week 11 adverbial, adjuncts, conjuncts, disjuncts

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E_English Grammar Course E_English Grammar Course

Unit 7Lecture 7 - Adverbials

1. Units realizing adverbial functions

2. Classes of adverbials

3. Adjuncts

4. Disjuncts

5. Conjuncts

IssuesIssues

Units realizing adverbial functionsUnits realizing adverbial functions11/7

Realization of adverbials

Adverb phrases

Noun phrases

Prepositional phrases

Finite clause

Non-finite clause

Verbless clause

See more in 8.1

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Realization of adverbials

Adverb phrases

Noun phrases

Prepositional phrases

Finite clause

Non-finite clause

Verbless clause

E.g.: I have never been there.

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Realization of adverbials

Adverb phrases

Noun phrases

Prepositional phrases

Finite clause

Non-finite clause

Verbless clause

E.g.: I saw her last week.

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Realization of adverbials

Adverb phrases

Noun phrases

Prepositional phrases

Finite clause

Non-finite clause

Verbless clauseE.g.: She sat in a dark corner.

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Realization of adverbials

Adverb phrases

Noun phrases

Prepositional phrases

Finite clause

Non-finite clause

Verbless clause

E.g.: When I came to the club, I saw James sitting alone at the window table.

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Non-finite clause

Verbless clause

Realization of adverbials

Adverb phrases

Noun phrases

Prepositional phrases

Finite clause

infinitive -ing participle -ed participle

He plays to win. Seeing Tom, shesmiles.

Whenever left alone,he cried.

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Realization of adverbials

Adverb phrases

Noun phrases

Prepositional phrases

Finite clause

Non-finite clause

Verbless clause

E.g.: The baby was playing, unaware of the danger.

Classes of AdverbialsClasses of Adverbials21/7

ADVERBIALS ADJUNCTS

DISJUNCTS

CONJUNCTS

Integrated in clause structure

Peripheral in clause structure

See more in 8.2

Classes of AdverbialsClasses of Adverbials22/7

ADVERBIALS ADJUNCTS

DISJUNCTS

CONJUNCTS

1. can’t appear initially in a negative declarative clause.E.g. Quickly, they didn’t leave home.

Classes of AdverbialsClasses of Adverbials23/7

ADVERBIALS ADJUNCTS

DISJUNCTS

CONJUNCTS

2. can be contrasted with another adverbial in an alternative interrogation (as focus of clause interrogation)E.g. Does he write to his parents because he misses them, or only because he wants some money?

Classes of AdverbialsClasses of Adverbials24/7

ADVERBIALS ADJUNCTS

DISJUNCTS

CONJUNCTS

3. can be contrasted with another adverbial in alternative negation (as focus of clause negation)E.g. We didn’t hate him because of his appearance, but because of his badbehavior.

Classes of AdverbialsClasses of Adverbials25/7

ADVERBIALS ADJUNCTS

DISJUNCTS

CONJUNCTS

1. can appear initially before a negative clause in most casesE.g.: Naturally, he didn’t come. (disjunct) Therefore, he couldn’t come.(conjunct)

Classes of AdverbialsClasses of Adverbials26/7

ADVERBIALS ADJUNCTS

DISJUNCTS

CONJUNCTS

2. cannot be contrasted with

another adverbial in alternative

interrogation.

3. cannot be focus of clause

negation

Classes of AdverbialsClasses of Adverbials27/7

ADVERBIALS ADJUNCTS

DISJUNCTS

CONJUNCTS

Can serve as a response to an Y-N question.E.g.: A: Will he be there? B: Yes, probably.

AdjunctsAdjuncts

1. Adjuncts can come within the scope of predication pro-form

or predication ellipsis.

E.g.: John greatly admires Bob, and so does Mary.

John greatly admires Bob, and Mary greatly admires Bob.

3

SYNTACTIC FEATURES OF ADJUNCTS

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See more in 8.4 - 8.46

AdjunctsAdjuncts3

SYNTACTIC FEATURES OF ADJUNCTS

2. Adjuncts can be the focus of limiter adverbials such as “only”.

E.g.: They only want the car for an hour (for an hour not for longer).

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AdjunctsAdjuncts33/21

SYNTACTIC FEATURES OF ADJUNCTS

3. Adjuncts can be the focus of additive adverbials such as “also”.

E.g.: They will also meet afterwards.

4. Adjuncts can be the focus of a cleft sentence.

E.g.: It was because of his injury that Mary helped Tony.

See more in 14.15 - 14.16

AdjunctsAdjuncts

1. Can constitute a comparative construction

E.g.: John speaks English more fluently than his brother does.

2. Have premodifying “however”

E.g.: However strongly you feel about it, you should be cautious

in the way you talk.

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ADVERB PHRASES AS ADJUNCTS

AdjunctsAdjuncts

3. Have premodifying “how”

E.g.: How often does she wash her hair?

How carelessly he drives!

4. Have premodifying “so” (+ inversion)

E.g.: So monotonously did he speak that everybody felt asleep.

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ADVERB PHRASES AS ADJUNCTS

AdjunctsAdjuncts36/21

viewpoint

focusing

intensifier

process

subject

place

time

others

TYPES OF ADJUNCTS

AdjunctsAdjuncts37/21

viewpoint

focusing

intensifier

process

subject

place

time

others

TYPES OF ADJUNCTS

+ = ‘if we consider what weare saying from a [adj. phrase]point of view’+ usually in initial positionE.g.: Geographically (speaking), Vietnam is a diverse country. Business-wise, it’s not a good idea to open a fast food restaurant in this area.

AdjunctsAdjuncts38/21

viewpoint

focusing

intensifier

process

subject

place

time

others

TYPES OF ADJUNCTS

limiters

additives

exclusives

particularizers

alone, just, only, purely, simply

chiefly, especially, mainly, etc.

also, either, even, neither, nor, too,as well as, in addition

AdjunctsAdjuncts38/21

viewpoint

focusing

intensifier

process

subject

place

time

others

TYPES OF ADJUNCTS

- Cannot be modifiedEg. *very only, *extremely also- Cannot be coordinatedEg. *just and exactly, *equally

and likewiseException: purely and simply

AdjunctsAdjuncts39/21

viewpoint

focusing

intensifier

process

subject

place

time

others

TYPES OF ADJUNCTS

emphasizers

amplifiers

downtoners

clearly, definitely, etc.

by far, well, etc.

maximizers

boosterscompletely, etc.

compromisers

diminishers

minimizers

approximators

kind of, quite, etc.

partly, slightly, etc.

a bit, barely, etc.

almost, nearly, etc.

AdjunctsAdjuncts310/21

viewpoint

focusing

intensifier

process

subject

place

time

others

TYPES OF ADJUNCTS

+ = in that way/ that way

+ favor final conditions

+ co-occur with dynamic verbs,

not stative verbs

E.g.: They live frugally.

Tear gas was indiscriminatively

sprayed on the protesters.

AdjunctsAdjuncts3viewpoint

focusing

intensifier

process

subject

place

time

others

TYPES OF ADJUNCTS

E.g.: They walked in single file.

E.g.: I go to school by car.

E.g.: You can cut the apple with that knife.

manner

means

instrument

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AdjunctsAdjuncts3viewpoint

focusing

intensifier

process

subject

place

time

others

TYPES OF ADJUNCTS

general

volitional

formulaic

With great unease, they elected him as their leader.

deliberately, intentionally, on purpose, willingly, with reluctance, etc.

please, humbly, cordially, kindly, etc.

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AdjunctsAdjuncts3viewpoint

focusing

intensifier

process

subject

place

time

others

TYPES OF ADJUNCTS

+ denote position, direction, movement, and passage+ most are prepositional phrases; adverb phrases and noun phrases used frequently+ used only with verbs of motions or other dynamic verbs denoting directionE.g.: She works a long way from here. We’re moving some furniture into the kitchen.

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AdjunctsAdjuncts3viewpoint

focusing

intensifier

process

subject

place

time

others

TYPES OF ADJUNCTS

direction

position

I take the book from the shelf.She ran past the church.

I live in a small village.He is over there.

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AdjunctsAdjuncts3viewpoint

focusing

intensifier

process

subject

place

time

others

TYPES OF ADJUNCTS

other relationships

when

duration

frequency

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AdjunctsAdjuncts3viewpoint

focusing

intensifier

process

subject

place

time

others

TYPES OF ADJUNCTS

other relationships

when

duration

frequency

+ point of timeE.g.: today, tomorrow+ boundary of timeE.g.: afterwards

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AdjunctsAdjuncts3viewpoint

focusing

intensifier

process

subject

place

time

others

TYPES OF ADJUNCTS

other relationships

when

duration

frequency + length of timeE.g.: briefly+ from the preceding point in timeE.g.: since

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AdjunctsAdjuncts3viewpoint

focusing

intensifier

process

subject

place

time

others

TYPES OF ADJUNCTS

other relationships

when

duration

frequency

+ definite - period: E.g.: daily - number: E.g.: twice

+ indefinite - usual occurrence: E.g.: usually - continuous/continual: E.g.: always - high: E.g.: often - low/zero: occasionally, never

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AdjunctsAdjuncts3viewpoint

focusing

intensifier

process

subject

place

time

others

TYPES OF ADJUNCTS

other relationships

when

duration

frequency

first, still, yet, already, etc.

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AdjunctsAdjuncts3viewpoint

focusing

intensifier

process

subject

place

time

others

TYPES OF ADJUNCTS

+ expressing purpose, cause, reason, source or originE.g.: He took the book from me. They symbolically buried the car as a protest against pollution.

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AdjunctsAdjuncts321/21

RELATIVE POSITION OF ADJUNCTS

1. In final position: process - place - timeE.g. He was working with his shears (process) in the garden (place) the whole morning (time).2. The normal relative order can be changed to suit the desire for end-focus.3. A clause normally comes after other structures to avoid ambiguityE.g. We stood talking for a very long time (A1) where the fire had been (A2).4. Longer adjuncts tend to follow shorter adjuncts.E.g. I was studying earlier (A1) in the university library (A2).

See more in 8.3

DisjunctsDisjuncts41/3

DISJUNCTS

Style disjuncts

Attitudinal disjuncts

Most disjuncts are prepositional phrases or clause

See more in 8.47 - 8.52

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DISJUNCTS

Style disjuncts

Attitudinal disjuncts

• convey the speaker’s comment on the form of what he is saying, defining in some way under what conditions he is speakingE.g.: Seriously, do you intend to retire? Personally, I don’t approve of her. Very frankly, I am tired.

DisjunctsDisjuncts43/3

DISJUNCTS

Style disjuncts

Attitudinal disjuncts• convey the speaker’s comment on the content of what he is saying• generally appear only on declarative clausesE.g.: Obviously, no one expected us. Understandably, they were all annoyed when reading the letter.

ConjunctsConjuncts5CONJUNCTS 1. Most conjuncts are adverb phrases

or prepositional phrases.

2. The normal position for most conjuncts

is initial.

3. Conjuncts often have a separate

tone unit.

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See more in 8.53 - 8.56

ConjunctsConjuncts5CONJUNCTS

Enumerative

Reinforcing

Equative

Transitional

Summative

Apposition

Result

Inferential

Reformulatory

Replacive

Antithetic

Concessive

Temporal transition

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ConjunctsConjuncts5CONJUNCTS

Enumerative

Reinforcing

Equative

Transitional

Summative

Apposition

Result

Inferential

Reformulatory

Replacive

Antithetic

Concessive

Temporal transition

first, second, third…; one, two, three…; for one thing, for another thing; for a start, to begin with, next, then…

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ConjunctsConjuncts5CONJUNCTS

Enumerative

Reinforcing

Equative

Transitional

Summative

Apposition

Result

Inferential

Reformulatory

Replacive

Antithetic

Concessive

Temporal transition

also, furthermore, moreover, in addition, above all,what is more, then (informal), etc.

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ConjunctsConjuncts5CONJUNCTS

Enumerative

Reinforcing

Equative

Transitional

Summative

Apposition

Result

Inferential

Reformulatory

Replacive

Antithetic

Concessive

Temporal transition

equally, likewise, similarly, in the same way, etc.

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ConjunctsConjuncts5CONJUNCTS

Enumerative

Reinforcing

Equative

Transitional

Summative

Apposition

Result

Inferential

Reformulatory

Replacive

Antithetic

Concessive

Temporal transition

by the way, incidentally, etc.

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ConjunctsConjuncts5CONJUNCTS

Enumerative

Reinforcing

Equative

Transitional

Summative

Apposition

Result

Inferential

Reformulatory

Replacive

Antithetic

Concessive

Temporal transition

then, (all) in all, in conclusion, to sum up, etc.

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ConjunctsConjuncts5CONJUNCTS

Enumerative

Reinforcing

Equative

Transitional

Summative

Apposition

Result

Inferential

Reformulatory

Replacive

Antithetic

Concessive

Temporal transition

namely, in other words, for instance,that is, that is to say, for example, etc.

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ConjunctsConjuncts5CONJUNCTS

Enumerative

Reinforcing

Equative

Transitional

Summative

Apposition

Result

Inferential

Reformulatory

Replacive

Antithetic

Concessive

Temporal transition

consequently, hence, thus, so, therefore, as a result, etc.

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ConjunctsConjuncts5CONJUNCTS

Enumerative

Reinforcing

Equative

Transitional

Summative

Apposition

Result

Inferential

Reformulatory

Replacive

Antithetic

Concessive

Temporal transition

else, otherwise, then, in other words, in that case, etc.

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ConjunctsConjuncts5CONJUNCTS

Enumerative

Reinforcing

Equative

Transitional

Summative

Apposition

Result

Inferential

Reformulatory

Replacive

Antithetic

Concessive

Temporal transition

better, rather, in other words, etc.

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ConjunctsConjuncts5CONJUNCTS

Enumerative

Reinforcing

Equative

Transitional

Summative

Apposition

Result

Inferential

Reformulatory

Replacive

Antithetic

Concessive

Temporal transition

alternatively, rather, on the other hand, etc.

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ConjunctsConjuncts5CONJUNCTS

Enumerative

Reinforcing

Equative

Transitional

Summative

Apposition

Result

Inferential

Reformulatory

Replacive

Antithetic

Concessive

Temporal transition

instead, then, on the contrary, in contrast, by comparison, on the other hand, etc.

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ConjunctsConjuncts5CONJUNCTS

Enumerative

Reinforcing

Equative

Transitional

Summative

Apposition

Result

Inferential

Reformulatory

Replacive

Antithetic

Concessive

Temporal transition

anyhow, anyway, besides, else, however, stillnevertheless, yet, in any case, at any rate, after allin spite of that, on the other hand, all the same, etc.

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ConjunctsConjuncts515/15

CONJUNCTS

Enumerative

Reinforcing

Equative

Transitional

Summative

Apposition

Result

Inferential

Reformulatory

Replacive

Antithetic

Concessive

Temporal transition

meantime, meanwhile, in the mean time, etc.

HomeworkHomework

Exercises 121-147 Workbook