trust in science and local ‘science culture’ · the famous london ‘ roadmaster’: the...

Trust in Science and Local ‘Science Culture’

Martin W BauerDepartment of Psychology and Behavioural Science

London School of Economicsm.bauer@lse.ac.uk

Project MACAS, www.macas-project/

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Science in the Mass Media 1820-2010 [source: Bauer, 2012]

Darwin Einstein ‘White heat’ ?????

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The famous London ‘Roadmaster’: the ecology of driving a bus

Bus driver =workforce;Working conditions;Hardware of car;Driver style

Passenger access= society, valuesTrust in driversLoyalty, voice, exit

Street conditionsPetrol prices etc.

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‘Bungee Jump Model’ or ‘Lighthouse Model’

Two models of the ‘authority of science’

Source: Bauer, Shukla & Pansegrau (2019)

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Temple of Positivism in Porto Alegre

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20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

percentage

Ipsos MORI Veracity index 'telling the truth' (Britain, n=1000 pa)Scientists Professors climate scientists scientists during food scare BSA

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‘The people of this country have had enough

of experts’Michael Gove, June 2016, refusing to name on TV any economist who was in favour of BREXIT

The end of a line? Hypothetical trends [after Gauchat, 2012] 1. Positivist Ascendancy: scientific authority is steadily increasing2. Declinism: scientific authority is in a secular decline 3. Groups specific tendencies: ‘social representations of science’4. Any other hypothesis?

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Mazur (1977)

US data

Sounding the alarm for the US in the 1970s

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US data NSF

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40

45

50

55

60

65

70

75

80

85

90

3.7

3.8

3.9

4

4.1

4.2

4.319

58

1972

1974

1976

1979

1981

1983

1984

1985

1988

1990

1992

1995

1997

1999

2001

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

2014

Axis

Title

On balance ‘science is beneficial’NSF Benefit > cost Withey series %benefits>costs

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‘Science brings benefits as well as costs; what is your opinion?’• Only benefits• Benefits > costs• Costs > benefits• Neither-nor

Asked in 1987, 2005, 2010

Scientists

JournalistsScience writersMedia based

Public RelationsPublic AffairsMarketing

The changing structure of science communication in society(source: adjusted from Bauer, 2013)

1900 1950 200012UFRGS MBAUER

100%

0%

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Activism

?

1

6

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Global surveys of ‘general attitudes to science and technology’ (Bauer & Falade, 2014)

Nationally representative survey of science literacy and attitudes across the Globecompiled: Martin W BAUER and Bankole Falade [m.bauer@lse.ac.uk]

year UK F G EU E Italy Iceland CH SW Bulg US Can Russia SAFRICA AUS NZ Jap Korea Malay India TWN China Brazil Argent Venzu CostaR Panama Uruguay Equador Paraguay Peru Chile Mexico TrinidadColum1957 Withey1958 Withey

197019711972 Bon Harvard19731974197519761977 EB7 EB7 EB71978 EB10a EB10a EB10a1979 NSF198019811982 Boy1983 NSF19841985 NSF1986 MORI/KC1987 CNPq1988 ESRC Boy/<17 NSF1989 EB31 Boy EB31 EB31 MST YomiGallup1990 NSF1991 SAASTA NISTEP1992 EB38.1 EB38.1 EB38.1 EB38.1 EB38.1 STS NSF NISTED CAST1993 SAASTA1994 Boy CAST ColSci1995 NSF HSE STAP1996 OST/Well STS HSE CAST1997 NSF HSE MST NISTEP Conacyt19981999 NSF HSE2000 BIS Boy STIC2001 EB55.2 EB55.2 EB55.2 EB55.2 EB55.2 NSF SAASTA NISTEP CAST SENACYT2002 EB East FECYT EB East Kofac Conacyt2003 HSE CRISP FAPESP RiCYT RepUni Conacyt2004 BIS FECYT NSF Kofac NCAER FAPESP MCT ColSci2005 RCENG EB63.1 EB63.1 EB63.1 EB63.1 EB63.1 EB63.1 CRISP Conacyt xxx2006 FECYT NSF Kofac MCT SeCyt MCT SENACYT2007 (EB) Boy (EB) Ibero Observa (EB) NISTED CRISP Ibero Ibero Ibero Ibero Ibero CON/IbeConacyt Ibero2008 BIS Observa GSS Kofac SunYa FAPESP SENACYT2009 WELL Ibero Observa PEW NYRead Ibero Ibero ANII/ibero Ibero Ibero Conacyt Ibero2010 EB73.1 EB73.1 EB73.1 FECYT Observa UNI/EB EB73.1 GSS SAASTA NUA Kofac CRISP MCT SENACYT2011 BIS Boy Observa Conacyt2012 WELL FECYT Observa UNI VA GSS Kofac SunYa PPSUS MCT/Redes IDESP xxx ColSci2013 BIS EB792 EB792 EB792 Observa EB792 EB792 MST NiSTEP NISTED [CRISP] [MCT]2014 WiBaro Observa GSS/PEW Kofac SunYa2015 WELL WiBaro Observa VA Khahabus CRISP MCT MCT Conicyt2016 WiBaro Observa CH-Baro GSS Kofac2017 acatech Observa JST2018 BSA WiBaro Observa GSS NUA Kofac [CRISP] MCT2019 acatech CH-Baro2020 Nancy EU2020 GSS PRICE CRISP

Europe N America Asia Latin AmericaOther

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Wellcome Global Monitor 2018 (144 countries; preliminary explorations)

[Vaccination hesitancy]

K-familiarity

Promise of science

Attention

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Trust in Science in Sweden, 2003-2018https://v-a.se/english-portal/projects/studies/the-public/va-barometer/

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Authority of Science in USSource: Gauchat, 2011, GSS

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US General Social Survey, 1970- 2015: ‘having a great deal of confidence in people running science …’

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PEW data 2016

Republicans vs democrats: Differential knowledge effects

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Confidence in MedicineUS GSS surveys, 1973-2015

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84 84

78

72

6570758085

2016

2016

60

70

80

90

2011 2011 2013 2014 2016

AB C1 C2 DE

IPSOS Mori Veracity ‘%YES’

Professors scientists60

65

70

75

80

85

90

95

2011 2013 2014 2016

scotland Wales England

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‘Scientists’ in the IPSOS Mori Veracity Index

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Ellis et al (2017) PLOS One on girls’ lack of ‘math confidence’ [US data]

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Image of Sciences: a hierarchy [EB 1992, 2001, 2005]‘how scientific is ….. ‘? [degree of prototypicality]

Hard sciencesSoft sciences

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British Attitude to Science 2005-2014: one very interesting item ………

THE, 3/2011

Children’s play: ‘Chinese whispers’‘Telefone’

Bartlett (1930s):Serial reproduction

The process ofremembering by retelling a story

Decay function orenrichment of meaning ?

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III. Teaching for Science

IV. Science communication

II. Teaching of Science and training of scientists

I. Production and dissemination of science

Polysemic discourse; Polyphonic

Monosemic-educational discourse; Monophonic

EsotericProduction/Reproduction

Exoteric Appropriation

Source: Carlos Vogt (2011) The spiral of scientific culture, PUS

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‘Will be working in 5 years’CA D1 = 87%

CA D1=92%‘would recommend the career’

31

The SciDev.Net Study Bauer et al. 2012

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2012 2019