alvim
Cidade Lider
Parque doCarmo
Jose Bonifacio
CidadeTiradentes
Guaianases
Lajeado
Vila Curuca
Itaim Paulista
Jardim Helena
Sao Miguel
Vila Jacui
Iguatemi
Sao Rafael
Sao MateusSapopopembaemba
Aricanduva
Sao LucasVilaPrudente
Ipiranga
Sacoma
Cursino
Jabaquara
CidadeAdemar
Pedreira
Cidade Dutra
Grajau
Socorro
Campo Grande
Santo Amaro
Parelheiros
Marsilac
Jardim Angela
Jardim Sao Luis
CapaoRedondo
Campo Limpo
Vila Andrade
Vila SoniaMorumbiRaposo Tavares
Rio PequenoButanta
Jaguare
Vila Leopoldina
Lapa
Jaguare
Alto de Pinheiros
Itaim Bibi
Moema
Campo Belo
Saude
Vila Mariana
JardimPaulista
Pinheiros
Perdizes
Barra Funda
Consolacao
Santa Cecilia
Bela Vista
Liberdade
Cambuci
Bras
PariBom Retiro
Se
Repu-blica
0 20kmN
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Area covered by irregular
occupations is 338,8 km2, or 22,5% of
the total area of the municipality (1500 km2)
Irregular land occupation
The Clandestine City
Popu
latio
n: c
. 10.
5 m
illio
n (e
stim
ated
200
0)
Population Percentage
Illegal or unregulated land occupation c. 338 sq. km (22,5%)
Population living in sub-standard dwellings (favelas, slums, tenement houses): c. 1.8 million (2000) 17% of total population (source: Amaral & Pereira, 2003)
0 20kmN
ast
South-West
Centre
North-West North
South-East
East 1
East 2
South
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Low vulnerability
Middle vulnerability
Very high vulnerability
% of the wealth of the poorest 50% in relation to the richest 50%
No serious vulnerability
High vulnerability
Parks, green areas, dams and inhabited places
Social Vulnerability Scale
88Wednesday, 20April, 2011
Empirical Research
89Wednesday, 20April, 2011
GaWC 100 List of Global Enterprises
90Wednesday, 20April, 2011
100 largest APS operating in Brazil
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92Wednesday, 20April, 2011
Main Areas for for office development in Sao Paulo (2005)
93Wednesday, 20April, 2011
Old Centre (1554-1955)
94Wednesday, 20April, 2011
Derelict buildings
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Modernist heritage
96Wednesday, 20April, 2011
The Centre moves:Avenida Paulista (1955-1990)
97Wednesday, 20April, 2011
Avenida Paulista
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The centre moves again: Avenida Faria Lima (1985-2005)
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The centre moves again: Marginal Pinheiros (1990-...)
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Marginal pinheiros
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Social contrast
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Location of Insurance and banks major firms
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major firms that invested more in ICT (2007)
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50 largest advertising firmsSource: IBOPE, 2007
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106Wednesday, 20April, 2011
Largest firms all sectors
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Origin of firms per region
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Investment and land
value increase
109Wednesday, 20April, 2011
Large Urban Projects
Agua Branca OP
Espraiadas OP
Centro OP
Faria Lima OP
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Total Area: 450 hectars (4,500,000 m2.)
Cost: US$ 150 million (1995)
US$ 120 mi for land expropriation, necessary to cut through consolidated neighbourhoods
Urban Operation Faria Lima
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Avenida Faria Lima
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113Wednesday, 20April, 2011
114Wednesday, 20April, 2011
The New Corporate Axis
115Wednesday, 20April, 2011
The New Corporate Axis does not have all functions typical to central areas. Its form is linear, an axis along the Pinheiros River, including some important transversal avenues. It concentrates command functions of the highest level, but especially computing and communication companies, as well as advertising.
The New Corporate Axis
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The New Corporate Axis
117Wednesday, 20April, 2011
New Corporate Axis
118Wednesday, 20April, 2011
New Corporate Axis
119Wednesday, 20April, 2011
The New Corporate Axis
120Wednesday, 20April, 2011
The ‘New City’New Corporate Axis
121Wednesday, 20April, 2011
The New Corporate Axis
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The New Corporate Axis
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125Wednesday, 20April, 2011
126Wednesday, 20April, 2011
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Old Centre Revitalisation
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131Wednesday, 20April, 2011
Meanwhile in the Old Centre:Central Area Revitalisation
132Wednesday, 20April, 2011
Central Core Revitalisation
Revalorization of patrimony
The map shows the major historical monuments that have suffered some intervention in the last decade
133Wednesday, 20April, 2011
1990s : Revitalization
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Downtown Revitalisation
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136Wednesday, 20April, 2011
137Wednesday, 20April, 2011
Luz Train Station
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Pinacoteca
139Wednesday, 20April, 2011
Sala Sao Paulo
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Sala São Paulo
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Sala São Paulo
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Conclusions
143Wednesday, 20April, 2011
The industrial city
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The post-industrial city
145Wednesday, 20April, 2011
1. Generalisation of Technical Urban Networks2. Suburbanisation3. City core degradation/ inelasticity4. Movement of firms towards new
developments located in non-central areas close to ring roads in search for better interconnectivity
Increasing Polycentricity
146Wednesday, 20April, 2011
The Networked City
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Open Urban Systems
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New nodal organisations
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Convergences
The location of the business nodes over a main ring road, ensuring easy access to other business and consumption , as well as services in other areas of the metropolis
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Convergences
The close proximity of a large airport, serving a large business hinterland (North-Western Europe in the Dutch case, the vast Brazilian hinterland and part of the MERCOSUR Economic Community in the Brazilian case)
151Wednesday, 20April, 2011
Convergences
The existence of a MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) ensuring optimal digital connectivity
152Wednesday, 20April, 2011
Convergences
The interest of national pension funds, who invested heavily in real estate in the 1990’s
153Wednesday, 20April, 2011
Convergences
The relevance of the local government as a promoter of large infrastructural works, especially related to the road and transportation systems
154Wednesday, 20April, 2011
Convergences
The social composition of the surrounding areas, where high skilled workers dwell and therefore can have easy access to work
155Wednesday, 20April, 2011
Convergences
The existence of facilities and services related to an international life style (international schools, hotels and luxury shops, for example)
156Wednesday, 20April, 2011
Convergences
The movement towards a better connection with the old centralities (Amsterdam Centrum and São Paulo Centro and Avenida Paulista), ensuring synergies with the traditional business and cultural nodes
157Wednesday, 20April, 2011
Trends
Easy access to other nodes in various networks (the ring factor)
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Trends
Easy access to large transportation nodes (the airport factor)
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Trends
Clear connection to old centralities where consumer services and producer services are concentrated (the urban ‘buzz’)
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Trends
Image is a crucial factor. Corporate image is not only associated to buildings, but to the image created by modern, daring and innovative urban milieus.
161Wednesday, 20April, 2011
Thanks for listeningAny questions?
Roberto RoccoChair of Urban Planning and Strategy, Department of Urbanism
Delft University of Technology TU DelftOctober 2008
162Wednesday, 20April, 2011