wildlife crossing structures
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Wildlife Crossing Structures
By: Emily, Jonny, & Dmitry
BISC 309
General Question: what can we do about habitat fragmentation?
A) Habitat fragmentationB) Habitat avoidanceC) Habitat mitigation using wildlife crossing structures (FOCUS OF PRESENTATION)D) Habitat compensation by creation of replacement habitat nearby
What are wildlife crossing structures?
Types of crossing structures
Cont’d
A complex process
How does this affect conservation?
What?
Where?
Why?
STUDY#1: Wildlife crossing structures promote 'gene flow' in Banff bears
The crossings – there are currently 44 in all – form the most extensive system of wildlife crossing structures on the planet
A sow grizzly and a cub are seen on a wildlife overpass above the Trans-Canada Highway in Banff National Park
A grizzly bear passes through a hair-snagging system used to study the DNA of bears using a wildlife overpass above the Trans-Canada Highway in Banff National Park
Bear using a wildlife underpass to avoid the TCH
These wildlife crossing structures cost millions of dollars and this is one of the first studies that has shown that they are doing what they are intended to do
STUDY#2: Crossing structures reconnect flying squirrel populations divided for 20 years
Why did the flying squirrels cross the road?
Prior to the installation of the crossing structures, flying squirrels would not cross the Skyway. In two years of radio-tracking and trapping, not one squirrel was observed to have crossed the Cherohala Skyway.
LET’S WAIT FOR NO CARS BEFORECROSSING THE ROAD
SAID NO SQUIRRELEVER
Summary Human disturbance has caused habitat fragmentation
Fragmentation increases the chance for species extinction by:
Increasing inbreeding
Loss of genetic diversity decreasing fitness
Reducing ability of populations to adapt to change
Research shows that crossing structures do what they are intended to do
Wildlife crossing structures mitigate the effects of fragmentation by:
Promoting gene flow (migration)
Increasing genetic diversity increasing fitness
Preserving wildlife welfare
Questions?
Photo Sources:Title Page:
http://nextdoornature.files.wordpress.com/2012/09/wildlife-crossing-by-antony-stanley-ccl.jpg
http://arc-solutions.org/new-thinking/
Page 2:
http://environment.fhwa.dot.gov/WVCtraining/mod8/module_8_3.asp
Page 3:
http://missoulian.com/news/state-and-regional/researchers-study-montana-wildlife-crossings-for-use-on-chinese-roads/article_cd0fad02-f24d-11e1-9feb-001a4bcf887a.html
Page 4:
http://transition.arc-solutions.org/
http://fiesta.bren.ucsb.edu/~corridors/
http://www.humansandnature.org/reweaving-landscape--redesigning-the-road--reconciliing-mobility-article-61.php
Page 5:
https://ksoanesresearch.wordpress.com/tag/wildlife-crossing-structure/
http://www.dfg.ca.gov/fish/hatcheries/nimbus/Facility.asp
Page 6:
arc-solution.org
Page 7:
http://www.montrealgazette.com/technology/grizzly+bear+cubs+cross+road+Banff+National+Park/6954549/story.html
http://www.floridapanther.com/articles/FLORIDA%20PANTHER.htm
Photo SourcesPage 8:
http://www.amusingplanet.com/2012/07/wildlife-crossings-around-world.html
http://www.fws.gov/verobeach/20120817ConservationGrantsNR.html
http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/critter_crossings/tortoise.cfm
Page 9:
http://gosoutheast.about.com/od/photoswebcamspodcasts/ig/A-Glimpse-of-Savannah/Savannah-Architectural-Detail.htm
http://www.nature.com/news/2009/090223/full/news.2009.114.html
http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/safety/08034/08.cfm
Page 10:
http://www.defenders.org/grizzly-bear/basic-facts
http://westernwildlife.org/cougar-outreach-project/cougar-felis-concolor/
http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-highlands-islands-27445875
Page 11:
http://www.montana.edu/news/pressroom.php?id=12440
http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org.proxy.lib.sfu.ca/content/281/1780/20131705.full.pdf+html
Page 12:
http://www.montana.edu/news/pressroom.php?id=12440
Page 13:
http://web.b.ebscohost.com.proxy.lib.sfu.ca/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=a6c842b4-561e-4dfb-b421-b9e4c3dfe576%40sessionmgr113&vid=1&hid=123
Page 14:
http://thenaturalistscorner.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/Flying_Squirrel_Poles_Along_the_Skyway.jpg
https://ksoanesresearch.wordpress.com/tag/wildlife-crossing-structures/
Page 16:
http://www.tumblr18.com/t18/2013/10/Polar-bear-waving-hand.jpg
References Gubbi, S. (2011). Safe passages: Highways, wildlife, and habitat connectivity edited by Jon P. Beckmann,
Anthony P. Clevenger, Marcel P. Huijser & Jodi A. Hilty (2010), xix + 396 pp., Island Press, Washington, DC, USA. Chapter 7.
Clevenger, A., & Sawaya, M. (2010). Piloting a non-invasive genetic sampling method for evaluating population-level benefits of wildlife crossing structures. Ecology and Society, 15(1), 7-7.
Ford, T. A., Clevenger, A., & Bennett, A. (2009). Comparison of methods of monitoring wildlife-crossing structures on highways. Journal of Wildlife Management. doi: http://dx.doi.org.proxy.lib.sfu.ca/10.2193/2008-387
Kelly, C.A., Diggins, C.A., Lawrence, A.J. (2013). Crossing structures reconnect federally endangered flying squirrel populations divided for 20 years by road barrier. Wildlife Society Bulletin. 37(2): 375-379
Parks Canada. (2014). Banff national park: wildlife crossing structures and research. Retrieved from: http://www.pc.gc.ca/eng/pn-np/ab/banff/plan/transport/tch-rtc/passages-crossings.aspx
Sawaya, M. A., Clevenger, A. P., & Kalinowski, S. T. (2013). Demographic connectivity for ursid populations at wildlife crossing structures in banff national park. Conservation Biology, 27(4), 721-730.
Sawaya, M. A., Kalinowski, S. T., & Clevenger, A. P. (2014). Genetic connectivity for two bear species at wildlife crossing structures in banff national park. Proceedings. Biological Sciences / the Royal Society, 281
Makrakis, S., Castro-Santos, T., Makrakis, M., Wagner, R., & Adames, M. (2012). Culverts in paved roads as suitable passages for neotropical fish species. Neotropical Ichthyology, 10(4), 763-770.
Downs, J., Horner, M., Loraamm, R., Anderson, J., Kim, H., & Onorato, D. (2014). Strategically locating wildlife crossing structures for florida panthers using maximal covering approaches. Transactions in GIS, 18(1), 46-65.
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