world war i
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World War IWorld War IThe beginnings and aftermath of war.
1914-1919
Causes of WarCauses of War
Great Strides in international communication made war seem close to impossible.
European ‘spheres of influence’ began to clash.
Europeans had increasing sense of nationalism.
Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand by Serbian sympathizers sparked conflict.
Central PowersCentral Powers
Austria-Hungary: declared war on Serbia 28 July 1914.
Germany: linked to Austria-Hungary by Dual Alliance. Declared war on Russia 1 August as result of Russian mobilization.
Ottoman Empire: Entered war 28 October 1914 after signing Turco-German Alliance
Bulgaria: October 1915
Triple EntenteTriple Entente
Russia: bound to Serbia by Treaty of San Stefano.
France: German declaration of war 3 August.
Great Britain: had moral obligations to defend France and Russia, but did not join war until Germany invaded Belgium.
Allied PowersAllied Powers
Italy: Originally allied to Germany, joined Allies in secret Franco-Italian Alliance.
Japan: declared war on Germany 23 August.
United States: joined war 6 April 1917 as a result of unrestricted submarine warfare.
Neutral NationsNeutral Nations
Switzerland, Netherlands, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Spain, and United States (initially).
Geneva would become base League of Nations.
Difficulties of NeutralityDifficulties of Neutrality
Eight million Germans and Austrians living in U.S.
Irish Americans also against Britain.Manifest DestinyCommerce: Britain established naval
blockade and seized US ships.
TechnologyTechnology
Machine guns: able to hold off advancing infantry. Trench warfare becomes important.
Tanks: entered war in 1916, not really effective until late in war. Replaced cavalry.
Airplanes: used mainly as method of transportation and observation, by 1918, developed use for bombing raids.
U-boat (Unterseeboot): ability to move undetected and spy on shipping patterns.
Innovations in WarfareInnovations in Warfare
Chemical Warfare: Introduced by Germans. Chlorine gas could blind and suffocate the enemy.
Gas masks were not effective.
Election of 1916Election of 1916
Progressive Party had lost support in 1914 Congressional elections. Wilson appointed Louis D. Brandeis to Supreme Court (first Jewish appointee).
“He kept us out of war!”Government reform.Child Labor laws and women’s suffrage.
Election of 1916Election of 1916
Republicans nominated Charles Evans Hughes. Theodore Roosevelt had planned for this position after declining the Bull Moose Party.
“Straight and honest neutrality”Viewed as war candidate because of
Roosevelt’s speeches.
Conflict in MexicoConflict in Mexico
Manifest Destiny and Monroe Doctrine: keep European savages out of Latin and South America.
German foreign secretary Arthur Zimmerman sent letter to German minister in Mexico.◦Germany promised to return land lost in 1848
(Texas, New Mexico, Arizona)◦1 March 1917, Zimmerman note released to
American public.
US Enters the Great WarUS Enters the Great War
Bolshevik revolution in Russia forced Russian withdraw from war.
German policy of unrestricted submarine warfare.
Major US BattlesMajor US Battles
Battle of Cantigny: 28 May 1918. Major morale boost for Allied troops.
BattlesBattles
Second Battle of the Marne: (15 July-16 September 1918) turning point of war.
BattlesBattles
St. Mihiel Salient: Largest concentration of airplanes in one battle. Around 1476 Allied planes.
First victory by independent US Army.
BattlesBattles
Meuse-Argonne Offensive: Largest offensive and victory for AEF during war. Ended with cease-fire.
CasualtiesCasualties
Great Britain: 947,000 killed; 2,122,000 wounded; 192,000 prisoners
France: 1,358,000 killed; 3,044,000 wounded; 446,000 prisoners
Russia: 1,700,000 killed; 4,950,000 wounded; 500,000 prisoners
Italy: 460,000 killed; 947,000 wounded; 530,000 prisoners
United States:115,000 killed; 206,000 wounded; 4,500 prisoners
CasualtiesCasualties
Germany: 1,808,000 killed; 4,247,000 wounded; 618,000 prisoners
Austria-Hungary: 1,200,000 killed; 3,620,000 wounded; 200,000 prisoners
Turkey: 325,000 killed; 400,000 wounded
Treaty of VersaillesTreaty of Versailles
The Big Three: David Lloyd George (Britain), Georges Clemenceau (France), Woodrow Wilson (United States).
The United States wanted isolationism and little influence in Europe.
Britain wanted Germany to pay for damage, but not so much as to allow communism to spread.
France wanted to bring Germany to her knees.
Four main points: territory, military, financial, and general.
TerritoryTerritory
Alsace-Lorraine: FranceEupen and Malmedy: BelgiumNorthern Schleswig: DenmarkHultschin: CzechoslovakiaWest Prussia, Posen, Upper Silesia: PolandThe Saar, Danzig, and Memel put under
control of League of Nations.
Europe Before WWIEurope Before WWI
Postwar GermanyPostwar Germany
MilitaryMilitary
Army reduced to 100,000 men.Six capital ships, no submarines.No air force.Demilitarized zone: west of Rhineland and
50km east of Rhine River.
FinancialFinancial
Industrial territory lost, including coal mines of Saar and Upper Silesia.
Reparations, not determined in Versailles, but later to be £6,600 million.
Forbidden to reunite with Austria.
GeneralGeneral
Three Clauses:“War Guilt Clause”: Germany must admit
full responsibility for starting war.Germany responsible for all war damage.Establish League of Nations.
Other Central PowersOther Central Powers
Austria: signed Treaty of Saint Germain on 10 Sept 1919. Recognized independence of Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Slovenes, Croats, and Serbs.
Bulgaria: signed Treaty of Neuilly on 27 Nov 1919. Loss of land.
Turkey: signed Treaty of Sevres on 10 Aug 1920. Harsh punishment for actions at Gallipoli. Ottoman Empire diminished.
Hungary: signed Treaty of Trianon on 4 June 1920.
Wilson’s Fourteen PointsWilson’s Fourteen Points
8 January 1918. Creation of League of Nations.Limit capabilities of any nation to start
war.
League of NationsLeague of Nations
Intervene before dispute broke out into war.
No active military force. US, Germany, Russia did not become members.
Domestic Impact of WarDomestic Impact of War
Financial: cost United States $33 billion and another $112 billion in veterans benefits.
Federal Power: Larger Army. Regulation of Interstate commerce. Control of railroads and shipyards.
Labor: Women in workplace; telephone operators, nurses. Black laborers replaced lack of immigrant laborers.
Women’s Suffrage: Nineteenth Amendment
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