winchester model 52 bolt-action rifle
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Winchester Model 52 1
Winchester Model 52
Winchester Model 52 rifle
1954 Winchester Model 52C
Type Rifle
Place of origin United States
Production history
Designer T.C. Johnson, Frank Burton, A. F. Laudensack
Designed 1918-19
Manufacturer Winchester Repeating Arms Company
Produced 1920-1980
Number built c.110,000
Variants Sporting Model, International Match
Specifications
Weight 9 lb (unknown operator: u'strong' kg) to 13 lb (unknown operator: u'strong' kg) target; 7.25 lb (unknown
operator: u'strong' kg) sporter
Length 45 in (unknown operator: u'strong' mm) target; 41 in (unknown operator: u'strong' mm) sporter
Barrel length 28 in (unknown operator: u'strong' mm) target; 24 in (unknown operator: u'strong' mm) sporter
Cartridge .22 Long Rifle
Action Bolt-action
Feed system 5 round/10 round box magazine
Sights Micrometer ladder rear sights, fixed-post front sights standard; many custom iron and optical combinations
The Winchester Model 52 was a bolt-action .22-caliber target rifle introduced by the Winchester Repeating Arms
Company in 1920. For many years it was the premier smallbore match rifle in the United States, if not the world.
Known as the "King of the .22's," the Model 52 has been called by Winchester historian Herbert Houze "perfection
in design." However, by the 1970s the World War I-era design was showing its age and had given way in top-level
competition to newer match rifles from Walther and Anschtz; the costly-to-produce Model 52, which had long been
a loss leader prestige product by that time, was finally discontinued when US Repeating Arms took over the
manufacture of Winchester rifles from Olin Corporation in 1980.
Origins
During World War I Winchester's management determined that production of the Model 1885 Single Shot would not
be resumed in centerfire chamberings after the war, nor in .22 rimfire (the "Winder musket") after existing Army
training rifle contracts were fulfilled or cancelled. A new .22 would therefore be needed for the then very popular
sport of target shooting; Winchester reasoned that returning soldiers would be drawn to the bolt action design with
which they had become familiar. The rifle to be desugnated the Model 52 was designed from the ground up as an
"accuracy rifle" the world's first production .22 to be so conceived. It was initially hoped that the Army could be
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Winchester Model 52 2
persuaded to buy a bolt-action smallbore training rifle in addition to-or in place of-its existing contracts for Model
1885's. Yet despite the outward appearance of its early versions, the Model 52 was never a military rifle, as the Army
did not buy any[1]
.
Development
1920 Model 52
In February 1918 the company assigned designers Thomas Crosley
Johnson and Frank Burton to begin work on the new match rifle.
Johnson had more experience with bolt actions than most at
Winchester (which was then primarily a maker of lever- and
pump-action firearms), having superintended production of the
P-14/M1917 Enfield, as well as having designed a series of prototype military rifles known as Models A through
D.[2]
Johnson quickly obtained approval for a receiver based closely on that of the Model D, together with a barrel
adapted from the .22 target version of the Model 1885. The stock from the receiver back was modeled on that of the
Model D, which in turn had been derived from the Model 1895 Winchester-Lee; but incorporated a forearm based on
a custom Single Shot target stock designed in 1908 by Winchester's house marksman, Capt. Albert F. Laudensack.[3]
Patent drawing of Johnson and Burton's revised
magazine-fed action
With the externals settled, Johnson and Burton turned to
developing the action for what was now "Experimental Design No.
111." Each built a prototype of his own design in Winchester's
Model Shop, both at this stage still single-shot. In the fall of 1918
the project's requirements were changed to include a detachable
5-round box magazine: neither Johnson's nor Burton's original
bolts would work with a magazine feed, but a combination
incorporating elements of both proved highly satisfactory. A
finalized repeater prototype was made in April 1919 and taken to
Washington where it was evaluated by Lt. Col. Townsend Whelenof the General Staff, Director of Civilian Marksmanship Maj.
Richard LaGarde, and Gen. Fred Phillips of the National Rifle
Association, who were enthusiastic- although guarded about
the prospects of a Government contract.
Whelen further recommended that pre-production samples be rushed out in time for the National Matches [4] at
Caldwell, New Jersey that August. Six "G22R" prototypes were readied, and equipped five individual event winners
and the victorious U.S. Dewar Cup team: the new Winchester was the talk of the tournament. Accordingly, full
production as Model 52[5]
was authorized on 11 September 1919 and commenced in April 1920 (using the lines and
machinery originally installed to produce the P-14/M1917 Enfield).[6]
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Winchester Model 52 3
Design
The Model 52 action, bolt open
The Model 52 was a non-rotating, rear-locked, cock-on-closing
bolt-action design. The Model D-derived receiver was cylindrical,
bored and machined from a forged billet, and of substantial thickness.
The bolt's dual locking lugs were part of the rotating bolt-handle collar,
which provided a camming action to seal the breech on closing and
extract the spent case on opening. The bolt itself was undercut for the
forward third of its length and rode on polished flats; a projecting lug
at the front edge caught the top cartridge in the magazine. The bolt face
was rebated so as to surround the case rim, and was chamfered to fit
the recessed receiver ring. Dual-opposed sprung claw extractors were
inlet into the sides of the bolt, providing controlled cartridge feed. A
fixed blade-type ejector was located at the rear of the loading platform.
The original Johnson trigger mechanism, a two-stage or compound-motion military type derived, again, from his
Model D, made use of a horizontal sear pivoted from the front; the trigger fit vertically through a pinned mortise in
the sear and was shaped at the top so as to cam against the underside of the bolt and depress the assembly, releasing
the firing pin. The one-piece striker terminated in a Springfield-like knurled cocking-piece. The wing safety was
mounted on the left side of the receiver; when engaged it physically blocked the cocking-piece and cammed it
slightly rearward, disengaging the trigger linkage.
Production history
The Model 52 went through many alterations over its sixty years. These changes were not systematic: improvements
to the action, stock and so on were made on an ad hoc basis, and it is clearer to treat these alterations so separated
rather than as "models."
Note on serial numbers and sub-model or "Style" letter designators: It was Winchester's practice to
stamp each receiver with its serial number after milling and preliminary polishing, often weeks or
months before the rifle was actually assembled. Accordingly, the alphabetic SN suffixes A, B, C, D and
(prefixed) E were applied specifically to changes to the receiver forging itself, originally as an aid to
factory workers: not to new designs of stock, furniture or even trigger mechanism if no change to the
receiver was required. Other design changes might coincide in time with a receiver 'submodel,' or first
appear in the same catalog: many commentators have been confused by this, talking about such things
as the "Model 52B stock" which, strictly speaking, did not exist. Winchester catalogs and advertising
literature did not mention letter designators until the 1950's.
Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Model 52D represented a comprehensive upgrade of the entire rifle.
Action
Speed Lock (1930): Frank Burton replaced Johnson's military-style compound-motion trigger, hung from the
sear, with a new trigger with a low pivot and rear sear notch, reducing trigger travel by 75% and providing for
set-screw pull-weight adjustment. In addition, Burton redesigned the firing pin so as to reduce its travel from
approximately .5" (12mm) to .125" (3mm): all of which resulted in a much faster lock time and greater accuracy.
At this time the original model's knurled cocking-piece disappeared, replaced by a short trapezoidal boss. Burton
carefully designed the Speed Lock to fit the existing receiver and bolt body without modification.
Model 52A (1935, not so marked until 1936): It had been observed that the safety pivot stem was prone to
bending, and so it was shortened by .08 inches. This very minor change to the safety necessitated a slight
alteration to the left rear receiver wall, and in order to address the confusion which resulted on the assembly line
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Winchester Model 52 4
these receivers were stamped with xxxxxA serial numbers beginning in June 1936 . There was otherwise no
difference from the "pre-A" Speed Locks.
Single-shot Adapter (1935): Not a design change so much as an accessory, the Adapter was effectively a dummy
magazine with a shaped top, to facilitate manual loading.
Model 52B, "Improved" Speed Lock (1937): Laudensack replaced the original left-mounted wing safety with a
more convenient sliding-plate safety on the right side of the receiver. The 52B design also raised the left receiverwall abreast the magazine higher than the right, whereas on earlier versions both sides were flush with the loading
platform. Laudensack also modified the Speed Lock mechanism, including the addition of an adjustable
trigger-return spring and a sprung sear-disengagement plunger. Unfortunately this revised Speed Lock proved
immediately unpopular, most shooters considering it to have excessive vibration and creep compared to the
original-- as well as to the "Miracle Trigger" of the new Remington 37, the 52's first serious American
competitor.
"Round-top" receiver (1937): The original Model 52 had a flat milled in the top of the receiver bridge with a
dovetail machined into it for sight mounting. The 1934 Sporting Model had the receiver left round; in 1937 this
became an option on target models as well. The "flat-top" was discontinued in 1946 (none had actually been made
since 1941) and all postwar 52's had the round-top form.
Model 52C (1951): During the wartime hiatus the Post-War Production Recommendation Committee proposed
that when Model 52 manufacture resumed, the poorly-received Style B trigger should be replaced with a
completely new design. In the event, Winchester returned to the 52B when the war ended, but in the meantime an
extensive (and time-consuming) scientific study of lock mechanisms was undertaken. The result was Harry
Sefried's two-lever Micro-Motion trigger, introduced in 1951. Adjustable for pull-weight between 2.5 and 6 lbs,
and travel between .030 and an almost imperceptible .003 inches, the Micro-Motion was an instant success, and
considered the new state of the art in match rifle trigger locks.
Model 52D (1961): In 1956 the US Olympic rifle team commissioned ten custom Model 52C's for the upcoming
Melbourne Games. These became the prototypes for the Style D when Winchester elected to redesign the entirerifle literally lock, stock, and barrel. The 52D action differed from its predecessors in being a single-shot:
eliminating the magazine aperture in the receiver base rendered the entire assembly stiffer and (theoretically)
more accurate. There was also a new Micro-Motion trigger lock based on the Style C but with different geometry,
and adjustable to as little as one pound. On the International Match version (1969), a trigger assembly by master
gunsmith Karl Kenyon or an ISU set-trigger were offered as alternatives to the Winchester trigger.
Model 52E (1975): The Model 52E was a D-model with the receiver milled to accept an aluminum bedding
block/recoil lug (not always installed). Shortly afterwards the loading geometry was slightly tweaked.
Stock
Laudensack modification (1924
30): Pull lengthened by .5" and the comb raised so as to reduce drop by the
same amount, with a thumb-flute (later omitted); the semi-pistol grip was thickened at the wrist and given a fuller
profile, deeper curve and square end. The butt pitch was changed from perpendicular to the comb to perpendicular
to the barrel axis.
"Semi-beavertail" stock (193048): Forearm widened to a flat-bottomed, trapezoidal profile; finger grooves
omitted; drop reduced again. Oil finish replaced varnish. With slight modifications was renamed the Standard
Target Stock in 1934.
Special Target Stock (Optional 1934-36): Similar to Standard Target Stock, but with a taller, wider buttstock.
Sporting Model (193453) See below.
Adjustable front sling swivel (1935), which necessitated lengthening the forearm by 1.25".
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Winchester Model 52 5
Marksman Stock (Optional from 1936, standard 1948-61): This heavy Laudensack-designed match stock with
high comb and full beavertail forearm outsold the Standard Target Stock, which it eventually replaced. Instead of
the standard stock's external barrel band, the Marksman used a light band fixed inside the squared-off fore-end;
this would be replaced by a pillar mount after the war (Marksman 1A). There were two slightly different versions:
the Marksman 1 for telescopic or high scope-level sights, and the Marksman 2 (1938) for standard-height sights.
Soft-bedded by 1948. Discontinued 1961.
Monte Carlo stock (195359) : A modified stock for the Sporting Model with revised buttstock and greatly
enlarged, rollover cheekpiece.
Model D Marksman stock (196180): This very heavy stock with full pistol grip, large zero-drop buttstock, and
the forearm flare extended back to the bolt handle introduced the free-floating barrel to the Model 52 line; it also
featured a rail under the forearm for mounting offhand grips and other accessories. (This stock owed little to the
1956 Olympic rifles, which had custom Dick Morgan freestyle stocks).
International Match stock (optional from 1969): An Al Freeland freestyle thumbhole stock with adjustable
Schtzen buttplate; fewer than 750 made. Renamed International 3-Position in 1975.
International Prone stock (optional from 1975): A variant of the International Match intended for prone
shooting.
Barrel
Standard Target: 28", 1" at the receiver tapering to .75"
Heavy Target (optional from 1927): 28", 1" at the receiver tapering to .875"
Bull Barrel (optional 1939-1960): 28", 1.125" at the receiver tapering to .875". Model 52 Bull-guns came
exclusively with the Marksman stock.
Sporting (19341959): 24", .830" at the receiver tapering to .555"
International Match (from 1969, with International Match stock): Heavy Target pattern, precision-rifled and
lead-lapped, with a rebated muzzle (omitted in late examples). The chamber was hand-cut to such tolerances that
a cartridge could not be fully seated by finger pressure.
Stainless steel and nickel steel barrels were offered briefly in 1930-31
Sights
Iron
All Model 52's with iron sights were equipped with receiver-mounted aperture sights, never barrel mounts or open
sights.
Because at the time the Model 52 was developed many Army- andNational Rifle Association-sponsored matches were restricted to
"military-style" sights, and because Winchester had hopes of selling the
52 to the War Department as a marksmanship training rifle, Burton and
Laudensack designed a folding-leaf ladder sight for the new target rifle.
Designated 82A, it bore some resemblance to the sight on the M1903
Springfield, especially in its pivoting-base windage adjustment (albeit
controlled by dual-opposed thumbscrews rather than the Springfield
rack-and-worm). However, elevation adjustment was governed by a
micrometer click-wheel for precision, not free-sliding like genuine
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Winchester Model 52 6
military sights. The Burton-Laudensack helped Model 52 shooters sweep matches and set records throughout the
1920s, but more precise aftermarket sights took over the field and the increasingly obsolescent 82A was not offered
after World War II.
Winchester catalogs from the beginning listed 52's with sights by other
makers; indeed, the buyer could specify any compatible peep on a
special-order basis. The most common of these was the Lyman 48series: the 48-J and -JH for flat-top dovetail-mount receivers, and the
48-F and -FH for round-top side-mount rifles (standard on the 52
Sporting Model). Other popular sights were the Wittek-Vaver 35 Mielt,
the Marble Goss 52, and the Redfield 90 and 100. Late 52's frequently
were fitted with Redfield "Olympic" or "International" match sights.
The stock Winchester front sight was an undercut post type;
aftermarket rear sights were typically paired with a compatible globe sight such as the Lyman 17A (except for the
Sporter, on which a hooded Lyman or Redfield Gold Bead front sight was standard).
Telescopic
Barrel-mounted scope blocks were optional on early-production 52's; they were made standard in 1924. These blocks
were mounted 6.2" apart, giving 1.2" per minute-of-angle graduation at 100 yards. Originally the Winchester A3 and
A5 as well as Lyman scopes were offered. In 1933 new bases with Fecker notches were introduced, using standard
7.2" (1"/MOA) spacing; these were compatible with any normal telescopic sight. Long-barrel Fecker, Unertl and
Lyman Targetspot were popular telescopes for prewar Model 52 target rifles, with Redfield and Bausch & Lomb
becoming ascendant in the 1950s. The late-70's 52E had additional mounting holes drilled in the forward receiver
ring.
Sporting Models were not factory fitted for telescopic sights (except by special order) until 1953, when 52C Sporter
receivers (not barrels) were provided with tapped and plugged screw holes. However, many earlier examples were so
equipped by private gunsmiths: nearly all the popular hunting scopes have been mounted at one time or another. A
period-correct scope is not considered by collectors to detract significantly from the 'originality' of a vintage Sporter.
The Sporting Model
Around 1931 Major John W. Hessian, a friend of new Winchester president John M. Olin,[7]
had a private gunsmith
remount his Model 52 in a custom lightweight "sporting" stock. Olin was so impressed that he ordered the
development of a 52 Sporter as a production model, which made its debut in 1934.
The Sporting Model had a lightweight 24-inch barrel and an elegant gloss-finished stock of figured walnut with a
slender, tapering capped forearm, pronounced pistol grip, high comb and cheekpiece, and fancy checkering. The
action was identical with contemporary[8] target models, except that the receiver top was left round rather than milled
flat. Weighing only 7-1/4 pounds, it came with Lyman 48-F aperture sights standard, and retailed for the substantial
sum of $88.50 (the equivalent of nearly $1400 in 2008).
The Sporter was in all respects a deluxe rifle. While Winchester already had a reputation as the Cadillac of American
arms manufacturers, the 52 Sporter was produced with a degree of fit and finish appropriate to a custom gunsmith's
shop. Esquire magazine called it "the piece de resistance of all sporting rifles. It's a diamond in a field of chipped
glass-- the rifle for the connoisseur."[9]
Field & Stream named the 52 Sporter one of the "50 Best Guns Ever Made,"
calling it "unrivalled in beauty and accuracy."[10]
Understandably the Sporter represented only a small percentage of Model 52's produced between 1934 and its
discontinuation in 1959: it is today the most collectible of all 52 variants and a good Sporter will generally bringdouble or more the price of a comparable Target. (This market reality has unfortunately attracted forgers, and fake
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_M._Olinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minute_of_arc%23Firearmshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Globe_sighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3ALyman48.JPG -
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Winchester Model 52 7
"Sporters" converted from target models have fooled the unwary).
References
1. Goode, Monroe H., "Modern Sporting Rifles," inEsquire's First Sports Reader. New York: Barnes 1945
2. Henshaw, Thomas, The History of Winchester Firearms 1866-1992, 6th Ed. Academic Learning Co. 1993
3. Houze, Herbert, The Winchester Model 52: Perfection in Design. Gun Digest Books 1997
4. Madis, George, The Winchester Book. Houston: Art and Reference House 1971
5. Shideler, Dan, 2008 Standard Catalog of Firearms. Krause Publications 2008.
6. Stroebel, Nick, Old Gunsights: A Collector's Guide 1850-1965. KP Books, 1998
Notes
[1][1] Ultimately the Army elected to produce a .22-caliber version of the '03 Springfield, the M1922
[2] Johnson's further refinement of the Model D in sporting form, the Model E, would issue as the limited-production handmade Model 51
Imperial- which would give rise to his Model 54 and that in turn to the renowned Model 70, the "rifleman's rifle."
[3][3] Laudensack himself would be personally responsible for much of the Model 52's later development
[4] http:/
/
www.
shootersjournal.
com/
Features/
Haps/
1919SmallboreAtCaldwell.
pdf[5][5] The 52 was Winchester's second firearm and first production firearm to use the new two-digit model numbering system, which replaced the
old year-model numbering under a policy announced in August 1919
[6] Winchester acquired ownership from the Government by swapping the Enfield equipment for that the company had installed for
manufacturing the M1918 BAR
[7][7] More correctly, Olin was First Vice-President of Western Cartridge Co. (later Olin Industries), which acquired Winchester out of receivership
in 1931; in practice he ran Winchester
[8][8] In actual practice Sporter submodel or "Style" changeovers lagged behind the Target Model by up to two years, as Winchester found it a
salable way to use up existing stocks of older actions.
[9][9] Goode, p. 259
[10] http://www.fieldandstream.com/article_gallery/The-50-Best-Guns-Ever-Made/32
External links The Alphabet According to Winchester (http://www.surplusrifle.com/articles2008/winchester52/index.asp)
http://www.surplusrifle.com/articles2008/winchester52/index.asphttp://www.fieldandstream.com/article_gallery/The-50-Best-Guns-Ever-Made/32http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M1918_Browning_Automatic_Riflehttp://www.shootersjournal.com/Features/Haps/1919SmallboreAtCaldwell.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Winchester_Model_70http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Winchester_Model_54 -
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Article Sources and Contributors 8
Article Sources and ContributorsWinchester Model 52 Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=506509266 Contributors: 777sms, Benstown, Chzz, DeusImperator, Kingturtle, LilHelpa, MatthewVanitas, Mdd,
R'n'B, Solicitr, Vegaswikian, Woohookitty, 1 anonymous edits
Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsImage:Win52c.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Win52c.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Solicitr (talk) 16:12, 5 February 2009 (UTC). Original uploader
was Solicitr at en.wikipedia
File:Flag of the United States.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Anomie
Image:Winchester 52 original model.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Winchester_52_original_model.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Avron, Magog the
Ogre
Image:Win52PatentDrawing2.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Win52PatentDrawing2.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: W C Hicklin (design by T C
Johnson)
Image:Winchester 52 action.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Winchester_52_action.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Avron, Magog the Ogre
Image:Winchester Catalog 82A Sight.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Winchester_Catalog_82A_Sight.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Winchester
Repeating Arms Co.. Original uploader was Solicitr at en.wikipedia
Image:Lyman48.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Lyman48.JPG License: Public Domain Contributors: Lyman Gun Sight Corporation. Original uploader was
Solicitr at en.wikipedia
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