an industry perspective on emerging electricity delivery ... · stability and performance in...

An Industry PerspectiveOn Emerging Electricity DeliveryTechnologies

Juan de Bedout

GEGlobal Research

2 /February, 2007GE Proprietary

Delivery ConsumptionConversionSources

Oil & Gas

Nuclear

T&D

Users

Hydro

RenewablesRenewables

Fossil

GE: A Broad Energy Footprint

($B)


What’s Driving Our Power Systems R&D

• How to manage diversification of the energy mix, including more intermittent renewables and DG

• How to squeeze more performance out of the existing infrastructure, operating closer to constraints

• How to develop new products for our customers that transform their capabilities and cost effectiveness


A Balanced Technology Portfolio for The Grid

Commercialization Discovery

Renewables

Integration

Feasibility


Security> Grid fault tolerance and recovery

Operability> Voltage regulation> Active power controls

Planning> Assessment and planning tools

Grid-Friendly Features

Low Voltage Ride-Thru

Voltage

Power

Pavail

Pout

Grid Features

Volt/VAR

control

High

Penetration

Blackstart /

Island

Anti-

islanding

Active Power

Controls

Low Voltage

Ride Thru

Zero Voltage

Ride ThruWindFREE

Voltage

Control

2003 2004 2005 2006 future

0

20

40

60

80

100

47 48 49 50 51 52

Active Power

Ramp Rate

Freq. Droop

Power

Power

Frequency

Time

Wind Integration




MP&D

Renewables

Integration

Feasibility

Advanced capacitors


1

10

100

1000

10000

100000

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

Temperature, (oC)

Voltage, (V)

MW, Power Supplies> Hz, Transmission

>W, Computers<MHz, Electronics

Electrolytic

µF-mF

MLCC

nF-µF

ElectrostaticCaps

Goals: Energy Density

Power Density

Reliability

Higher Temperature

Smart Capacitor Systems

kW, Motor DriveskHz, Inverters

Long Term Research Needs:

Modeling of electrode physics for

enhancement of Ultracapacitors

• Higher voltages

• Higher energy density

UCcells

Advanced Caps and U-caps Technology Growth




MP&D

Renewables

Integration

Demand Response

Feasibility

Advanced capacitors

Benefits

• Utility peak load management• Reduced homeowner energy bills• New capabilities and services, for both homeowners and utilities

Technologies• Advanced Metering Infrastructure (2-way comm)• DR signaling: DLC, TOU, CPP, RTP…• Home Energy Management• Smart Lighting & Appliances

Homes become active participants in balancing generation and loadsDemand Response and Home Automation

Energy management

Energy star appliances

Ladera Range, CA

Advanced

lighting: CFLs, OLEDs

Utility

Coming:

Plug-in-hybrid electric vehicles

Solar

Photovoltaic

Panels

Energy management

Energy star appliances

Ladera Range, CA

Advanced

lighting: CFLs, OLEDs

Utility

Coming:

Plug-in-hybrid electric vehicles

Solar

Photovoltaic

Panels

Long-Term research Needs• Response characterization: how much do I get, how quickly do I get it, how long does it last…• Human factors: how do we properly incentivize people to change their behavior?

7,000

9,000

11,000

13,000

Hour of day

Original Load

12 PM 12 AM12 AM

MW

7,000

9,000

11,000

13,000

Hour of day

Original Load

12 PM 12 AM12 AM

MW

7,000

9,000

11,000

13,000

Hour of day

Original Load

12 PM 12 AM12 AM

MW

7,000

9,000

11,000

13,000

Hour of day

Original Load

12 PM 12 AM12 AM

MW

7,000

9,000

11,000

13,000

Hour of day

Original Load

12 PM 12 AM12 AM

MWDemand-side

Management

7,000

9,000

11,000

13,000

Hour of day

Original Load

12 PM 12 AM12 AM

MWDemand-side

Management




MP&D

Renewables

Integration

Energy

Storage

Demand Response

Feasibility

Advanced capacitors


Energy StoragePower System Applications• Peak-shaving• Arbitrage (buy low, sell high)• Renewables firming• VAR Support • Regulation• Spinning Reserve• Power System Stabilizer• Black Start• Load ramp rate control

Backup Power Requirements• Fast response to loss of grid power• Frequency regulation• Voltage regulation

Long-Term Research Challenges• Cost-effective battery energy storage technologies• Technologies with broad power / energy / dynamic response capabilities

Power Level

Energy Capacity

Generation

Transmission

Distribution

System Operation“ancillaries”

Residential/ Small Market

Commercial/Industrial

Commercial/Industrial UPS

Telecom backup

Commercial/Industrial demand management

Substation demand management

Wind firming

PV firming$3X/kWh

$2X/kWh

$X/kWh

ES cost requirement




MP&D

Renewables

Integration

Energy

Storage

Demand Response

DG Aggregation,

Microgrids,

Off-grid

Energy Management

Energy Management

Feasibility

Advanced capacitors


Main GridMain Grid

Substation

Conventional Loads

P

t

P

t

P

t

P

t

As Available Gen

Firm Gen

• Local energy resources used to service local loads

• Advanced local controls and protection provide robust stability and performance in low-inertia grids

FeaturesP

t

P

t

Energy Storage

• Energy storage provides firming and smoothing of intermittent generation and load

• Advanced local controls leverage storage reactive power to enhance grid stability

• Local energy resources used to service local loads

• Advanced local controls and protection provide robust stability and performance in low-inertia grids

P

t

P

t

Controllable Loads

• Controlling energy usage from dispatchable loads adds ability to better balance supply and demand

• Energy storage provides firming and smoothing of intermittent generation and load

• Advanced local controls leverage storage reactive power to enhance grid stability

Supervisory Control

• Optimal energy utilization is achieved through coordinated asset operation with Supervisory Controls

• Controlling energy usage from dispatchable loads adds ability to better balance supply and demand

• Flexible controls allow both grid-connected and grid-isolated operation

• Optimal energy utilization is achieved through coordinated asset operation with Supervisory Controls

A well-conceived systems approach will allow higher penetrations of as-available power, while optimizing the economics.

• Flexible controls allow both grid-connected and grid-isolated operation

Distributed Generation, Aggregation, MicroGrids




MP&D

Renewables

Integration

Energy

Storage

Demand Response

DG Aggregation,

Microgrids,

Off-grid

Energy Management

Energy Management

Wide Area Measurements & Controls

Kemano

Colstrip

Malin

John Day

NavajoHoover

PG&E

SCE

SDG&ELADWP

Table Mtn.

Diablo Canyon

Moss Landing

Peace River

Midpoint

San JuanFour CornersCholla

Jim Bridger

IPP

Grand Coulee

McNary

Palo Verde

Mohave

Phasor

Measurement

Units

Transmission Paths

500kV Lines345kV Lines230kV LinesDC Lines

Transmission Paths


Feasibility

Advanced capacitors


Synchrophasors and Wide-Area Monitoring

• Current power system stressed due to increasing load demand with less

investments in transmission sector

• Real-time control allows efficient operation

of such stressed system and prevents wide scale cascading outages

• Conventionally “OFF-LINE” methods were used to “ESTIMATE” the state of the system

and controlled

• Synchrophasors provide “REAL-TIME” system sate through “MEASURE”ment instead of estimating

• Snapshot of the system in real time for

more efficient control

Long-Term Research Challenges

• Fast simulation and modeling for on-line predictive contingency analysis – high-performance computing, massively

distributed & parallel computing

From Estimation To Measurement

δδδδ1 δδδδ2 δδδδ3

δδδδ4

δδδδ5

PMUGPSClock

Synchronized Phasors

Power System

0

559.26

0

30

60

90

120

150

180

210

240

270

300

330Grand Coulee

John Day

Malin N

Colstrip

Big Eddy 500

Keeler 500 kV

Vincent

Devers 500 kV

Vincent 500kV

Mohave 500kV

Devers 500kV

Grand Coulee 500kV

Angle Reference is Grand Coulee

08/04/00 Event at 12:55 Pacific Time (08/04/00 at 19:55 GMT )

0

559.26

0

30

60

90

120

150

180

210

240

270

300

330Grand Coulee

John Day

Malin N

Colstrip

Big Eddy 500

Keeler 500 kV

Vincent

Devers 500 kV

Vincent 500kV

Mohave 500kV

Devers 500kV

Grand Coulee 500kV



Wide-Area Observability


δδδδ4

δδδδ5


δδδδ4

δδδδ5

PMUGPSClock

Synchronized Phasors

Power System

0

559.26

0

30

60

90

120

150

180

210

240

270

300

330Grand Coulee

John Day

Malin N

Colstrip

Big Eddy 500

Keeler 500 kV

Vincent

Devers 500 kV

Vincent 500kV

Mohave 500kV

Devers 500kV

Grand Coulee 500kV



0

559.26

0

30

60

90

120

150

180

210

240

270

300

330Grand Coulee

John Day

Malin N

Colstrip

Big Eddy 500

Keeler 500 kV

Vincent

Devers 500 kV

Vincent 500kV

Mohave 500kV

Devers 500kV

Grand Coulee 500kV



Wide-Area Observability

• High-order optimal control

• Data management and reduction

• Human factors – visualization




MP&D

Renewables

Integration

Energy

Storage

Demand Response

DG Aggregation,

Microgrids,

Off-grid

Energy Management

Energy Management


Kemano

Colstrip

Malin

John Day

NavajoHoover

PG&E

SCE

SDG&ELADWP

Table Mtn.

Diablo Canyon

Moss Landing

Peace River

Midpoint


Jim Bridger

IPP

Grand Coulee

McNary

Palo Verde

Mohave

Phasor

Measurement

Units

Transmission Paths


Transmission Paths


Feasibility

Superconducting Apps

Advanced capacitors


Large Utility-Scale HTS Generators DOE project examined commercial viability of HTS utility generators > 100 MVA

Potential benefits:• Higher efficiency (.2-.6%); • Enhanced reactive power capacity; • Lower synchronous reactance

Findings:HTS Wire Technology• High speed (50-60 Hz) generators need >~0.4% strain capability of HTS wire to help decrease

high cost of supporting wire against centripetal forces• Need a wire cost lower than $25/kA-m• Need operating temperature closer to 77K at present currents & magnetic fields

Refrigeration Technology• Refrigeration cost is a significant barrier; raising operating temperatures to around 77K will help

Conclusion: Costs are presently too high for generators <~ 500 MVA

Long-Term Research Needs:• Help make MgB2 or YBCO a successful commercial superconductor. • Grid analysis of SC technologies: FCLs, low synchronous reactance

generators, VAR generation to articulate the value to utilities


Other Potential SC Power Applications

Electric grid:

• Motors/generators/hydro-generators

• SMES (superconducting magnetic energy storage)

• Magnetic bearings (e.g., for flywheels)

• Fault current limiters

• Transformers

• Underground power cables




MP&D

Renewables

Integration

Energy

Storage

Demand Response

DG Aggregation,

Microgrids,

Off-grid

Energy Management

Energy Management


Kemano

Colstrip

Malin

John Day

NavajoHoover

PG&E

SCE

SDG&ELADWP

Table Mtn.

Diablo Canyon

Moss Landing

Peace River

Midpoint


Jim Bridger

IPP

Grand Coulee

McNary

Palo Verde

Mohave

Phasor

Measurement

Units

Transmission Paths


Transmission Paths


High-Penetration Renewables

Feasibility

Superconducting Apps

Advanced capacitors


Fast - Generation SmoothingSlow - Generation Firming

Wind Advanced Forecasting

Dispatchable power generation output

Demand

Wind or PV power generation output

Advanced Power Controls

+

Vref

(from grid operator)

Ihs

[A B]

Line Drop Compensation

Vhs

Vhs max

Verror

-

High Side Voltage Limiter

QB up

(MVAr)

Vhs ref

Vhs min

Vhs

-Q

i(to N WTGs)

Voltage Regulation Mode

-

Y

switchdelay(for sim.

model)

deadbandRegulation

ModeSelection

Qtotal

Qshunt

Qwtg net

from SCADA:N WTGs on-line

N

++

+

Qmax

= Bma+ N*Qi

max

Qmin

= Bmin

+ N*Qimin

anti-windup

on Qmax/min

PFAref

(from grid

operator)

Ihs[A B]

PF Calculation with Line

Drop Compensation

Vhs

+

+

PFAc

-PFAerr

anti-windup

on Vhs max/min

Power Factor Regulation Mode

Kppf +

Kipf/s

1

N

1

s

If Qerr1

> 0

then

out = Qerr1

else

reset

integrator

Qerr1 out

reset

If X1 >

MSC/Rtol

thendisconnect

L or

connect C

Switched

L or C?

X1

reset

-

++

QB down

(MVAr)

Y

1

s

If Qerr2

< 0

then

out = Qerr1

else

reset

integrator

Qerr2 out

reset

If X2 <

-MSC/Rtol

thendisconnect

C or

connect L

Switched

L or C?

X2

reset

-

+

+

Kpv

1 + sTv

KiV

s

1 - sTr/2

1 + sTr/2

s3s1

s2

s5

s4

Advanced Generation Active Demand Participation

Storage

Need to Develop Technologies like Forecasting to Make Wind Dispatchable

High-Penetration Renewables – Beyond 10%


High-Penetration Renewables – Hawai’i Study

State and utility Objectives

• Reduce dependence on foreign oil

• Identify paths to reduce COE

• Help achieve state RPS targets

• In an economically viable way

Frequency

Wind Power

Electricity Production by Type



MP&DMP&D

Renewables

Integration

Renewables

Integration

Renewables

Integration

Energy StorageEnergy Storage

Demand ResponseDemand ResponseDemand Response

DG Aggregation,

Microgrids,

Off-grid

Energy Management

Energy Management

DG Aggregation,

Microgrids,

Off-grid

Energy Management

Energy Management


Kemano

Colstrip

Malin

John Day

NavajoHoover

PG&E

SCE

SDG&ELADWP

Table Mtn.

Diablo Canyon

Moss Landing

Peace River

Midpoint


Jim Bridger

IPP

Grand Coulee

McNary

Palo Verde

Mohave

Phasor

Measurement

Units

Transmission Paths


Transmission Paths



Kemano

Colstrip

Malin

John Day

NavajoHoover

PG&E

SCE

SDG&ELADWP

Table Mtn.

Diablo Canyon

Moss Landing

Peace River

Midpoint


Jim Bridger

IPP

Grand Coulee

McNary

Palo Verde

Mohave

Phasor

Measurement

Units

Transmission Paths


Transmission Paths


High-Penetration

Renewables

High-Penetration

Renewables

Feasibility

Superconducting AppsSuperconducting Apps

Advanced capacitorsAdvanced capacitors

Questions?

an industry perspective on emerging electricity delivery ... · stability and performance in...

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