why enterprise architecture

ENTERPRISE ARCHITECTURERandeep Sudan, GICT

Hanoi December 14, 2006

Winchester Mystery House

Winchester Mystery House

• House without an architect• Located in San Jose, California• Built by Sarah Winchester

between 1884 and 1922• 160 rooms, 40 bedrooms,

10,000 windows• Rooms around rooms• 65 doors to blank walls• 24 skylights in floors• 13 staircases go nowhere

What is Enterprise Architecture?

“Enterprise Architecture can be thought of as a whole of government blueprint and roadmap to guide how information systems and technologies are able to support the achievement of the Government’s Outcomes”.

Enterprise Architecture Final Report, June 2004 Tasmania.

Gartner on Enterprise ArchitectureSource: Enterprise Architecture Research Agenda, 2006

• Enterprise architecture is the process of describing, and the description of, the desired future state of an organization’s business process, technology and information to best support the organization’s business strategy.– Blueprint

• The definition of the steps required, and the standards and guidelines to get from the current state to the desired future state.– Roadmap

Why Enterprise Architecture?

“… investing in IT without defining these investments in the context of an architecture often results in systems that are duplicative, not well integrated, and unnecessarily costly to maintain and interface.”

US General Accounting OfficeInformation Technology: A Framework for Assessing and Improving Enterprise Architecture Management, (Version 1.1), April 2003.

The US Experience

• Clinger-Cohen Act 1996.– Requires among other things that the CIOs for major departments

and agencies should develop, maintain, and facilitate the implementation of architectures as a means of integrating business processes and agency goals with IT.

• E-Government Act of 2002– Established the OMB Office of Electronic Government– The office’s responsibilities include overseeing the development of

EAs within and across federal agencies.

South Korea

• The eGovernment Act of 2001 prohibits development of the same kind of software as developed in other government agencies for processing the same government business process.

• 234 city/district governments were found to have 21 common business processes in respect of residents, vehicles, land, buildings, environment, construction, health, welfare, livestock, fisheries, water supply and sewage. These processes have been standardized and redesigned since 1997.

• 23 existing finance related systems that were operating independently in various government departments have been interconnected and integrated into the National Finance Information System (NAFIS)

Key Disciplines

Operating model

Enterprise Architecture

Engagement model

Key Disciplines

Operating model

Enterprise Architecture

Engagement model

Four Operating Models

Process standardization

Proc

ess

inte

grat

ion

Low High

Low

Hig

h

Four Operating Models

Process standardization

Proc

ess

inte

grat

ion

Low High

Low

Hig

h

Diversification• Few data standards across business units• Most IT decisions made within business units• Makes sense if few if any shared clients, no overlapping transactions

Coordination• Consensus for designing IT infrastructure services• IT application decisions with business units• Makes sense for operationally unique business units or functions with shared clients

Unification• IT decisions made centrally• Centrally mandated databases• Makes sense for business units with similar or overlapping operations, catering to a common client pool

Replication• Standardized data definition• Data locally owned• Centrally mandated IT services• Makes sense for operationally similar business units with few, if any shared clients

Organizational Change

Process standardization

Proc

ess

inte

grat

ion

Low High

Low

Hig

hCoordination

Diversification

Unification

Replication

Key Disciplines

Operating model

Enterprise Architecture

Engagement model

Inception dates of various EA frameworks

• Zachman Framework, 1987• The Open Group Architecture Framework (TOGAF), 1995• Command, Control, Communications, Computing, Intelligence,

Surveillance and Reconnaissance (C4ISR), 1996• Treasury information Systems Architecture Framework

(TISAF), 1997• Federal Enterprise Architecture Framework (FEAF), 1999• Treasury Enterprise Architecture Framework (TEAF), 2000• Department of Defense Architecture Framework (DODAF),

2003• A new framework has been adopted every 15 months since the Clinger-Cohen Act became law in August 1996

The Zachman FrameworkCanadian Business Transformation Enablement Program

DETAILED REPRESENTATION(out of context)SubcontractorFUNCTIONING ENTERPRISE

TECHNOLOGY MODEL(Physical)Builder

SYSTEM MODEL(logical)Designer

BUSINESS MODEL(conceptual)Owner

SCOPE(contextual)Planner

WhyMOTIVATION

WhenTIME

WhoPEOPLE

WhereNETWORK

HowFUNCTION

WhatDATA

Federal Enterprise Architecture

Performance Reference Model

Business Reference Model

Service Component Reference Model

Data Reference Model

Technical Reference Model

Bus

ines

s D

riven

App

roac

h 31 lines of business132 sub-functions

Measurement indicators

Common use of dataData standards and definitionsData Reference ModelDRM

InvestmentsTechnology that does the tasksTechnical Reference ModelTRM

TRM, DRMCapabilities to accomplish business

Service Component Reference ModelSRM

SRMWhat the business isBusiness Reference ModelBRM

BRMGoals, metricsPerformance Reference Model PRM

DrivesDescribesModel

Business Value

Layers of Enterprise Architecture

Business

Solutions

Information

Technology

Business processes and activities use …

Applications such as custom or off-the-shelf software tools that run on …

Data that must be collected, organized, safeguarded, and distributed using …

Technology such as computer system and telephone networks.

Strategic Mission, Goals, Objectives, Performance Measures, Security Objectives, define…

IT A

rchi

tect

ure

Core Diagram: Delta AirlinesSource: Jeanne W.Ross et al, Enterprise Architecture as Strategy

Allocateresources

Prepare for flight

departureLoad

aircraft

Flight Departure

and closeout

Monitorflight

Flightarrival andcloseout

Unloadaircraft

Clean andservice aircraft

Personalization Digital relationships Loyalty programs

Customer experience

Operational pipeline

Skylinks Skymiles Reservations TravelAgent Skycap Ticket

counterCrownroom Boarding Inflight Baggage

Location Flight Schedule Maintenance

Equipment Employee Aircraft Customer Ticket

Nine core databases

Delta nervous system

Businessreflexes

Employee relationshipmanagement

EVENTS

PROFILE

Pagers

Voice

Video

Gatereaders

Cell phones

DesktopsLaptops Scanners

Reservationsystems

PDAs

Hand-heldsKiosks

NCS: Singapore’s eGovernment FrameworkSt

akeh

olde

r Tr

ansi

tion

Fram

ewor

k

eGov

ernm

ent F

ram

ewor

kBusiness Service Architecture

G2C G2B G2G

Delivery channels

Enterprise IT Architecture

Agency specific applications

Security Education Health Taxation

Management Retrieval Analysis

Information Architecture

Infrastructure Architecture

Application Architecture

Nationwide ICT Infrastructure

eGovernment Supporting Infrastructure

Bus

ines

s m

anag

emen

t

Tech

nica

l Sta

ndar

ds

InformationBank

LandHub

PeopleHub

EnterpriseHub

Cross agency applications

Government internal applications

Citizen relationship Business intelligence

Washington DC Before

• 21,000 employees (excluding public school system)• $5.4 billion budget• Services provided through 74 operating agencies

– 10 centralized e.g. purchasing, HR, IT, legal services– 64 customer facing e.g. law enforcement, transportation

• January 1999 DC was half a billion dollars in debt• Public services ranked at bottom of big city ratings

Operating Tenets

• Single point of entry– All citizen requests to be routed to a central point of entry

• Guaranteed closure– Citizen requests once submitted will be fulfilled, no matter which

agency or how many agencies are involved• Benign service delivery

– Make it easy for citizens to deal with the government

Operating model

• Standardization of common processes• End to end integration of processes • Data sharing• Nine service modernization programs launched in 2001• Nine functional clusters: administrative, customer, educational,

enforcement, financial, human, motorist, property, transportation services

• Consolidation of servers, storage and software

• DC government improved “from worst to first”• Government Technology magazine named DC portal as the

number one Web portal in government• Cost of modernization program: $71 million• Measurable cost savings $150 million

Washington DC After

Summary of Enterprise Architecture Management Maturity Framework Version 1.1 (GAO)

Return on EA investment is measured and reported.Compliance with EA is measured and reported.

Attribute 4Verifies satisfaction of commitment

Attribute 3Demonstrates satisfaction of commitment

Attribute 2Provides capability to meet commitment

Adequate resources exist. Committee or group representing the enterprise is responsible for directing, overseeing or approving EA

Attribute 1Demonstrates Commitment

Stage 5Leveraging EA to manage change

Stage 4Completing EA products

Stage 3Developing EA products

Stage 2Building the EA management foundation

Stage 1Creating EA Awareness

Maturation

The Importance of Standards: Baltimore Fire 1904

• Major fire in downtown Baltimore • More than 1,200 firefighters, 57 engines and 9 trucks arrive from 5 states and the District of Columbia• Fire crews unable to assist, because out-of-town hose couplings would not fit Baltimore fire hydrants• Within 30 hours:

• 70 city blocks devastated• 1,526 buildings destroyed

UK’s e-Government Interoperability Framework (e-GIF)

e-GIF

e-Gov Metadata Standard

GovernmentCategory List

GovernmentData Standards

Catalogue

XML Schemas Technical Standards Catalogue

Examples of Standards

• Two letter country codes eg. VN for Vietnam defined by ISO 3166-1

• ISO 8601 defines numeric representation of dates in the form YYYY-MM-DD

• TCP/IP standard developed and endorsed by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) through RFC 2246. Part of the protocol relates to IP addresses in the form nnn.nnn.nnn.nnn where nnn is a number between 0 and 255

• W3C standards include HTML, XML, XSLT, XML Schema, RDF, Web services, XQuery and XPath

Key Disciplines

Operating model

Enterprise Architecture

Engagement model

Enterprise Architecture Reporting Structure

IT StrategyArchitectureand Planning

InformationArchitect(s)

BusinessArchitect(s)

TechnicalArchitect(s)

SolutionArchitect(s)

Chief Architect

CIO

Gartner (April 2006)

Project Architects

InformationArchitect(s)

BusinessArchitect(s)

TechnicalArchitect(s)

SolutionArchitect(s)

Chief Architect

CIO

PMO

Support Staff

ProjectManager

ProjectArchitect(s)

Gartner (April 2006)

The Engagement Model

ALIGNMENT

Enterprisearchitecture

Municipal unitarchitecture

Project ITarchitecture

National Strategy and

goals

Municipal unitstrategy and

goals

Project plan

CO

OR

DIN

ATI

ON

National level

Municipal level

Project team level

Business IT

Project management

Nationwide IT governance

Linking mechanisms

Adapted from Jeanne W.Ross et al. Enterprise Architecture as Strategy

More visionary role

ApplicationArchitect

EnterpriseArchitect

Chief Architect

EA ModelingTeam (Virtual)

Gartner (April 2006)

ApplicationArchitect

ApplicationArchitect

ApplicationArchitect

EA ModelingTeam (Virtual)

EA ModelingTeam (Virtual)

EA ModelingTeam (Virtual)

EnterpriseArchitect

EnterpriseArchitect

EnterpriseArchitect

Plan

Initial Research

ProjectInitiation

Best practices

3 ministries

Technical Teams Workshops GEAF

Draft Plan& Workshops

ImplementationPlan

EngagementModel

AssessmentMethodology

Projectfinalization

FinalReport

FinalWorkshop

Draft Plan& Workshop

Training

Conclusion

• Focus on defining the right EA process, and spend less time debating and choosing an EA framework.

• Start the EA effort by devising a future-state architecture. • The secret of defining a great enterprise architecture is

knowing when to stop.• Large organizations are simply too complex to be designed by

a small group of enterprise architects, no matter how smart they are.

Source: Gartner

Thank You