unit 3: chapter 6 - biochemistry the chemicals of life
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Unit 3: Chapter 6 - BiochemistryUnit 3: Chapter 6 - Biochemistry
The Chemicals of LifeThe Chemicals of Life
A. AtomsA. Atoms
1. Made of 3 Particles:1. Made of 3 Particles:
a. a. ____________________ - located in the ________ - located in the ________
__________ charge; determine the element __________ charge; determine the element
b. b. ____________________ – located in the ________ – located in the ________
____ charge = neutral____ charge = neutral
c. c. ______________________ - ______ outside nucleus - ______ outside nucleus
________ charge________ charge
cause ______________cause ______________
Atoms are the smallest unit of matterAtoms are the smallest unit of matter
B. ElementsB. Elements
1. H = _________ – ___ bond1. H = _________ – ___ bond2. O = _________ – ___ bonds2. O = _________ – ___ bonds3. N = _________ – ___ bonds3. N = _________ – ___ bonds4. C = _________ – ___ bonds4. C = _________ – ___ bonds5. Other essential elements: 5. Other essential elements: __________ (P) _____ (Fe) ____ (Zn) _______ (Ca)__________ (P) _____ (Fe) ____ (Zn) _______ (Ca) ________ (S) ________ (Na) __________ (K)________ (S) ________ (Na) __________ (K)
A specific atom that is a single substance that cannot be A specific atom that is a single substance that cannot be broken down into smaller pieces broken down into smaller pieces
C. Molecules C. Molecules (Compounds)(Compounds)
1. _______ – caused by elements 1. _______ – caused by elements sharing electrons sharing electrons _____________ in the molecule_____________ in the molecule2. __________ = chains of repeating 2. __________ = chains of repeating small unitssmall units3. ________ - shows the composition3. ________ - shows the composition of a compound of a compound
Molecular formulaMolecular formula - indicates the - indicates the actual numbers and kinds of atoms actual numbers and kinds of atoms in a molecule in a molecule
______________________________________ - how the - how the atoms are arranged or held together atoms are arranged or held together
__________
combinations of elementscombinations of elements
D. Inorganic CompoundsD. Inorganic Compounds
1. 1. Don’tDon’t contain ________ ______________ together. contain ________ ______________ together. 2. Examples: 2. Examples: _______ (_____) _______ (_____) __________ (_____)__________ (_____) ________ (______) ________ (______) __________ (_____)__________ (_____)
not the same as what you know from your foodsnot the same as what you know from your foods
E. Organic CompoundsE. Organic CompoundsCompounds that contain ______________________ in Compounds that contain ______________________ in the same moleculethe same molecule
1. Carbohydrates1. Carbohydrates a. Examples:a. Examples: i. __________ = i. __________ = ____________________________________________ _______, _______ carbohydrates_______, _______ carbohydrates examples of monosacchrides = examples of monosacchrides = ________________________, fructose, fructose
ii. __________ = _______________ii. __________ = _______________ ___________________________ ___________________________ _____________ carbohydrates_____________ carbohydrates ________________________, ___________, ___________, chitin, chitin
iii. The names of mostiii. The names of most carbohydrates end in _________carbohydrates end in _________
b. Elements:
Carbohydrates Always contain ________
Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen
CarboHYDRates always have
_____________________
All carbohydrates have this special ratio
Examples:
_________
_________
_________
c. c. Subunits: _________________________Subunits: _________________________
i. i. all complex carbohydrates are _______________ of all complex carbohydrates are _______________ of __________ joined together by _____________________________ joined together by ___________________
ii. ____saccharide ii. ____saccharide ___saccharide ___saccharide _____saccharide _____saccharide
iii. Glucose iii. Glucose is the most common monosaccharide is the most common monosaccharide subunitsubunit
iv. iv. Dehydration SynthesisDehydration Synthesis of a Carbohydrate of a Carbohydrate
d. Function:d. Function:
- Primary _________________ for cellular respiration- Primary _________________ for cellular respiration
- 4 kcal/gram- 4 kcal/gram
- Carbohydrates provide the bulk of the calories in most- Carbohydrates provide the bulk of the calories in most
dietsdiets
2. Lipids2. Lipids
All lipids are ________________ organic moleculesAll lipids are ________________ organic molecules
a. Examples:a. Examples:
i. _________i. _________
ii. _________ii. _________
iii. _________iii. _________
b. Elementsb. Elements
i. always contain _____________i. always contain _____________
ii. Usually ________ number of atomsii. Usually ________ number of atoms
iii. Unlike carbohydrates there is no specific ratio between iii. Unlike carbohydrates there is no specific ratio between hydrogen and oxygenhydrogen and oxygen
CC1212HH2424OO22
CC5454HH102102OO66
c. c. Subunits: ________________________Subunits: ________________________
i. Glyceroli. Glycerol
ii. Fatty Acid – has ________ (_________) on the endii. Fatty Acid – has ________ (_________) on the end
iii. Joined together by dehydration synthesisiii. Joined together by dehydration synthesis
d. Functiond. Function
i. _____________ of energyi. _____________ of energy
ii. _________ and __________ii. _________ and __________
iii. Make up ______________iii. Make up ______________
3. Proteins3. Proteinsa. Examples: a. Examples: Hair, Nails, ____________, _________, Bones, Hair, Nails, ____________, _________, Bones, Cartilage, Muscles, _______________Cartilage, Muscles, _______________Specific Proteins: _________, Trypsin, __________, Specific Proteins: _________, Trypsin, __________, Actin, Myocin,Actin, Myocin, keratinkeratin
b. Elements: b. Elements:
i. Always Contain _______________ i. Always Contain _______________
ii. N = _____________ii. N = _____________
iii. Sometimes proteins have sulfur and phosphorusiii. Sometimes proteins have sulfur and phosphorus
c. Subunits: ___________________c. Subunits: ___________________i. All proteins are made from ____________________.i. All proteins are made from ____________________.ii. Amino Acids ii. Amino Acids
small organic molecules with an small organic molecules with an ________________________ and an and an ________ (carboxyl) group________ (carboxyl) group
R – is a variable R – is a variable group of atoms that group of atoms that changes with each changes with each specific amino acidspecific amino acid
iii. ___________ = chains of amino acidsiii. ___________ = chains of amino acids
iv. Dehydration Synthesis forms a peptide bond between the iv. Dehydration Synthesis forms a peptide bond between the carbon and nitrogen atoms.carbon and nitrogen atoms.
Peptide Bond
d. Function i. ____________________________ cell __________, cell skeleton, centrioles ii. ____________________ _________________ molecules that make reactions happen iii. _________________ ______________ iv. _________________ protect the body from infection
__________ is DETERMINED by the _______ of the Protein
__________ is DETERMINED by the ________ of _________________
4. Enzymes4. Enzymes
a. ______________________________a. ______________________________
b. Generally their names end in –aseb. Generally their names end in –ase
Amylase, protease, lipaseAmylase, protease, lipase
c. _________________________c. _________________________
- ___________________ without being changed- ___________________ without being changed
themselves. themselves.
- Involved in _______________________ in your body - Involved in _______________________ in your body
d. Enzymes Structured. Enzymes Structure
i. Enzymes are proteins so the structure is determined byi. Enzymes are proteins so the structure is determined by
the _____________________.the _____________________.
ii. _____________________ii. _____________________
Area on the enzyme that conducts the reactionArea on the enzyme that conducts the reaction
Active Site has a _________________________________Active Site has a _________________________________
iii.iii. _____________ _____________
________________________________________________________________
iv. Enzyme Substrate Complexiv. Enzyme Substrate Complex
temporary molecule formed when the enzyme andtemporary molecule formed when the enzyme and
substrate bind togethersubstrate bind together
v. ___________________ v. ___________________
what is left over after the enzyme does its workwhat is left over after the enzyme does its work
_______
____________________________
ACTIVE SITESUBSTRATE
PRODUCT
_________________
e. Enzyme Specificity
i. Enzymes are ______________________________. SHAPE
ii. Lock and Key Model
Enzyme and substrate ____________________
Just like one lock has one key that fits it
COENZYME
iii. Induced Fit Model iii. Induced Fit Model
More realistic model of enzyme activityMore realistic model of enzyme activity
Enzyme changes shape with the help of a coenzyme toEnzyme changes shape with the help of a coenzyme to
fit substratefit substrate
Allows enzymes to fit similarly shaped substrateAllows enzymes to fit similarly shaped substrate
moleculesmolecules
Coenzymes are enzyme helpers
f. Factors that Effect Enzyme Activityf. Factors that Effect Enzyme Activity
i. ___________________i. ___________________
- Enzymes have an - Enzymes have an ______________________ temperature at which temperature at which they work (__________________)they work (__________________)
- As temperature increases, enzyme activity increases- As temperature increases, enzyme activity increases
for the most partfor the most part
- If temp is too high, protein becomes - If temp is too high, protein becomes ______________________________ (change in _________) and no longer works. COOKED!(change in _________) and no longer works. COOKED!
ii. _______ = ii. _______ = PPower of ower of HHydrogenydrogen
- scale that measures the strengths of _______ and ______- scale that measures the strengths of _______ and ______
- 1 – 14- 1 – 14
_______ = ______ - closer to 1 the stronger the acid _______ = ______ - closer to 1 the stronger the acid
___ = ______________ = ___________
_______ = ______ - closer to 14 the stronger the base _______ = ______ - closer to 14 the stronger the base
- Like temperature enzymes work at an ___________ pH- Like temperature enzymes work at an ___________ pH
- at pH outside the optimal range enzymes can be - at pH outside the optimal range enzymes can be ______________ – too high or too low.______________ – too high or too low.
iii. ____________________iii. ____________________
- The amount of enzyme or substrate can affect the - The amount of enzyme or substrate can affect the enzyme activity to a point.enzyme activity to a point.
- As the concentration increases the enzyme activity - As the concentration increases the enzyme activity increases until it “_____________”increases until it “_____________”
5. Nucleic Acids5. Nucleic Acids
i. Examplesi. Examples
● ● __________ – deoxyribonucleic acid__________ – deoxyribonucleic acid
● ● __________ – ribonucleic acid__________ – ribonucleic acid
● ● Hereditary material, controls ______________Hereditary material, controls ______________
ii. Elementsii. Elements
______________________________
iii. Subunit: iii. Subunit:
________________________________
3 parts:3 parts:
a. _____________a. _____________
b. ________ (_______ or ___________________)b. ________ (_______ or ___________________)
c. ___________________ (Has nitrogen)c. ___________________ (Has nitrogen)
DNA – _______, _______, _______, _______DNA – _______, _______, _______, _______
RNA – _______, _______, _______, _______RNA – _______, _______, _______, _______
iv. Functioniv. Function
- Carry ____________ - Carry ____________ ______________________________
- _____________ for - _____________ for __________________________________
- The order of nitrogenous - The order of nitrogenous bases (A, T, G, C) bases (A, T, G, C) determines the _______ determines the _______ of _____________of _____________
- The order of amino acids - The order of amino acids determines the proteindetermines the protein
F. Biochemical ReactionsF. Biochemical Reactions 1. 1. Dehydrations SynthesisDehydrations Synthesis chemical combination of two small molecules to makechemical combination of two small molecules to make another larger molecule with water being driven offanother larger molecule with water being driven off
SynthesisSynthesis = Make bigger, build up = Make bigger, build up
DehydrationDehydration = remove H = remove H22OO
Remove 2 H and 1 O from molecules so they can bindRemove 2 H and 1 O from molecules so they can bind togethertogether
2. 2. HydrolysisHydrolysis
chemical digestion of a large molecule into smaller, simplerchemical digestion of a large molecule into smaller, simpler
molecules by adding watermolecules by adding water
opposite of dehydration synthesisopposite of dehydration synthesis