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EXECUTION OF IMMERSED TUNNELS ANDEXECUTION OF IMMERSED TUNNELS AND

RELEVANT EXAMPLESRELEVANT EXAMPLES

ITA/AITESITA/AITES TrainingTraining CourseCourseTUNNEL ENGINEERINGTUNNEL ENGINEERING

ITA/AITESITA/AITES

7 May 2005 1/1/8787

Prepared byPrepared by J.B.M. AdmiraalJ.B.M. Admiraal

IstanbulIstanbul -- 20052005

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5ConclusionsConclusions andand ReferencesReferences

Execution of Immersed TunnelsExecution of Immersed Tunnels

Design ConsiderationsDesign Considerations

Introduction and OverviewIntroduction and Overview

Lessons Learned and Special CasesLessons Learned and Special Cases

Index

2

3

4

1

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Introduction and Overview

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DUTCH TULIP FIELDSDUTCH TULIP FIELDS

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WINDMILLS KINDERDIJKWINDMILLS KINDERDIJK

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IMMERSED TUNNELS IN EUROPEIMMERSED TUNNELS IN EUROPE

1 2

1

29

3

3

3

5

2

1

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Execution of Immersed Tunnels

Basic Principle

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Execution of Immersed Tunnels

Production of TunnelElements

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CASTING BASIN BARENDRECHT (NL)CASTING BASIN BARENDRECHT (NL)

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CASTING BASIN BARENDRECHT (NL)CASTING BASIN BARENDRECHT (NL)

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CASTING BASIN BARENDRECHT (NL)CASTING BASIN BARENDRECHT (NL)

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PRODUCTION WITH TEMPORARYPRODUCTION WITH TEMPORARY

STORAGE (G)STORAGE (G)

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PRODUCTION WITH TEMPORARYPRODUCTION WITH TEMPORARY

STORAGE (G)STORAGE (G)

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USE OF DRY DOCK FACILITY (NL)USE OF DRY DOCK FACILITY (NL)

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ELEMENT CASTINGELEMENT CASTING

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PRODUCTION FACILITYPRODUCTION FACILITY

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PRODUCTION FACILITYPRODUCTION FACILITY

E ec tion of Immersed T nnels

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Execution of Immersed Tunnels

Construction Details

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IMMERSION JOINTIMMERSION JOINT

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BULKHEADBULKHEADOUTSIDE VIEWOUTSIDE VIEW

Nose

Door

GinaBallast-water pipes

Air- vent pipe

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BALLAST TANKSBALLAST TANKS

Ballast tank

Bulkhead

Intake ballast water

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ACCESS SHAFTACCESS SHAFT

Door

Closing the door

A view inside the access shaft

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SURVEY POLESURVEY POLE

Sensor

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PROTECTION GINA SEALPROTECTION GINA SEAL

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FLOODING OF THE BASINFLOODING OF THE BASIN

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Execution of Immersed Tunnels

Transport

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TRANSPORTTRANSPORT

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TRANSPORTTRANSPORT

Unit

Crane barge

Tugboat

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TRANSPORTTRANSPORT

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NAVIGATIONNAVIGATION

Buoys

Automated system by DGPS

Visual navigation using buoys

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Immersing

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IMMERSION PRINCIPLEIMMERSION PRINCIPLE

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IMMERSIONIMMERSION -- OVERVIEWOVERVIEW

Survey pole

Access shaft

Pontoon

Head winchCables

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IMMERSION JOINTIMMERSION JOINT

Bulkhead

End frame

Gina-sealOmega-seal

Nose Chin

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HORIZONTAL POSITIONINGHORIZONTAL POSITIONING

Cables

100 tons bollardFloating winch

Bank winch Pulley-block

Gemini buoy

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VERTICAL POSITIONINGVERTICAL POSITIONING

Pontoon

Suspended cables Lifting lugs

Crane barge and spreader

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SURVEY SCREENSURVEY SCREEN

Movement of the unit

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IMMERSION PONTOONIMMERSION PONTOON

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PLACING PONTOON ON ELEMENTPLACING PONTOON ON ELEMENT

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IMMERSION USING CRANE BARGEIMMERSION USING CRANE BARGE

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COMBINING CRANE BARGE &COMBINING CRANE BARGE &

PONTOONPONTOON

Pontoon

Crane barge

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IMMERSION WITH FLOATINGIMMERSION WITH FLOATING

DERRICKSDERRICKS

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EQUIPMENTEQUIPMENT

Anchor handling vessel Winch on pontoon

Winch on bank Winch pontoon on water

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IMMERSION LINEIMMERSION LINE

Ballast-tank

Survey pole

Bottom

Nose

Chin

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NOSE & CHIN DETAILNOSE & CHIN DETAIL

Nose

Chin

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Foundation

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TEMPORARY FOUNDATIONTEMPORARY FOUNDATION

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TEMPORARY FOUNDATIONTEMPORARY FOUNDATION

A

B

A. Jacks

B. Concrete slabs

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TEMPORARY FOUNDATIONTEMPORARY FOUNDATION

200 tons hydraulic jack

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SAND FLOW METHODSAND FLOW METHODa sand pumping device

b sand supply barge

c pipelined cast-in sand supply pipe

AA

BBCC

DD

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SANDJETTING METHODSANDJETTING METHOD

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SAND SUPPLY SUCTION UNITSAND SUPPLY SUCTION UNIT

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GRAVEL BED METHODGRAVEL BED METHOD

tolerance +/_ 25 mm

resund Tunnel

2nd Benelux Tunnel

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GRAVEL BED METHODGRAVEL BED METHOD

The principle of scrading

Gravel bed lay-out

Multi-Purpose Pontoon

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PILE FOUNDATIONPILE FOUNDATION

Transit box

Rubber cuffHead plate

Revolving pile cover

Pile

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Secondary End

Correction

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SECONDARY END CORRECTIONSECONDARY END CORRECTION

Flat jack

Shim plateIron pipe

Immersion joint

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Closure-Joint

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CLOSURE JOINT PRINCIPLECLOSURE JOINT PRINCIPLE

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FLOOR PANELFLOOR PANEL

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SIDE PANELSSIDE PANELS

Wedges

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PRO &PRO & CONCONSS

Shallow position

Short rampstructures Perfect fit to traffic enveloppe

Cost effective

Proven technology Risk control

Investment low

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DESIGN LIMITATIONSDESIGN LIMITATIONS

Deepest tunnel up to now: -25 m water

depth (to bottom of tunnel)

Two tunnels are in design for depth upto

-50 m: Bosphorus Turkey

Busan Geoje Link - Korea

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LIMITING FACTORSLIMITING FACTORS

Strength

Water tightness

Dredging/excavation of trench

Immersion process

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Lessons Learned

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THING THAT CAN GO WRONG

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THING THAT CAN GO WRONGTHING THAT CAN GO WRONG

Water splashing out ofthe Inspection shaft

THINGS THAT CAN GO WRONG

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THINGS THAT CAN GO WRONGTHINGS THAT CAN GO WRONG

Nose

Chin

Jamming

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THINGS THAT CAN GO WRONGTHINGS THAT CAN GO WRONG

GINA OUT OFF CLAMP STRIP

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CASE HSL

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CASE HIGH SPEED LINK

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CASE HIGH SPEED LINKCASE HIGH SPEED LINK

High speed rail link between Amsterdam

and Paris

Two immersed tunnels in alignment

Severe tolerances because of high speedrequirement

TWO IMMERSED TUNNELS

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TWO IMMERSED TUNNELSTWO IMMERSED TUNNELS

DESIGN REQUIREMENTDESIGN REQUIREMENT

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DESIGN REQUIREMENTDESIGN REQUIREMENT

An Allowable Differential Deformation

Between the Elements Due To Train Loads of0.75 mm

TUNNEL OUDE MAAS (JUNE 2003)TUNNEL OUDE MAAS (JUNE 2003)

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TUNNEL OUDE MAAS (JUNE 2003)TUNNEL OUDE MAAS (JUNE 2003)

TUNNEL DORDTSCHE KIL (JUNE 2003)TUNNEL DORDTSCHE KIL (JUNE 2003)

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TUNNEL DORDTSCHE KIL (JUNE 2003)TUNNEL DORDTSCHE KIL (JUNE 2003)

TRANSITION CUT & COVERTRANSITION CUT & COVER --

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IMMERSEDIMMERSED

TUNNEL PROFILETUNNEL PROFILE

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DIFFERENTIAL SETTLEMENTDIFFERENTIAL SETTLEMENT

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REDUCTIONREDUCTION

DOWELS BETWEEN ELEMENTS

DIFFERENTIAL SETTLEMENTDIFFERENTIAL SETTLEMENT

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REDUCTIONREDUCTION

DOWELS - FEMALE

FINISHED CONCRETE DOWELFINISHED CONCRETE DOWEL

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Male Side

Bearing

Bearing

Female Side

IMMERSING OUDE MAAS TUNNELIMMERSING OUDE MAAS TUNNEL

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OTHER ADDITIONALOTHER ADDITIONAL

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CONSIDERATIONSCONSIDERATIONS

Soil Shaft

Internal 8.3 m Internal 5.3 mSliding Plate

9980

14000

17700

Airshaft

Conclusions and references11

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Admiraal, J.B.M. 2003. An Exploration of Contemporary UndergroundSpace Use. Proceeding of the First Indonesian TunnellingConference, Jakarta, Indonesia.

Gursoy, A. et al. 1997. State-Of-The-Art-Report: ITA WG11 - Immersed

and Floating Tunnels. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology

12(2).Geel, J.W.A. and Hakkaart, C.J.A.. 2003. Immersed Tunnels in the High

Speed Railway Link in the Netherlands. Proceedings ITA WTC 2003(Re)claiming the Underground Space: 265.

Hakkaart, C.J.A. and t Hart, W. 2003. Dutch High Speed Railway

Immersed Tunnel Projects. Proceedings ITA WTC 2003 (Re)claimingthe Underground Space: 291.

Material provided by: Volker Stevin Construction Europe, HSLBouwcombinatie Drechtse Steden, TEC Tunnel Engineering

Consultants, Department of Public Works and Water Management

Civil Engineering Division.

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ITA/AITESITA/AITES

Clause de non-responsabilit pour les rapports des groupes de travail de l'AITES

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LAssociation Internationale des Travaux en Souterrain (AITES) publie ce rapport, conformment ses Statuts, pour faciliter les changes dinformations afin :

dencourager lutilisation du sous-sol au profit du grand public, de lenvironnement et du dveloppement durable;

de promouvoir les progrs dans la planification, le projet, la construction, lentretien, la rhabilitation et la scurit des tunnels et de lespace souterrain en

rassemblant et confrontant les informations, ainsi quen tudiant les questions qui sy rapportent.

Cependant, lAITES dcline toute responsabilit en ce qui concerne les informations publies dans ce rapport.

Ces informations :

sont exclusivement de nature gnrale et ne visent pas la situation particulire dune personne physique ou morale;

ne sont pas ncessairement compltes, exhaustives, exactes ou jour ;

proviennent parfois de sources extrieures sue lesquelles les services de lAITES nont aucun contrle et pour lesquelles lAITES dcline toute responsabilit ;

ne constituent pas un avis professionnel or juridique (si vous avez besoin davis spcifiques, consultez toujours un professionnel dment qualifi).

Disclaimer for the reports of ITA working groups

The International Tunnelling Association (ITA) publishes this report to, in accordance with its statutes, facilitate the exchange of information, in order:

to encourage planning of the subsurface for the benefit of the public, environment and sustainable development

to promote advances in planning, design, construction, maintenance and safety of tunnels and underground space, by bringing together information thereon and

by studying questions related thereto.

However ITA accepts no responsibility or liability whatsoever with regard to the material published in this report.

This material is:

information of a general nature only, which is not intended to address the specific circumstances of any particular individual or entity;

not necessarily comprehensive, complete, accurate or up to date;

sometimes collected from external sources over which ITA services have no control and for which ITA assumes no responsibility;

not professional or legal advice (if you need specific advice, you should always consult a suitably qualified professional).