unit 3: chapter 6 - biochemistry the chemicals of life

Unit 3: Chapter 6 - BiochemistryUnit 3: Chapter 6 - Biochemistry

The Chemicals of LifeThe Chemicals of Life

A. AtomsA. Atoms

1. Made of 3 Particles:1. Made of 3 Particles:

a. a. ____________________ - located in the ________ - located in the ________

__________ charge; determine the element __________ charge; determine the element

b. b. ____________________ – located in the ________ – located in the ________

____ charge = neutral____ charge = neutral

c. c. ______________________ - ______ outside nucleus - ______ outside nucleus

________ charge________ charge

cause ______________cause ______________

Atoms are the smallest unit of matterAtoms are the smallest unit of matter

B. ElementsB. Elements

1. H = _________ – ___ bond1. H = _________ – ___ bond2. O = _________ – ___ bonds2. O = _________ – ___ bonds3. N = _________ – ___ bonds3. N = _________ – ___ bonds4. C = _________ – ___ bonds4. C = _________ – ___ bonds5. Other essential elements: 5. Other essential elements: __________ (P) _____ (Fe) ____ (Zn) _______ (Ca)__________ (P) _____ (Fe) ____ (Zn) _______ (Ca) ________ (S) ________ (Na) __________ (K)________ (S) ________ (Na) __________ (K)

A specific atom that is a single substance that cannot be A specific atom that is a single substance that cannot be broken down into smaller pieces broken down into smaller pieces

C. Molecules C. Molecules (Compounds)(Compounds)

1. _______ – caused by elements 1. _______ – caused by elements sharing electrons sharing electrons _____________ in the molecule_____________ in the molecule2. __________ = chains of repeating 2. __________ = chains of repeating small unitssmall units3. ________ - shows the composition3. ________ - shows the composition of a compound of a compound

Molecular formulaMolecular formula - indicates the - indicates the actual numbers and kinds of atoms actual numbers and kinds of atoms in a molecule in a molecule

______________________________________ - how the - how the atoms are arranged or held together atoms are arranged or held together

__________

combinations of elementscombinations of elements

D. Inorganic CompoundsD. Inorganic Compounds

1. 1. Don’tDon’t contain ________ ______________ together. contain ________ ______________ together. 2. Examples: 2. Examples: _______ (_____) _______ (_____) __________ (_____)__________ (_____) ________ (______) ________ (______) __________ (_____)__________ (_____)

not the same as what you know from your foodsnot the same as what you know from your foods

E. Organic CompoundsE. Organic CompoundsCompounds that contain ______________________ in Compounds that contain ______________________ in the same moleculethe same molecule

1. Carbohydrates1. Carbohydrates a. Examples:a. Examples: i. __________ = i. __________ = ____________________________________________ _______, _______ carbohydrates_______, _______ carbohydrates examples of monosacchrides = examples of monosacchrides = ________________________, fructose, fructose

ii. __________ = _______________ii. __________ = _______________ ___________________________ ___________________________ _____________ carbohydrates_____________ carbohydrates ________________________, ___________, ___________, chitin, chitin

iii. The names of mostiii. The names of most carbohydrates end in _________carbohydrates end in _________

b. Elements:

Carbohydrates Always contain ________

Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen

CarboHYDRates always have

_____________________

All carbohydrates have this special ratio

Examples:

_________

_________

_________

c. c. Subunits: _________________________Subunits: _________________________

i. i. all complex carbohydrates are _______________ of all complex carbohydrates are _______________ of __________ joined together by _____________________________ joined together by ___________________

ii. ____saccharide ii. ____saccharide ___saccharide ___saccharide _____saccharide _____saccharide

iii. Glucose iii. Glucose is the most common monosaccharide is the most common monosaccharide subunitsubunit

iv. iv. Dehydration SynthesisDehydration Synthesis of a Carbohydrate of a Carbohydrate

d. Function:d. Function:

- Primary _________________ for cellular respiration- Primary _________________ for cellular respiration

- 4 kcal/gram- 4 kcal/gram

- Carbohydrates provide the bulk of the calories in most- Carbohydrates provide the bulk of the calories in most

dietsdiets

2. Lipids2. Lipids

All lipids are ________________ organic moleculesAll lipids are ________________ organic molecules

a. Examples:a. Examples:

i. _________i. _________

ii. _________ii. _________

iii. _________iii. _________

b. Elementsb. Elements

i. always contain _____________i. always contain _____________

ii. Usually ________ number of atomsii. Usually ________ number of atoms

iii. Unlike carbohydrates there is no specific ratio between iii. Unlike carbohydrates there is no specific ratio between hydrogen and oxygenhydrogen and oxygen

CC1212HH2424OO22

CC5454HH102102OO66

c. c. Subunits: ________________________Subunits: ________________________

i. Glyceroli. Glycerol

ii. Fatty Acid – has ________ (_________) on the endii. Fatty Acid – has ________ (_________) on the end

iii. Joined together by dehydration synthesisiii. Joined together by dehydration synthesis

d. Functiond. Function

i. _____________ of energyi. _____________ of energy

ii. _________ and __________ii. _________ and __________

iii. Make up ______________iii. Make up ______________

3. Proteins3. Proteinsa. Examples: a. Examples: Hair, Nails, ____________, _________, Bones, Hair, Nails, ____________, _________, Bones, Cartilage, Muscles, _______________Cartilage, Muscles, _______________Specific Proteins: _________, Trypsin, __________, Specific Proteins: _________, Trypsin, __________, Actin, Myocin,Actin, Myocin, keratinkeratin

b. Elements: b. Elements:

i. Always Contain _______________ i. Always Contain _______________

ii. N = _____________ii. N = _____________

iii. Sometimes proteins have sulfur and phosphorusiii. Sometimes proteins have sulfur and phosphorus

c. Subunits: ___________________c. Subunits: ___________________i. All proteins are made from ____________________.i. All proteins are made from ____________________.ii. Amino Acids ii. Amino Acids

small organic molecules with an small organic molecules with an ________________________ and an and an ________ (carboxyl) group________ (carboxyl) group

R – is a variable R – is a variable group of atoms that group of atoms that changes with each changes with each specific amino acidspecific amino acid

iii. ___________ = chains of amino acidsiii. ___________ = chains of amino acids

iv. Dehydration Synthesis forms a peptide bond between the iv. Dehydration Synthesis forms a peptide bond between the carbon and nitrogen atoms.carbon and nitrogen atoms.

Peptide Bond

d. Function i. ____________________________ cell __________, cell skeleton, centrioles ii. ____________________ _________________ molecules that make reactions happen iii. _________________ ______________ iv. _________________ protect the body from infection

__________ is DETERMINED by the _______ of the Protein

__________ is DETERMINED by the ________ of _________________

4. Enzymes4. Enzymes

a. ______________________________a. ______________________________

b. Generally their names end in –aseb. Generally their names end in –ase

Amylase, protease, lipaseAmylase, protease, lipase

c. _________________________c. _________________________

- ___________________ without being changed- ___________________ without being changed

themselves. themselves.

- Involved in _______________________ in your body - Involved in _______________________ in your body

d. Enzymes Structured. Enzymes Structure

i. Enzymes are proteins so the structure is determined byi. Enzymes are proteins so the structure is determined by

the _____________________.the _____________________.

ii. _____________________ii. _____________________

Area on the enzyme that conducts the reactionArea on the enzyme that conducts the reaction

Active Site has a _________________________________Active Site has a _________________________________

iii.iii. _____________ _____________

________________________________________________________________

iv. Enzyme Substrate Complexiv. Enzyme Substrate Complex

temporary molecule formed when the enzyme andtemporary molecule formed when the enzyme and

substrate bind togethersubstrate bind together

v. ___________________ v. ___________________

what is left over after the enzyme does its workwhat is left over after the enzyme does its work

_______

____________________________

ACTIVE SITESUBSTRATE

PRODUCT

_________________

e. Enzyme Specificity

i. Enzymes are ______________________________. SHAPE

ii. Lock and Key Model

Enzyme and substrate ____________________

Just like one lock has one key that fits it

COENZYME

iii. Induced Fit Model iii. Induced Fit Model

More realistic model of enzyme activityMore realistic model of enzyme activity

Enzyme changes shape with the help of a coenzyme toEnzyme changes shape with the help of a coenzyme to

fit substratefit substrate

Allows enzymes to fit similarly shaped substrateAllows enzymes to fit similarly shaped substrate

moleculesmolecules

Coenzymes are enzyme helpers

f. Factors that Effect Enzyme Activityf. Factors that Effect Enzyme Activity

i. ___________________i. ___________________

- Enzymes have an - Enzymes have an ______________________ temperature at which temperature at which they work (__________________)they work (__________________)

- As temperature increases, enzyme activity increases- As temperature increases, enzyme activity increases

for the most partfor the most part

- If temp is too high, protein becomes - If temp is too high, protein becomes ______________________________ (change in _________) and no longer works. COOKED!(change in _________) and no longer works. COOKED!

ii. _______ = ii. _______ = PPower of ower of HHydrogenydrogen

- scale that measures the strengths of _______ and ______- scale that measures the strengths of _______ and ______

- 1 – 14- 1 – 14

_______ = ______ - closer to 1 the stronger the acid _______ = ______ - closer to 1 the stronger the acid

___ = ______________ = ___________

_______ = ______ - closer to 14 the stronger the base _______ = ______ - closer to 14 the stronger the base

- Like temperature enzymes work at an ___________ pH- Like temperature enzymes work at an ___________ pH

- at pH outside the optimal range enzymes can be - at pH outside the optimal range enzymes can be ______________ – too high or too low.______________ – too high or too low.

iii. ____________________iii. ____________________

- The amount of enzyme or substrate can affect the - The amount of enzyme or substrate can affect the enzyme activity to a point.enzyme activity to a point.

- As the concentration increases the enzyme activity - As the concentration increases the enzyme activity increases until it “_____________”increases until it “_____________”

5. Nucleic Acids5. Nucleic Acids

i. Examplesi. Examples

● ● __________ – deoxyribonucleic acid__________ – deoxyribonucleic acid

● ● __________ – ribonucleic acid__________ – ribonucleic acid

● ● Hereditary material, controls ______________Hereditary material, controls ______________

ii. Elementsii. Elements

______________________________

iii. Subunit: iii. Subunit:

________________________________

3 parts:3 parts:

a. _____________a. _____________

b. ________ (_______ or ___________________)b. ________ (_______ or ___________________)

c. ___________________ (Has nitrogen)c. ___________________ (Has nitrogen)

DNA – _______, _______, _______, _______DNA – _______, _______, _______, _______

RNA – _______, _______, _______, _______RNA – _______, _______, _______, _______

iv. Functioniv. Function

- Carry ____________ - Carry ____________ ______________________________

- _____________ for - _____________ for __________________________________

- The order of nitrogenous - The order of nitrogenous bases (A, T, G, C) bases (A, T, G, C) determines the _______ determines the _______ of _____________of _____________

- The order of amino acids - The order of amino acids determines the proteindetermines the protein

F. Biochemical ReactionsF. Biochemical Reactions 1. 1. Dehydrations SynthesisDehydrations Synthesis chemical combination of two small molecules to makechemical combination of two small molecules to make another larger molecule with water being driven offanother larger molecule with water being driven off

SynthesisSynthesis = Make bigger, build up = Make bigger, build up

DehydrationDehydration = remove H = remove H22OO

Remove 2 H and 1 O from molecules so they can bindRemove 2 H and 1 O from molecules so they can bind togethertogether

2. 2. HydrolysisHydrolysis

chemical digestion of a large molecule into smaller, simplerchemical digestion of a large molecule into smaller, simpler

molecules by adding watermolecules by adding water

opposite of dehydration synthesisopposite of dehydration synthesis