week 13 chemistry

Week 13 ChemistryNuclear Chemistry

Warm Up: 4 Minutes

In the atom, , how many protons and neutrons are in the nucleus?

Write the Learning Target

You should be working SILENTLY

Stay in your own seat

Agenda

Warm Up – 7 minutes Test Recap– 1 minutes Cornell Style Notes/ Examples – 15 minutes Guided Practice – 12 minutes Independent Practice -15 minutes Closing – 3 minutes

Test Scores

Period 1: 54%Period 3: 58%Period 4: 69%Period 5: 69%Period 6: 54%Period 7: 60%

This Week

Types of Nuclear

RadiationNuclear

EquationsFission and

Fusion

Monday Tuesday Thursday

Nuclear Chemistry

Nuclear Chemistry

Changes in matter originating in the nucleus of an atom.

Applications:Energy Nuclear EnergyLife The Sun is an example of nuclear chemistry at workMedicine X-rays, MRI

Jobs in Nuclear Chemistry

Energy research, production (Nuclear Engineer) Cancer Treatment (Oncologist) Medical Imaging (Radiologist) Radioactive Tracing (Medicine) Radioactive Dating (Geology)

Alpha Beta Gamma

Symbol

Let’s Review the Parts of a Chemical Symbol

X Massnumber

Atomicnumber

An alpha particle is identical to that of a helium nucleus.

It contains two protons and two neutrons.

Alpha Radiation

Ra226

88

Rn222

86

α4

2

Alpha Radiation

Alpha Beta Gamma

Symbol

A beta particle is a fast moving electron which is emitted from the nucleus of an atom undergoing radioactive decay.

Beta decay occurs when a neutron changes into a proton and an electron.

Beta Radiation

Po218

84

b0

-1

At218

85

Beta Radiation

Alpha Beta Gamma

Symbol

Alpha Beta Gamma

Symbol

Alpha Beta Gamma

Symbol

Charge

Alpha Beta Gamma

Symbol

Charge +2

Alpha Beta Gamma

Symbol

Charge +2 -1

Alpha Beta Gamma

Symbol

Charge +2 -1 0

Alpha Beta Gamma

Symbol

Charge +2 -1 0

Relative Mass

Alpha Beta Gamma

Symbol

Charge +2 -1 0

Relative Mass

Heavy

Alpha Beta Gamma

Symbol

Charge +2 -1 0

Relative Mass

Heavy Light

Alpha Beta Gamma

Symbol

Charge +2 -1 0

Relative Mass

Heavy Light No Mass

Let’s look at Penetration Power

Alpha Beta Gamma

Symbol

Charge +2 -1 0

Relative Mass

Heavy Light No Mass

Penetration Power

Alpha Beta Gamma

Symbol

Charge +2 -1 0

Relative Mass

Heavy Light No Mass

Penetration Power

Low

Alpha Beta Gamma

Symbol

Charge +2 -1 0

Relative Mass

Heavy Light No Mass

Penetration Power

Low Medium

Alpha Beta Gamma

Symbol

Charge +2 -1 0

Relative Mass

Heavy Light No Mass

Penetration Power

Low Medium High

Check point

Which type of nuclear radiation has a negative charge?

Beta

Check point

Which type of nuclear radiation produces the most massive particle?

Alpha

Check point

Which type of nuclear radiation has the highest penetrating power?

Gamma

Guided Practice

Mr. Ghosh: Project a multiple questionStudent will: 1. SILENTLY read the question to your self and

pick an answer [19 seconds]2. Take 42 seconds to speak with your shoulder

partner to chose the correct answer and discuss why it is the correct answer. [42 seconds]

3. When Mr. Ghosh says “SWAG” all students should be SILENT

#1Which of the following statements accurately describes beta particles in terms of charge and mass?

A. Beta particles are positively charged and less massive than alpha particles.

B. Beta particles are negatively charged and less massive than alpha particles.

C. Beta particles are positively charged and more massive than alpha particles.

D. Beta particles are negatively charged and more massive than alpha particles.

#2Which of the following statements describes an alpha particle?

A. An alpha particle has no mass.B. An alpha particle has a negative charge.C. An alpha particle has low penetrating powerD. An alpha particle has a symbol of

#3The three main types of nuclear radiation are alpha, beta, and gamma. Which of the following lists these types of radiation from lowest penetrating power to highest penetrating power?

A. Alpha, beta, gammaB. Beta, gamma, alphaC. Beta, alpha, gammaD. Gamma, alpha, beta

#4Which of the following best describes alpha particles, beta particles, and gamma rays?

A. Beta particles are negatively charged and are easy to stop

B. Alpha particles have no charge and are easy to stopC. Gamma rays are positively charged and are hard to

stopD. Alpha particles are positively charged and are easy

to stop

Independent Practice

Practice Makes Perfect

85%

Closing

What are the three types of nuclear radiation?

Which one is the most powerful?

Warm Up: 4 Minutes

Type of Nuclear Radiation

Symbol [Include Mass # & Atomic #]

Gamma

Alpha

Beta

Write the Learning Target

You should be working SILENTLY

Stay in your own seat

Warm Up: 4 Minutes

Type of Nuclear Radiation

Symbol [Include Mass # & Atomic #]

Gamma

Alpha

Beta

Warm Up: 4 Minutes

Type of Nuclear Radiation

Symbol [Include Mass # & Atomic #]

Gamma

Alpha or

Beta

Warm Up: 4 Minutes

Type of Nuclear Radiation

Symbol [Include Mass # & Atomic #]

Gamma

Alpha or Beta β

Agenda

Warm Up: 7 Minutes Cornell Style Notes and Examples: 15

Minutes Guided Practice: 13 Minutes Independent Practice: 15 Minutes Closing: 3 Minutes

AnnouncementWe have had complaints from the Janitors about the trash being left in the desks.

Before you leave each day, I will check EVERY SINGLE DESK for trash.

NOBODY WILL LEAVE UNTIL ALL TRASH IS CLEANED UP

This Week

Types of Nuclear

RadiationNuclear

EquationsFission and

Fusion

Monday Tuesday Thursday

Take out paper for notes

BLUE RED

Nuclear reactions

A change in the identity or characteristics of an atomic nucleus

Results due to an energetic particle, as in fission, fusion, or radioactive decay.

Let’s Review the Parts of a Chemical Symbol

X Massnumber

Atomicnumber

How to Compose Chemical Symbols

Begin with Element symbol Put mass number on top Find atomic number of element on periodic table, put it

on the bottom

Example: Compose the Chemical Symbol for Polonium-212

Po212

84

Requirements of a nuclear reaction Sum of the mass numbers is the same on both sides of

the equation.

Sum of the atomic numbers is the same on both sides of the equation.

XA

ZY

A - 4

Z - 2+ He

4

2

Ra226

88Rn

222

86+ He

4

2

Alpha Decay Nuclear Reactions

XA

ZY

A

Z + 1+ b

0

-1

Po218

84Rn

218

85+ b

0

-1

Beta Decay Nuclear Reactions

Th230

90Ra

226

88 + He4

2

Th234

90Pa

234

91+ b

0

-1

Gamma Radiation Nuclear Reactions

+

+

Example: Complete the nuclear equation

𝑃𝑜→𝑃𝑏 +¿82206 ¿84

210 ¿ ¿

Example: Complete the nuclear equation

𝑁𝑝 →¿93239 + 𝛽−1

0 ¿

Example: Complete the nuclear equation

_______ Ni + +

Check point

What is true of the sum of the mass numbers on both sides of the equation?

They are equal

Check point

What is true of the sum of the atomic numbers on both sides of the equation?

They are equal

Guided Practice Teacher:1. Will show the problem on the board Students:1. Take 31 seconds to read the question SILENTLY and

compose an answer. 2. Take 63 seconds to speak with your shoulder partner

to solve the problem and discuss how to do it3. When Mr. Ghosh says “SWAG” all students should be

SILENT

Complete the following nuclear equation

+ + ____

Complete the following nuclear equation

𝑅𝑛 →¿86222 + 𝐻𝑒2

4 ¿

Polonium-212 decays directly to Lead-208. What type of particle must be emitted during this radioactive decay?

Thorium-228 decays to Polonium-216 through a series of alpha decays. How many alpha particles are emitted in this decay series?

Independent Practice

Practice Makes Perfect

85%

Closing

All Students Stand UP

Push Stools Under Desk

Clean ALL trash from your area

Warm Up: 4 MinutesComplete the following nuclear reactions by filling in the blank:n0

1 + Pu→¿+ La+ n01 + n0

157

14494

239

C613 + He2

4 → ______+ n01

Agenda

Warm Up: 7 Minutes Cornell Style Notes and Examples: 13

Minutes Guided Practice: 15 Minutes Independent Practice: 15 Minutes Closing: 3 Minutes

This Week

Types of Nuclear

RadiationNuclear

EquationsFission and

Fusion

Monday Tuesday Thursday

Take out paper for notes

BLUE RED

Fission reaction

Did you know that?

Fission of 1 GRAM of Uranium… Releases enough energy to run a light bulb for 20 YEARS

Fission reaction

Breaking apart of a nucleus into smaller fragment

Neutrons emitted cause other (chain) reactions

+ + +

Question…

Is there a more efficient way to write:

+ +

What is another way to write 2 + 2 + 2?

3 x 2or

3(2)

Using your knowledge from the previous example, how would you write:

+ +

3 n01

Fusion reactions

Did you know that?

The sun is a giant nuclear fusion power source

Fusion Reaction

Combining of nuclei to form a nucleus with a greater mass

Releases tremendous amount of energy (more than fission)

4 +2 + energy

Check point

Which type of reaction causes a heavy nucleus to break into lighter nuclei once it is bombarded by a neutron?

Fission Reaction

Check point

Both fusion and fission reaction produce neutrons, . Which reaction utilizes the neutrons to trigger another set of nuclear reactions ?

Fission Reaction

Check point

What type of reaction is listed below? Why?

+ + 4 + +

Fission Reaction

Check point

What do both types of reaction release?

Energy

Guided Practice Teacher:1. Will show the problem on the board Students:1. Take 31 seconds to read the question SILENTLY and

compose an answer. 2. Take 53 seconds to speak with your shoulder partner

to solve the problem and discuss how to do it3. When Mr. Ghosh says “SWAG” all students should be

SILENT

#1Which of the following equations shows a fusion reaction?

#2Which of the following equations shows a fission reaction?

#3

Which of the following best describes a common feature of nuclear fission and fusion reactions?

A. Nuclei split during fission and fusionB. Fission and fusion both form heavier elementsC. Fission and fusion both generate energyD. Nuclei gain electrons during fission and fusion

#4

Which of the following statements applies to a nuclear fusion reaction?

A. Nuclear fusion reactions have no commercial applications

B. The reaction takes place when a nucleus is bombarded with neutrons

C. The reaction releases large amounts of energy when nuclei are brought together

D. A chain reaction is involved

Independent Practice

Practice Makes Perfect

85%

Closing

What are the two types of nuclear reactions?

How are the same?

How are they different?

Warm Up: 3 Minutes Write the Learning Target

You should be working SILENTLY

Stay in your own seat

Classify the following elements as either a metal or a nonmetal:

Carbon Aluminum Vanadium Oxygen Iodine

Check Your Answers!!!

• Carbon -Nonmetal• Aluminum -Metal• Vanadium- Metal • Oxygen-Nonmetal• Iodine-Nonmetal

Agenda

Warm Up: 7 Minutes Cornell Notes and Examples: 15 Minutes Guided Practice: 12 Minutes Independent Practice: 10 Minutes Closing: 1 Minutes

Metal or Nonmetal?

Two or more elements that are bonded together by the interaction of their valence electrons in order to achieve their octet rule

What is a Compound?

Ionic vs. Covalent Compounds

PF3 NaCl Al2S3

CaS CO2 H2O

N2 NO2 Br2

Covalent

Compound

Two or more nonmetals bonded together

COVALENT Bond: SHARES valence electrons.

Examples: N2 or CO2

What is a Covalent Compound?

Check point

Is this a covalent compound?

C6H12O6

YES

Check point

Is this a covalent compound?

KBrNO

Covalent

2 or More Nonmetals

Ionic

Compound

What is an Ionic Compound?Positive (cations) and negative ions (anions) that are bonded together

IONIC bond:TRANSFERS valence electrons from one ion to the other

Examples: NaCl and K2SO4

Covalent

2 or More Nonmetals

Ionic

Cation

Compound

What is a Cation?

Any atom or GROUP OF ATOMS with a positive charge.

Examples: Metals (Na+1 , Ag+2 ) or NH4 +1

Covalent

2 or More Nonmetals

Ionic

Cation Anion

Compound

Positive

What is an Anion?

Any atom or group of atoms with a negative charge

Examples: Nonmetals (F-1 , O-2 )Polyatomic Ions (NO3 -1

, SO4 -2 )

Covalent

2 or More Nonmetals

Ionic

Cation Anion

Compound

Positive Negative

What is a Polyatomic Ion ?

Any group of atoms that acts as a single unit in chemical bonding

Examples: Anions (NO3

-1 , PO4 -3 )Cations (NH4 +1)

List of Polyatomic Ions Ammonium, NH4

+1 Acetate: C2H3O2 -1 Nitrite: NO2

-1

Nitrate: NO3-1

Cyanide: CN-1 Hydroxide: OH-1 Permanganate: MnO4

-1

Hypochlorite: ClO-1

Chlorite: ClO2-1

Chlorate: ClO3-1

Perchlorate : ClO4-1

Oxalate: C2O4 -2

Sulfite: SO3 -2

Sulfate: SO4-2

Carbonate: CO3-2

Chromate: CrO4-2

Phosphate: PO4-3

Check point

Is this an Ionic or a Covalent compound?

H2

COVALENT

Check point

Is this an Ionic or a Covalent compound?

Na2SO4

IONIC

Recap

Does the compound have a metal?

IONIC

No Metals?

COVALENT

Guided Practice Teacher:

1. Will show the problem on the board Students:

1. Take 38 seconds to look at the set of compounds SILENTLY and compose your answer.

2. Take 57 seconds to speak with your shoulder partner to solve the problem and discuss how to do it

3. When Mr. Ghosh says “SWAG” all students should be SILENT

Set 1

Compound Ionic or Covalent

NaFCO

KNO3

Compound Ionic or Covalent

NaF IonicCO

KNO3

Set 1

Compound Ionic or Covalent

NaF IonicCO Covalent

KNO3

Set 1

Compound Ionic or Covalent

NaF IonicCO Covalent

KNO3 Ionic

Set 1

Compound Ionic or Covalent

N2OP2O5

K2SO4

Set 2

Compound Ionic or Covalent

N2O CovalentP2O5

K2SO4

Set 2

Compound Ionic or Covalent

N2O CovalentP2O5 Covalent

K2SO4

Set 2

Compound Ionic or Covalent

N2O CovalentP2O5 Covalent

K2SO4 Ionic

Set 2

Compound Ionic or Covalent

SO2

Se2O5

MgCl2

Set 3

Compound Ionic or Covalent

SO2 CovalentSe2O5

MgCl2

Set 3

Compound Ionic or Covalent

SO2 CovalentSe2O5 CovalentMgCl2

Set 3

Compound Ionic or Covalent

SO2 CovalentSe2O5 CovalentMgCl2 Ionic

Set 3

Independent Practice

Practice Makes Perfect

85%

Closing

What was the purpose in learning to distinguish between ionic and covalent compounds?