why should tropical wetlands be part of climate change mitigation strategies?

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This presentation specifically explores how tropical wetlands can be included in REDD+, a global scheme through which developed countries reward developing countries for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation. Because of the amount of carbon stored by wetlands, there are significant opportunities and challenges inherent in involving wetlands in REDD+. This presentation was given during a symposium on ‘Sustaining Humans and Forests in Changing Landscapes’, organised by the IUFRO Working Group on Landscape Ecology. Around 200 people attended the symposium, which was held on 5–9 November 2012 in Concepcion, Chile.

TRANSCRIPT

Why should tropical wetlands be part of CC mitigation strategies?

Daniel Murdiyarso and Boone Kauffman

Coverage

1. Introduction 2. How can wetlands be included in REDD+ 3. The opportunities and challenges for wetlands 4. The way forward

Tropical wetlands are well distributed in REDD+ countries

The global mechanism is gaining scientific and political support

Introduction 1

REDD+ countries with varying D rate

Bali Action Plan: REDD+

SFM

REDD

Conservation ECS

Source: Pedroni (2009)

Cancun Agreement: Phased-approach

• REDD+ national strategy: follow UN-REDD and WB FCPF processes

• National reference level: sub-national reference level is accepted only temporary in while taking care of domestic leakage

• Forest monitoring system: to demonstrate additionality that includes environmental and social safeguards (UN-DRIP)

A Reference Level is needed

Base Period Or Historical baseline

Crediting period = 35 years?

Re

du

ced

em

issi

on

s

With REDD

Without REDD (BAU)

Fo

rest

carb

on

sto

cks

With REDD+

5 or 10 years?

Global wetlands C survey

Gabon Mozambique Tanzania?

Mexico Costa Rica Peru

Indonesia Vietnam India

• Globally cover 13.8 million ha • Declined by 30–50% over the past half century • Emissions of 0.2-1.2 billion t C/y 10% tropical

deforestation (0.7% of total tropical forest area)

Mangroves forests

Source: Donato et al. (2011)

Source: FAO (2007)

Deep to very deep (7.2 Mha = 19 GtC)

Shallow to deep (5.8 Mha = 11 GtC)

Shallow to moderate (8.0 Mha = 3 GtC)

1990 2002

Global 400 Mha (528 Pg)

Tropics 40 Mha (191 Pg)

SE Asia 35-40 Mha 25-30 Mha

Indonesia 21 Mha

(33 Pg)

17 Mha (?)

Tropical peatlands distribution

Task Force on National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

Existing 2006 IPCC Guidance on Wetlands Land-use

category/GHG Peatlands Flooded Land

Wetlands Remaining Wetlands

CO2 Section 7.2.1.1 No Guidance

(Included Elsewhere)

CH4 No Guidance

(Assumed Negligible) Appendix 3

N2O Section 7.2.1.2 No Guidance

(Included Elsewhere)

Lands Converted to Wetlands

CO2 Section 7.2.2.1 Section 7.3.2.1 and Appendix 2

CH4 No Guidance

(Assumed Negligible) Appendix 3

N2O Section 7.2.2.2 No Guidance

(Included Elsewhere)

Wetlands store large amount of carbon

Offer variety of co-benefits

Synergies with adaptation measures

How can wetlands be included? 2

Large belowground pools: peatlands

Murdiyarso et al. (2009)

Ab

ove

gro

un

d

0

200

400

Distance from Ocean (m)

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Be

low

gro

un

d200

400

600

800

1000

1200

Carb

on s

tock

(M

g h

a-1

)Belowground pools

Aboveground pools

Roots

Soil

Down wood

Trees

Total C stock ( x Mg ha-1

):

863.3 891.9 1044.4 1038.8 1073.4 1047.8

Large belowground pools: mangroves

Murdiyarso et al. (2009)

The Sundarbands

• The world's largest remaining single block of mangrove forest

• Appr. 1 Mha (10,000 km2)

• Delta front has undergone a net erosion of ~170 km2 of coastal land in the past 37 years study period

Source: Rahman et al. (2011)

The world mangroves

Beach erosion leading to ecosystems loss

Peatlands high biodiversity

Low hanging fruit

High opportunity costs

The opportunities and challenges 3

Low hanging fruit

Eco

syste

m C

sto

rag

e (

Mg

ha

-1)

Soils below 30 cm depth

Soils 0-30 cm depth + roots

Aboveground live + dead

Boreal Temperate Tropical upland

Tropicalpeat swamp

Mangrove0

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

1,400

1,600

Donato et al., (2011)

High opportunity costs: pulpwood industries

• Extensive - low yields (3-4 t/ha/y)

• Emits around 60 Mg CO2/ha/y

• Revenue from palm oil: $16 B/y

High opportunity costs: palm oil industries

Source: Murdiyarso et al. (2010)

Monitoring capacity remains a challenge

Reforming (peat) forest governance

Securing tenure /rights should be part of the mechanism

Monetizing co-benefits should be promoted

Synergizing mitigation and adaptation strategies

The way forward 4

http://www.cifor.org http://www.forestsclimatechange.org

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