amsterdam, 23 march 2007

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Amsterdam, 23 March 2007

Dr. Sebastian FohrbeckDAAD, Bonn

Status of Implementation of the Bologna Reforms in the European Higher Education Area

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Changing Times 1989 - 1999

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Europe 1989 - 2007

Europe 1989 Europe 2007

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The Bologna Anniversary on 19 June 1999

MAGNA CHARTA UNIVERSITATUM

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Bologna Minister‘s of Conference in Berlin 2003

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Objectives of the Bologna Process – Bologna Declaration 1999

1999 Bologna1999 Bologna

In 1999, Ministers of Education from 29 European countries signed the Bologna Declaration which aims to create a coherent and cohesive European Higher Education Area (EHEA) by 2010. The main objectives outlined in this statement were as follows:

• adopt a system of easily readable and comparable degrees

• adopt a system with two main cycles (undergraduate/graduate)

• establish a system of credits (such as ECTS)

• promote mobility by overcoming legal recognition and administrative

obstacles

• promote European co-operation in quality assurance

• promote a European dimension in higher education

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Current Topics on the Bologna Agenda

- Mobility

- Degree System

- Quality assurance

- Attractiveness of Higher Education Area

Objectives of the Bologna Process – Bologna Declaration 1999

Driving forces of Bologna

Internal agenda: • Internal higher education market (integration)• System innovation and preparation for

a European labour market

External agenda: • global higher education market • Europe’s higher education no longer unchallenged • «degree jungle»

Aims: Enhance mobility, employability and attractiveness

Some things to keep in mind

Consecutive principle: Bachelor, Master and Doctorate build upon each other

Continuity: students are encouraged to do a Master after their Bachelor in most countries

Specialised from the start: the Bachelor does not have any “general education elements”

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45 Signatory States (*since 2005)Albania LatviaAndorra Liechtenstein*Armenia Lithuania*Azerbaijan LuxembourgAustria MaltaBelgium FYR of MacedoniaBosnia - Herzegovina *MoldovaBulgaria NetherlandsCroatia NorwayCyprus PolandCzech Republic PortugalDenmark RomaniaEstonia RussiaFinland Serbia and MontenegroFrance Slovak Republic*Georgia SloveniaGermany SpainGreece SwedenHoly See SwitzerlandHungary TurkeyIceland *UkraineIreland United KingdomItaly

The Bologna ProcessParis 1998 - Bologna 1999 - Prague 2001- Berlin 2003 - Bergen 2005

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The Bologna Conference Engine

When?

What? Where?

Who?

199920012003200520072009

?

199920012003200520072009

?

(Paris)Bologna

PragBerlin

BergenLondon

?

(Paris)Bologna

PragBerlin

BergenLondon

?

29 States33 States40 States45 States

?

29 States33 States40 States45 States

?

??

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The Bologna Conference Structure

Chair Host Country

EU Commission

EU Presidency

Chair Host Country

EU Commission

EU Presidency

Bologna Secretary Bologna Secretary

Bologna Follow

up Group

Bologna Follow

up GroupEU

EUA

ERASHE

ESIB

Council of Europe

?

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Role and Policy of EU in the Bologna Context

Bologna

Bologna Declaration 1999

Mobility and Quality

European ResearchArea

European Higher Education Area

European Union

Lisbon Declaration 2000

"Europe as the most competitive and dynamic knowledge-based

economy in the world"

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Role and Policy of EU in the Bologna Context

Mobility Quality Attractivess

ERASMUS Programme

(Third Country Programmes)

Recognition of Degrees

ECTS

European Qualification Framework

ERASMUS Mundus

EUROPEAN MARKETING

Promotion

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€ 15 Mio.

ERASMUS Mobility in Europe

- 3 mio. students

- higher grants (200 Eur/months)

- full academic recognition

- no tuition fees

€ 877 Mio.

Erasmus LLP-objectives 2013

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The Europe of ERASMUS: 144.000 Mobile Students in 2004/2005

outgoings 22.427incomings 17.272






Other ERASMUS countries: Bulgaria, Island, Liechtenstein, Norwey, Romania and Turkey

EU ERASMUS countries

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Quality Assurance in Europe

ENQA (European Association for Quality Assurance in Higher Education)

• European Guidelines for Standards for internal and external quality assurance of higher education and quality assurance agencies

•Establishment of a European register of quality assurance agencies

European Commission

• European Qualification Framework (EQF): a set of eight qualification levels from compulsory education to the highest academic level (for example: tertiary level 5 to 8); describing what a learner knows, understands and is able to do (Knowledge, Skills and Competences); shifting the focus from learning input to learning outcomes

National Level

• national quality assurance agencies / accreditation

•Quality Assurance in Higher Education institutions

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a) Implementation formally completed: Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Switzerland and the United Kingdom

b) Implementation in progress: Austria, Germany and Poland

c) Implementation at the beginning: France, Hungary and Spain

Implementation of BA/MA Degree Structure in Europe 2005

Source: DAAD Study 2006

Predominant Models of Bachelor and Master Programmes in Europe

United Kingdom: 3+1 years

Netherlands: 3+1 years

Germany: 3+2 years

France: 3+2 years

Spain: 4+2 years

Predominant Models of Bachelor and Master Programmes in Europe

United Kingdom: 3+1 years

Netherlands: 3+1 years

Germany: 3+2 years

France: 3+2 years

Spain: 4+2 years

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1

2

3

4

FH-Diplom

Magister/ Dipl./ Staatsex.

2

3

5

PHD3 to 4 years

1

2

3 BA

4

5 MA

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3 BA

45 MA

2

Assessment

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2

Bologna Reforms in Germany: Degree Structure

1

4

Fachhochschulen (Universities of

Applied Science)

Universities

PHD3 to 4 years

Fachhochschulen (Universities of

Applied Science)

Universities

Before Bologna After Bologna

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Implementation of Bologna Reforms in Germany 2006:BA/MA Structure

Source: DAAD Survey May 2006

2.300 Bachelor courses

4.094 BA/MA Programs in Germany

= 36% of all courses

3 year Bachelor

73,7%

4 year Bachelor

3,7%

3.5 year Bachelor

22,6%

2 year Master63,4%

1 year Master8,9%

1.5 year Master22,7%

1.800 Master courses

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Implementation of Bologna Reforms in Germany 2006:BA/MA Structure

BA and MA study programmes in Winter 06: 5.188 (3.075 BA, 2.113 MA) = of all study programmes 45 %

of courses at universities: 39% of courses at FH: 70%of courses at Colleges of Art/Music: 11%

percentage of graduates (2005): 8.4% students enrolled in BA/MA programmes: 12.5 % new entrants opting for a BA or MA: 30 %

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Implementation of Bologna Reforms in Germany 2006: Accreditation

Accreditation to ensure national and international recognition of degrees

Accreditation as a new instrument of quality assurance

Primary responsibility for quality assurance in Higher Education institutions

1.781 German BA/MA programs accredited (=43,5%)

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Bologna Reforms in Germany - The System of Accreditation

Länder/German states

KM KKultusminister-

konferenzHRK

Rectors‘ Conference HEI

Council

AKKREDITIERUNGSRAT4 repr. of HEIs

4 repr. of the „Länder/German states“4 repr. of employment market

2 students2 international consultants

AQAS ASIIN AHPGS ACQUIN further Agencies

further regional Agencies

Higher Educational Institutions (HEI)

Accreditation

-all new BA/MA have to be accredited

- costs 10.-20.000 US Dollars

- to be renewed after 5 years

The Council accredits the different agencies. The Agencies accredit courses (not institutions so far).

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Bologna Reforms in Italy

• In 2006-07, 98,5% of students below doctoral level are attending Bologna-modelled programmes; 100% at doctoral level are attending structured programmes

• 1st cycle: Laurea, 180 Credits over 3 years, all courses contain a period of practical training

• 2nd cycle: Laurea Specialistica/Magistrale, 120 credits in 2 years

• 3rd cycle: Dottarato di Ricerca, minimum 3 years, universities autonomously decide wether to structure individual DR programmes in credits or not

• No direct access from Bachelor to PhD level

• 2004: 54% of all graduates of the Bachelor (Laurea) continue their studies

• 92% of doctoral candidates go into research (52% within universities, 42% outside universities). Only 6% get engaged in other careers.

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Bologna Reforms in Spain

•The new Bachelor degrees („Grado“) have 240 credits in 4 years; they are to be implemented in the academic year 2008-09. Thesis optional.

• During 2006-07 only 1.000 of the new Master courses are under construction. A Master may have 60 to 120 credits (one to two years). Mandatory thesis.

• There is a possibility for immediate access to doctoral studies after the Bachelor (admission to the doctorate training period).

• Doctoral studies have a length of 3 to 4 years and consist of a training period (60 credits) and a research period. A Masters degree can be part of the training involved in obtaining a doctorate.

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Bologna Reforms in France

• Most HE institutions are now working under the new LMD system:

• Licence (180 credits, 3 years)

• Master (120 credits, 2 years)

• No direct access from the Bachelor level to PhD level

• 54% continue after the Licence

•Doctoral programmes last 3 years after the Master. No ECTS credits whatsoever in doctoral schools (different from Spain).

•The 3rd cycle is clearly disconnected from the Master and corresponds to the PhD alone (different from Spain)

• 66% of PhD holders continue in research (47% in the public sector, 19% in the private sector) (different from Germany)

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Everybody is looking for good Students

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Bologna – A threat to student mobility?

The Bologna Process has an official „text“ (creating a European Higher Education Area, enhancing mobility of students)But there is also a hidden „subtext“ (if you want to put 50% of an age group through Higher Education, you need shorter, more structured versions of study than the traditional continental model)The Bologna Process is NOT a threat to student mobility if we find the right forms of mobilityThese forms include credit transfer, curricula with study periods abroad and highly integrated courses with double or joint degrees.

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BA/MA programmes offering at least partly courses in a foreign language: 66%

BA/MA programmes taught pre-dominantly in a foreign language: 17% (especially MA)

BA/MA programmes with study abroad period: 20%

many of the new programmes with internationally orientated curricula (European Law, Development Cooperation)

Bologna-Process in Germany: Facilitating Mobility

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Impact of Bologna on Transatlantic Mobility

Shorter study periods abroad (1 semester or less) ?

Increase of vertical mobility (BA at home – MA abroad) ?

Increase of „bridge mobility“ (between BA and MA) ?

More organized mobility and less free-mover mobility ?

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International students in Germany 1975-2005:

0

50

100

150

200

250

1975

1976

1977

1978

1979

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

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1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004N

um

ber

in T

ho

usa

nd

Foreign StudentsForeign students with High School leaving certificates from abroadForeign students with a German High School leaving certificate

Wissenschaft Weltoffen 2005

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How to keep abreast of Bologna Changes

• Country reports on the Bologna website

• Websites of universities, do in general have the curricula of all major programmes (will be mostly in the national language, though)

• Trends V Report on the Bologna website

• Results of the London Conference on the Bologna website

amsterdam, 23 march 2007

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