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EXECUTION OF IMMERSED TUNNELS ANDEXECUTION OF IMMERSED TUNNELS AND
RELEVANT EXAMPLESRELEVANT EXAMPLES
ITA/AITESITA/AITES TrainingTraining CourseCourseTUNNEL ENGINEERINGTUNNEL ENGINEERING
ITA/AITESITA/AITES
7 May 2005 1/1/8787
Prepared byPrepared by J.B.M. AdmiraalJ.B.M. Admiraal
IstanbulIstanbul -- 20052005
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5ConclusionsConclusions andand ReferencesReferences
Execution of Immersed TunnelsExecution of Immersed Tunnels
Design ConsiderationsDesign Considerations
Introduction and OverviewIntroduction and Overview
Lessons Learned and Special CasesLessons Learned and Special Cases
Index
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Introduction and Overview
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DUTCH TULIP FIELDSDUTCH TULIP FIELDS
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WINDMILLS KINDERDIJKWINDMILLS KINDERDIJK
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IMMERSED TUNNELS IN EUROPEIMMERSED TUNNELS IN EUROPE
1 2
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Basic Principle
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Execution of Immersed Tunnels
Production of TunnelElements
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CASTING BASIN BARENDRECHT (NL)CASTING BASIN BARENDRECHT (NL)
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CASTING BASIN BARENDRECHT (NL)CASTING BASIN BARENDRECHT (NL)
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CASTING BASIN BARENDRECHT (NL)CASTING BASIN BARENDRECHT (NL)
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PRODUCTION WITH TEMPORARYPRODUCTION WITH TEMPORARY
STORAGE (G)STORAGE (G)
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PRODUCTION WITH TEMPORARYPRODUCTION WITH TEMPORARY
STORAGE (G)STORAGE (G)
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USE OF DRY DOCK FACILITY (NL)USE OF DRY DOCK FACILITY (NL)
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ELEMENT CASTINGELEMENT CASTING
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PRODUCTION FACILITYPRODUCTION FACILITY
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PRODUCTION FACILITYPRODUCTION FACILITY
E ec tion of Immersed T nnels
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Execution of Immersed Tunnels
Construction Details
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IMMERSION JOINTIMMERSION JOINT
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BULKHEADBULKHEADOUTSIDE VIEWOUTSIDE VIEW
Nose
Door
GinaBallast-water pipes
Air- vent pipe
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BALLAST TANKSBALLAST TANKS
Ballast tank
Bulkhead
Intake ballast water
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ACCESS SHAFTACCESS SHAFT
Door
Closing the door
A view inside the access shaft
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SURVEY POLESURVEY POLE
Sensor
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PROTECTION GINA SEALPROTECTION GINA SEAL
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FLOODING OF THE BASINFLOODING OF THE BASIN
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Execution of Immersed Tunnels
Transport
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TRANSPORTTRANSPORT
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TRANSPORTTRANSPORT
Unit
Crane barge
Tugboat
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TRANSPORTTRANSPORT
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NAVIGATIONNAVIGATION
Buoys
Automated system by DGPS
Visual navigation using buoys
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Immersing
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IMMERSION PRINCIPLEIMMERSION PRINCIPLE
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IMMERSIONIMMERSION -- OVERVIEWOVERVIEW
Survey pole
Access shaft
Pontoon
Head winchCables
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IMMERSION JOINTIMMERSION JOINT
Bulkhead
End frame
Gina-sealOmega-seal
Nose Chin
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HORIZONTAL POSITIONINGHORIZONTAL POSITIONING
Cables
100 tons bollardFloating winch
Bank winch Pulley-block
Gemini buoy
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VERTICAL POSITIONINGVERTICAL POSITIONING
Pontoon
Suspended cables Lifting lugs
Crane barge and spreader
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SURVEY SCREENSURVEY SCREEN
Movement of the unit
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IMMERSION PONTOONIMMERSION PONTOON
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PLACING PONTOON ON ELEMENTPLACING PONTOON ON ELEMENT
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IMMERSION USING CRANE BARGEIMMERSION USING CRANE BARGE
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COMBINING CRANE BARGE &COMBINING CRANE BARGE &
PONTOONPONTOON
Pontoon
Crane barge
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IMMERSION WITH FLOATINGIMMERSION WITH FLOATING
DERRICKSDERRICKS
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EQUIPMENTEQUIPMENT
Anchor handling vessel Winch on pontoon
Winch on bank Winch pontoon on water
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IMMERSION LINEIMMERSION LINE
Ballast-tank
Survey pole
Bottom
Nose
Chin
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NOSE & CHIN DETAILNOSE & CHIN DETAIL
Nose
Chin
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Foundation
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TEMPORARY FOUNDATIONTEMPORARY FOUNDATION
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TEMPORARY FOUNDATIONTEMPORARY FOUNDATION
A
B
A. Jacks
B. Concrete slabs
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TEMPORARY FOUNDATIONTEMPORARY FOUNDATION
200 tons hydraulic jack
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SAND FLOW METHODSAND FLOW METHODa sand pumping device
b sand supply barge
c pipelined cast-in sand supply pipe
AA
BBCC
DD
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SANDJETTING METHODSANDJETTING METHOD
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SAND SUPPLY SUCTION UNITSAND SUPPLY SUCTION UNIT
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GRAVEL BED METHODGRAVEL BED METHOD
tolerance +/_ 25 mm
resund Tunnel
2nd Benelux Tunnel
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GRAVEL BED METHODGRAVEL BED METHOD
The principle of scrading
Gravel bed lay-out
Multi-Purpose Pontoon
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PILE FOUNDATIONPILE FOUNDATION
Transit box
Rubber cuffHead plate
Revolving pile cover
Pile
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Secondary End
Correction
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SECONDARY END CORRECTIONSECONDARY END CORRECTION
Flat jack
Shim plateIron pipe
Immersion joint
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Closure-Joint
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CLOSURE JOINT PRINCIPLECLOSURE JOINT PRINCIPLE
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FLOOR PANELFLOOR PANEL
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SIDE PANELSSIDE PANELS
Wedges
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PRO &PRO & CONCONSS
Shallow position
Short rampstructures Perfect fit to traffic enveloppe
Cost effective
Proven technology Risk control
Investment low
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DESIGN LIMITATIONSDESIGN LIMITATIONS
Deepest tunnel up to now: -25 m water
depth (to bottom of tunnel)
Two tunnels are in design for depth upto
-50 m: Bosphorus Turkey
Busan Geoje Link - Korea
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LIMITING FACTORSLIMITING FACTORS
Strength
Water tightness
Dredging/excavation of trench
Immersion process
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Lessons Learned
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THING THAT CAN GO WRONG
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THING THAT CAN GO WRONGTHING THAT CAN GO WRONG
Water splashing out ofthe Inspection shaft
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THINGS THAT CAN GO WRONGTHINGS THAT CAN GO WRONG
Nose
Chin
Jamming
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THINGS THAT CAN GO WRONGTHINGS THAT CAN GO WRONG
GINA OUT OFF CLAMP STRIP
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CASE HSL
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CASE HIGH SPEED LINK
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CASE HIGH SPEED LINKCASE HIGH SPEED LINK
High speed rail link between Amsterdam
and Paris
Two immersed tunnels in alignment
Severe tolerances because of high speedrequirement
TWO IMMERSED TUNNELS
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TWO IMMERSED TUNNELSTWO IMMERSED TUNNELS
DESIGN REQUIREMENTDESIGN REQUIREMENT
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DESIGN REQUIREMENTDESIGN REQUIREMENT
An Allowable Differential Deformation
Between the Elements Due To Train Loads of0.75 mm
TUNNEL OUDE MAAS (JUNE 2003)TUNNEL OUDE MAAS (JUNE 2003)
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TUNNEL OUDE MAAS (JUNE 2003)TUNNEL OUDE MAAS (JUNE 2003)
TUNNEL DORDTSCHE KIL (JUNE 2003)TUNNEL DORDTSCHE KIL (JUNE 2003)
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TUNNEL DORDTSCHE KIL (JUNE 2003)TUNNEL DORDTSCHE KIL (JUNE 2003)
TRANSITION CUT & COVERTRANSITION CUT & COVER --
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IMMERSEDIMMERSED
TUNNEL PROFILETUNNEL PROFILE
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DIFFERENTIAL SETTLEMENTDIFFERENTIAL SETTLEMENT
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REDUCTIONREDUCTION
DOWELS BETWEEN ELEMENTS
DIFFERENTIAL SETTLEMENTDIFFERENTIAL SETTLEMENT
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REDUCTIONREDUCTION
DOWELS - FEMALE
FINISHED CONCRETE DOWELFINISHED CONCRETE DOWEL
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Male Side
Bearing
Bearing
Female Side
IMMERSING OUDE MAAS TUNNELIMMERSING OUDE MAAS TUNNEL
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OTHER ADDITIONALOTHER ADDITIONAL
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CONSIDERATIONSCONSIDERATIONS
Soil Shaft
Internal 8.3 m Internal 5.3 mSliding Plate
9980
14000
17700
Airshaft
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Admiraal, J.B.M. 2003. An Exploration of Contemporary UndergroundSpace Use. Proceeding of the First Indonesian TunnellingConference, Jakarta, Indonesia.
Gursoy, A. et al. 1997. State-Of-The-Art-Report: ITA WG11 - Immersed
and Floating Tunnels. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology
12(2).Geel, J.W.A. and Hakkaart, C.J.A.. 2003. Immersed Tunnels in the High
Speed Railway Link in the Netherlands. Proceedings ITA WTC 2003(Re)claiming the Underground Space: 265.
Hakkaart, C.J.A. and t Hart, W. 2003. Dutch High Speed Railway
Immersed Tunnel Projects. Proceedings ITA WTC 2003 (Re)claimingthe Underground Space: 291.
Material provided by: Volker Stevin Construction Europe, HSLBouwcombinatie Drechtse Steden, TEC Tunnel Engineering
Consultants, Department of Public Works and Water Management
Civil Engineering Division.
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ITA/AITESITA/AITES
Clause de non-responsabilit pour les rapports des groupes de travail de l'AITES
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LAssociation Internationale des Travaux en Souterrain (AITES) publie ce rapport, conformment ses Statuts, pour faciliter les changes dinformations afin :
dencourager lutilisation du sous-sol au profit du grand public, de lenvironnement et du dveloppement durable;
de promouvoir les progrs dans la planification, le projet, la construction, lentretien, la rhabilitation et la scurit des tunnels et de lespace souterrain en
rassemblant et confrontant les informations, ainsi quen tudiant les questions qui sy rapportent.
Cependant, lAITES dcline toute responsabilit en ce qui concerne les informations publies dans ce rapport.
Ces informations :
sont exclusivement de nature gnrale et ne visent pas la situation particulire dune personne physique ou morale;
ne sont pas ncessairement compltes, exhaustives, exactes ou jour ;
proviennent parfois de sources extrieures sue lesquelles les services de lAITES nont aucun contrle et pour lesquelles lAITES dcline toute responsabilit ;
ne constituent pas un avis professionnel or juridique (si vous avez besoin davis spcifiques, consultez toujours un professionnel dment qualifi).
Disclaimer for the reports of ITA working groups
The International Tunnelling Association (ITA) publishes this report to, in accordance with its statutes, facilitate the exchange of information, in order:
to encourage planning of the subsurface for the benefit of the public, environment and sustainable development
to promote advances in planning, design, construction, maintenance and safety of tunnels and underground space, by bringing together information thereon and
by studying questions related thereto.
However ITA accepts no responsibility or liability whatsoever with regard to the material published in this report.
This material is:
information of a general nature only, which is not intended to address the specific circumstances of any particular individual or entity;
not necessarily comprehensive, complete, accurate or up to date;
sometimes collected from external sources over which ITA services have no control and for which ITA assumes no responsibility;
not professional or legal advice (if you need specific advice, you should always consult a suitably qualified professional).