vitamins badil lecturer - karachi, pakistan...by the end of this lecture, the students will be able...

Vitamins

Badil Lecturer

By the end of this lecture, the students will be able to:

Define vitamin List the types of vitaminsExplain the functions, sources, deficiency disorders of vitamins

VitaminsNon-caloric organic nutrientsNeeded in very small amountsNutrients that body does not make on its own.Facilitators – help body processes proceed; digestion, b i b li habsorption, metabolism, growth etc.

Fat soluble vitaminsFat-soluble vitamins are stored in the liver and fatty tissues. Found in the fats and oils of foodThese are not readily excreted from the body.The four fat-soluble vitamins are vitamins

ADEKK

Water soluble vitaminsWater-soluble vitamins travel in the bloodNot stored in the body and toxicity is rare.Found in vegetables, fruit and grains, meatThese are readily excreted from the body through y y gurine

Vitamin CVitamin B complex

Fat soluble vitamins Vitamin-A

3 forms: retinol (stored in liver), retinal, retinoic acid

Regulation of gene expressionPart of the visual pigment rhodopsin, maintains clarity of cornea Required for cell growth and division - epithelial cells, bones and teethPromotes development of immune cells, especially “Natural Killer Cells”A i idAntioxidant

Vitamin A deficiency causes: Night blindness, xerophthalmia (keratin deposits in cornea), macular degeneration.Skin and mucous membrane dryness infectionAnemiaBlurred visionDevelopmental defects – bones, teeth, immune system

Vitamin DPrecursor is cholesterol, converted by UV from sunlight exposure Increases calcium absorption in bone, intestines, kidney. Promotes bone growth and maintenanceDRI 5 micrograms/day for agesDRI – 5 micrograms/day for ages

Deficiencies: Rickets (children)Rickets (children)Osteomalacia (adults)

Rickets disease 

Snapshot 7-2, p, 223

Vitamin E – tocopherolVitamin E – tocopherolDRI 15 milligrams/day

DeficiencyPremature babies – fragile RBCs (hemolysis)g ( y )Loss of muscle coordination, vision, immune functions

Toxicities (more than 1000 milligrams/day)

Increases the effects of anticoagulants (Coumadin, Warfarin)

Vitamin KIt is produced from liver It is produced by bacteria in large intestine

Functions

Promotes synthesis of blood clottingBone formation

• DRI: 90(women) – 120(men) micrograms/day

Water soluble vitamins Vitamin -C

It is called as ascorbic acid It promotes healing It increases immunity Deficiency – Scurvy y y

B complex

Tender Romance Never Fails with 6 to 12Beautiful Pearls

B complex ThiaminRiboflavinNiacinFolate B6

BB12

BiotinPantothenic acid)Pantothenic acid)

NiacinNiacin – can be produced from the amino acid tryptophan.

Functions: energy metabolismDeficiencies: Pellagra (dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, death)death)DRI 14(women) -16(men) mg/day

FolateFolate

Functions : required for synthesis of DNA – pregnancyDRI 400 milligrams/dayDeficiencies

AnemiaDecreased immunityDecreased digestive and cardiovascular functionColon and cervical cancers

Vitamin B12

Vitamin B12 (requires intrinsic factor for absorption)Functions : works with folate, part of insulating sheath

daround nerves.DRI 2.3 micrograms/dayDeficiencies:Deficiencies:

Pernicious anemiaParalysisParalysisNerve damage in fetus

Biotin and Pantothenic acidBiotin and Pantothenic acid

Roles:

Metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteinsSynthesis of lipids, neurotransmitters, steroid hormones, hemoglobin