an intelligent tutoring system (its) for future combat systems (fcs) robotic vehicle command i/itsec...
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An Intelligent Tutoring System (ITS) for Future Combat Systems (FCS) Robotic Vehicle Command
I/ITSEC 2003
Presented by: Randy [email protected]
Co-authors: Henry Marshall, US Army RDECOMJeffrey Stahl, US Army RDECOMRichard Stottler, Stottler Henke
FCS Concept - Background
Distributed robotic vehicles and sensors are networked to control vehicles, providing• heightened situational awareness• extended sensor capabilities• reduced human risk
FCS – Training Challenge• New paradigm requires scenario-based practice for
FCS warfighters
• Formal tactical doctrine for FCS operational concept has not been developed
• Desirable to minimize costs of developing and administering training – reduce requirements for human instructors and simplify scenario definition
• Intelligent Tutoring Systems are effective for simulating some of the benefits of a human instructor, especially for a domain with focused, task-based exercises
Simulation Testbed
• Embedded Combined Arms Tactical Training and Mission Rehearsal (ECATT/MR) testbed developed at RDECOM
• Multi-screen control interface, on OTB simulation
• Software for controlling simulated entities is the same as that used for operating robotic vehicles
Intelligent Tutoring System (ITS) Architecture Overview
Simulation Interface provides two forms of data to Evaluation Machines:• Simulation states• Student actions
Instructional Manager sends notifications back to the student in the OCU environment, based on conclusions from the Evaluation Machines
FCS ITS Instructional Principle Categories
TACTICAL DECISION MAKING• Student’s ability to interpret the tactical situation and
commander’s intent, and decide what should be done• Example: Use airborne sensor assets to complement
knowledge from ground-based vehicles
TACTICAL DECISION MAKING• Student’s ability to interpret the tactical situation and
commander’s intent, and decide what should be done• Example: Use airborne sensor assets to complement
knowledge from ground-based vehicles
EXECUTION• Student’s application of correct buttonology in execution
EXECUTION• Student’s application of correct buttonology in execution
COMMAND FORMULATION• Student’s ability to translate tactical decisions into
commands or orders that can be executed
COMMAND FORMULATION• Student’s ability to translate tactical decisions into
commands or orders that can be executed
FCS ITSInstructional Principle Examples
Use terrain concealment to detect enemy positions from
Unmanned Ground Vehicles (UGVs)without being detected
Use terrain concealment to detect enemy positions from
Unmanned Ground Vehicles (UGVs)without being detected
TASKTASK
FCS ITS Instructional Principle Examples: TACTICAL
TACTICAL: Before cresting hills in terrain, halt UGV and use mast sensors to scan for enemy
TACTICAL: Before cresting hills in terrain, halt UGV and use mast sensors to scan for enemy
FCS ITS Instructional Principle Examples: COMMAND FORMULATION
COMMAND FORMULATION: When UGV movement will include successive halt and resume, control the vehicle with draggable points in the OCU
COMMAND FORMULATION: When UGV movement will include successive halt and resume, control the vehicle with draggable points in the OCU
FCS ITS Instructional Principle Examples: EXECUTION
EXECUTION: The main HALT control halts all vehicles; the HALT control under “Assign Task” halts the current vehicle
EXECUTION: The main HALT control halts all vehicles; the HALT control under “Assign Task” halts the current vehicle
Finite State Machine (FSM) Based EvaluationsWhat are they?Transition networks executing in coordination with a simulation to
gather data about instructionally significant events and states, and make evaluation conclusions in real time
Why use them in an ITS?Several benefits:
• Modularity – they can be used separately or in conjunction for a variety of scenarios
• Instructional correspondence – individual instructional principles can be associated with independent evaluations
• Integration – the FSM structure is easily integrated with free-play simulations and maps well to diagnosis of widely varied outcomes
• Authoring ease – they can be represented visually, making them easy for non-programmers to create, maintain, and revise
Evaluation Machine Example
TACTICAL: Before cresting hills in terrain, halt UGV and use mast sensors to scan for enemy
TACTICAL: Before cresting hills in terrain, halt UGV and use mast sensors to scan for enemy
Lessons Learned• Automated evaluation is suited for the domain of
training the employment of robotic vehicles under the FCS concept
• Streamlining domain-specific requirements (simulation integration, scoping training objectives, etc.) reduces ITS development time and cost
• Preferable to avoid scenario-specific evaluation• Example: Identifying terrain where a UGV has an exposed hull.
• Scenario-specific approach: Manually annotate areas on the map that represent hill crests where a UGV would be exposed
• Scenario-independent approach: Use dynamic line of sight (LOS) calculations in the simulation to determine exposure
Future Work• Full system development with a rigorous collection of
scenarios
• Enhanced feedback mechanisms, potentially with controls to pause or rewind the simulation
• Team training extensions• Similar architecture applies in the team setting
• Scalable principle hierarchy supports reuse with scenarios involving a superset of instructional concepts
• ITS capabilities proposed for Integration into the Tank and Automotive Research and Development Command (TARDEC) Crew instrumentation and Automation Testbed