why should tropical wetlands be part of climate change mitigation strategies?
DESCRIPTION
This presentation specifically explores how tropical wetlands can be included in REDD+, a global scheme through which developed countries reward developing countries for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation. Because of the amount of carbon stored by wetlands, there are significant opportunities and challenges inherent in involving wetlands in REDD+. This presentation was given during a symposium on ‘Sustaining Humans and Forests in Changing Landscapes’, organised by the IUFRO Working Group on Landscape Ecology. Around 200 people attended the symposium, which was held on 5–9 November 2012 in Concepcion, Chile.TRANSCRIPT
Why should tropical wetlands be part of CC mitigation strategies?
Daniel Murdiyarso and Boone Kauffman
Coverage
1. Introduction 2. How can wetlands be included in REDD+ 3. The opportunities and challenges for wetlands 4. The way forward
Tropical wetlands are well distributed in REDD+ countries
The global mechanism is gaining scientific and political support
Introduction 1
REDD+ countries with varying D rate
Bali Action Plan: REDD+
SFM
REDD
Conservation ECS
Source: Pedroni (2009)
Cancun Agreement: Phased-approach
• REDD+ national strategy: follow UN-REDD and WB FCPF processes
• National reference level: sub-national reference level is accepted only temporary in while taking care of domestic leakage
• Forest monitoring system: to demonstrate additionality that includes environmental and social safeguards (UN-DRIP)
A Reference Level is needed
Base Period Or Historical baseline
Crediting period = 35 years?
Re
du
ced
em
issi
on
s
With REDD
Without REDD (BAU)
Fo
rest
carb
on
sto
cks
With REDD+
5 or 10 years?
Global wetlands C survey
Gabon Mozambique Tanzania?
Mexico Costa Rica Peru
Indonesia Vietnam India
• Globally cover 13.8 million ha • Declined by 30–50% over the past half century • Emissions of 0.2-1.2 billion t C/y 10% tropical
deforestation (0.7% of total tropical forest area)
Mangroves forests
Source: Donato et al. (2011)
Source: FAO (2007)
Deep to very deep (7.2 Mha = 19 GtC)
Shallow to deep (5.8 Mha = 11 GtC)
Shallow to moderate (8.0 Mha = 3 GtC)
1990 2002
Global 400 Mha (528 Pg)
Tropics 40 Mha (191 Pg)
SE Asia 35-40 Mha 25-30 Mha
Indonesia 21 Mha
(33 Pg)
17 Mha (?)
Tropical peatlands distribution
Task Force on National Greenhouse Gas Inventories
Existing 2006 IPCC Guidance on Wetlands Land-use
category/GHG Peatlands Flooded Land
Wetlands Remaining Wetlands
CO2 Section 7.2.1.1 No Guidance
(Included Elsewhere)
CH4 No Guidance
(Assumed Negligible) Appendix 3
N2O Section 7.2.1.2 No Guidance
(Included Elsewhere)
Lands Converted to Wetlands
CO2 Section 7.2.2.1 Section 7.3.2.1 and Appendix 2
CH4 No Guidance
(Assumed Negligible) Appendix 3
N2O Section 7.2.2.2 No Guidance
(Included Elsewhere)
Wetlands store large amount of carbon
Offer variety of co-benefits
Synergies with adaptation measures
How can wetlands be included? 2
Large belowground pools: peatlands
Murdiyarso et al. (2009)
Ab
ove
gro
un
d
0
200
400
Distance from Ocean (m)
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Be
low
gro
un
d200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Carb
on s
tock
(M
g h
a-1
)Belowground pools
Aboveground pools
Roots
Soil
Down wood
Trees
Total C stock ( x Mg ha-1
):
863.3 891.9 1044.4 1038.8 1073.4 1047.8
Large belowground pools: mangroves
Murdiyarso et al. (2009)
The Sundarbands
• The world's largest remaining single block of mangrove forest
• Appr. 1 Mha (10,000 km2)
• Delta front has undergone a net erosion of ~170 km2 of coastal land in the past 37 years study period
Source: Rahman et al. (2011)
The world mangroves
Beach erosion leading to ecosystems loss
Peatlands high biodiversity
Low hanging fruit
High opportunity costs
The opportunities and challenges 3
Low hanging fruit
Eco
syste
m C
sto
rag
e (
Mg
ha
-1)
Soils below 30 cm depth
Soils 0-30 cm depth + roots
Aboveground live + dead
Boreal Temperate Tropical upland
Tropicalpeat swamp
Mangrove0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
1,600
Donato et al., (2011)
High opportunity costs: pulpwood industries
• Extensive - low yields (3-4 t/ha/y)
• Emits around 60 Mg CO2/ha/y
• Revenue from palm oil: $16 B/y
High opportunity costs: palm oil industries
Source: Murdiyarso et al. (2010)
Monitoring capacity remains a challenge
Reforming (peat) forest governance
Securing tenure /rights should be part of the mechanism
Monetizing co-benefits should be promoted
Synergizing mitigation and adaptation strategies
The way forward 4
http://www.cifor.org http://www.forestsclimatechange.org