transmission protection.ppt
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Fundamentals ofDistance Protection
GE Multilin
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2 /GE /
October 3, 2015
Outline
• Transmission line
introduction
• What is distance protection?
• on!pilot and pilot schemes
• "edundanc# considerations• $ecurit# %or dual!brea&er
terminals
• Out!o%!step rela#in'• $in'le!pole trippin'
• $eries!compensated lines
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October 3, 2015
Transmission Lines
( )ital *art o% the *o+er $#stem • *ro-ide path to trans%er po+er bet+een 'enerationand load
• Operate at -olta'e le-els %rom .&) to .5&)
• ere'ulated mar&ets, economic, en-ironmentalreuirements ha-e pushed utilities to operatetransmission lines close to their limits
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October 3, 2015
Transmission Lines
lassi6cation o% line len'th depends on
$ource!to!line 7mpedance "atio 8$7"9,and
ominal -olta'e
:en'th considerations
$hort :ines $7" ; 4
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October 3, 2015
Typical Protection SchemesShort Lines
• urrent di>erential
• *hase comparison
• *ermissi-e O-erreach Trans%er Trip8*OTT9
• irectional omparison loc&in' 89
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October 3, 2015
Typical Protection SchemesMedium Lines
• *hase comparison
• irectional omparison loc&in' 89
• *ermissi-e @nderreach Trans%er Trip 8*@TT9
• *ermissi-e O-erreach Trans%er Trip 8*OTT9
• @nbloc&in'
• $tep istance
• $tep or coordinated o-ercurrent• 7n-erse time o-ercurrent
• urrent i>erential
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October 3, 2015
Typical Protection SchemesLong Lines
• *hase comparison
• irectional omparison loc&in' 89
• *ermissi-e @nderreach Trans%er Trip 8*@TT9• *ermissi-e O-erreach Trans%er Trip 8*OTT9
• @nbloc&in'
• $tep istance
• $tep or coordinated o-ercurrent
• urrent i>erential
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October 3, 2015
What is distance protection?
Bor internal %aults;IZ – V and V approCimatel#
in phase 8mho9
;IZ – V and IZ approCimatel#in phase 8reactance9
EL!" #V,I$
%ntendedE!&' point
(
F)
%*(
+,%*(F
%*( -+
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October 3, 2015
What is distance protection?
Bor eCternal %aults;IZ – V and V approCimatel#
out o% phase 8mho9
;IZ – V and IZ approCimatel#out o% phase 8reactance9
EL!" #V,I$
%ntendedE!&' point
( %*(
+,%*(F
%*( -+
F.
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October 3, 2015
What is distance protection?
EL!"
%ntendedE!&' point
(
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GE /
October 3, 2015
Source %mpedance atio/!ccuracy 0 Speed
LineSystem
elay
+oltage at the relay1SIR f
f V V
PU LOC
PU LOC
N R+
≈
][
][
&onsider S% , 23)
Faultlocation
+oltage #4$
+oltagechange #4$
5D AA24 2.
0D 000 01
100D 01 /(
110D 1. 0.
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GE /
October 3, 2015
Source %mpedance atio/!ccuracy 0 Speed
Line
System
elay
+oltage at the relay1SIR f
f V V
PU LOC
PU LOC
N R+
≈
][
][
&onsider S% , 52
Faultlocation
+oltage #4$
+oltagechange #4$
5D 2430 0A.A
0D 212. 03132
100D 3225A /(
110D 3530 03112
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GE /
October 3, 2015
&hallenges in relay design; Transients
Fi'h %reuenc#
o>set in currents
)T transients in -olta'es
&+T output
2 ) . 5 6
steady-stateoutput
po7er cycles
-52
-.2
-)2
2
)2
.2
52
8 o l t a g e /
+
1
2
2
3 5
.
1
4
Fi'h )olta'e :ine
$ e c o n d a r
# ) o l t a ' e
O u t p u t
A
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GE /
October 3, 2015
&hallenges in relay design; Transients
Fi'h %reuenc#
o>set in currents
)T transients in -olta'es
1
2
2
3 5
.
1
4
Fi'h )olta'e :ine
$ e c o n d a r
# ) o l t a ' e
O u t p u t
A
&+Toutput
2 ) . 5 6
steady-stateoutput
-92
-62
-.2
2
.2
62
po7er cycles
8 o l t a g e /
+
92
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GE /
October 3, 2015
&hallenges in relay design
!05 0 05 1 15!100
!A0
!.0
!40
!20
0
20
40
.0
A0
100
) o l t a ' e G ) H
!05 0 05 1 15!3
!2
!1
0
1
2
3
4
5
5 u r r e n t
G ( H
-(
- -
i(
i, i
-23: 2 23: ) )3:-)22
-:2
2
:2
)22
e a c t
a n c e c o m p a r a t o r ; + <
po7er cycles
SPOL
SOP
Sorry= Future #un>no7n
;%n-phase ,internal fault
;Out-of-phase ,eternal fault
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GE /
October 3, 2015
Transient O8erreach
• Bault current 'enerall# contains dco>set in addition to ac po+er %reuenc#component
• "atio o% dc to ac component o% currentdepends on instant in the c#cle at +hich%ault occurred
• "ate o% deca# o% dc o>set depends ons#stem I/"
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GE /
October 3, 2015
(one ) and &+T Transients
apaciti-e )olta'e Trans%ormers 8)Ts9 createcertain problems %or %ast distance rela#s applied tos#stems +ith hi'h $ource 7mpedance "atios 8$7"s9
;)T!induced transient -olta'e components ma#
assume lar'e ma'nitudes 8up to 30!40D9 andlast %or a comparati-el# lon' time 8up to about 2c#cles9
;.0FJ -olta'e %or %aults at the rela# reach pointma# be as lo+ as 3D %or a $7" o% 30
;the si'nal ma# be buried under noise
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1A /
GE /
October 3, 2015
)T transients can cause distance rela#s too-erreach Generall#, transient o-erreach ma# becaused b#
;o-erestimation o% the current 8the ma'nitude o%the current as measured is lar'er than its actual-alue, and conseuentl#, the %ault appears closerthan it is actuall# located9,
;underestimation o% the -olta'e 8the ma'nitude o%the -olta'e as measured is lo+er than its actual
-alue9;combination o% the abo-e
(one ) and &+T Transients
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Distance Element Fundamenta
@L
@&
K1 End Kone
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GE /
October 3, 2015
-10 -5 0 5 10-5
0
5
10
15
R e a c t a n c e
[ o h m
]
Resistance [ohm]
18
22
26
30
34 4244 Actual Fault
Location
Line
Impedance
Trajectory(msec)
dynamic mhozone extendedfor high SIRs
-10 -5 0 5 10-5
0
5
10
15
R e a c t a n c e
[ o h m
]
Resistance [ohm]
18
22
26
30
3442 44 Actual Fault
Location
LineImpedance
Trajectory(msec)
dynamic mhozone extendedfor high SIRs
Impedance locus may pass
below the origin of the Z-plane -
this would call for a time delay
to obtain stability
Impedance locus may pass
below the origin of the Z-plane -
this would call for a time delay
to obtain stability
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GE /
October 3, 2015
;appl# dela# 86Ced or adaptable9;reduce the reach
;adapti-e techniues and better 6lterin'
al'orithms
&+T Transient O8erreachSolutions
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GE /
October 3, 2015
;OptimiJe si'nal 6lterin' currents ! maC 3D error due to the dc
component
-olta'es ! maC 0.D error due to )T transients
;(dapti-e double!reach approach 6lterin' alone ensures maCimum transient
o-erreach at the le-el o% 1D 8%or $7"s up to 59and 20D 8%or $7"s up to 309
to reduce the transient o-erreach e-en %urtheran adapti-e double!reach Jone 1 has beenimplemented
&+T Transients A !dapti8eSolution
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GE /
October 3, 2015
The outer Bone )1The outer Bone )1
; is Ced at the actual reach
; applies certain security delay to cope 7ith &+Ttransients
Delayed
Trip
Instantaneous
Trip
R
XThe inner Bone )1The inner Bone )1
; has its reachdynamically controlledy the 8oltagemagnitude
; is instantaneous
&+T Transients A !dapti8eSolution
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GE /
October 3, 2015
Desirale Distance elay!ttriutesBilters
;*re6lterin' o% currents to remo-e dc deca#in'transients
:imit maCimum transient o-ershoot 8belo+ 2D9
;*re6lterin' o% -olta'es to remo-e lo+ %reuenc#transients caused b# )Ts
:imit transient o-erreach to less than 5D %or an$7" o% 30
;(ccurate and %ast %reuenc# trac&in' al'orithm;(dapti-e reach control %or %aults at reach points
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GE /
October 3, 2015
Distance elay OperatingTimes
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2. /
GE /October 3, 2015
Distance elay OperatingTimes
.2ms
):ms
.:ms 52ms
5:ms
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GE /October 3, 2015
Distance elay OperatingTimes
SLG faults LL faults
5P faults
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GE /October 3, 2015
0 5 10 15 20 25 300
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
M a x i m u
m
R a c h [ % ]
SIR
0 5 10 15 20 25 300
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
M a x i m u m R a c h [ % ]
SIR
Actual maximum reach curvesActual maximum reach curves
Relay 1
Relay
Relay !
Relay "
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GE /October 3, 2015
Maimum Torue !ngle
• (n'le at +hich mho element hasmaCimum reach
• haracteristics +ith smaller
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GE /October 3, 2015
Traditional
irectionalan'le lo+eredandLslammedM
irectionalan'leLslammedM
oth
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GE /October 3, 2015
Typical loadcharacteristic
impedance +R
Operate
area
o Operatearea
+XL
, LOOH%G %TOL%E normally
considered for7ard
LoadTraIectory
R e a c h
Load S7ings
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GE /October 3, 2015
Load s7ingLoad s7ing
L:enticularMharacterist
ic
Load S7ings
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GE /October 3, 2015
Load Encroachment&haracteristic
The load encroachment element responds toThe load encroachment element responds to
positive sequence voltage and current and can positive sequence voltage and current and can
be used to block phase distance and phasebe used to block phase distance and phase
overcurrent elements.overcurrent elements.
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GE /October 3, 2015
Jlinders
• linders limit the operation o% distancerela#s 8uad or mho9 to a narro+ re'ionthat parallels and encompasses theprotected line
• (pplied to lon' transmission lines,+here mho settin's are lar'e enou'h topic& up on maCimum load or minors#stem s+in's
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GE /October 3, 2015
Kuadrilateral &haracteristics
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GE /October 3, 2015
Ground Resistance
(Conductor falls on ground)
X L
R Resultant impedance outside of
the mho operating region
Kuadrilateral &haracteristics
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GE /October 3, 2015
Mho Kuadrilateral
Jetter co8eragefor ground faults
due to
resistanceadded to return
path
Lenticular
sed for phaseelements 7ith longhea8ily loaded lines
hea8ily loaded
Standard forphase elements
JX
R
Distance &haracteristics -Summary
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GE /October 3, 2015
Distance ElementPolariBation
The %ollo+in' polariJation uantities arecommonl# used in distance rela#s %ordeterminin' directionalit#
• $el%!polariJed
•
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GE /October 3, 2015
Memory PolariBation
;*ositi-e!seuence memoriJed -olta'e is used %orpolariJin'
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GE /October 3, 2015
Memory PolariBation I@
Dynamic M'O characteristic for a re8e
Dynamic M'O characteristic for a for
%mpedance During &lose-up Faults
Static M'O characteristic #memory notestalished or epired$
(L
(S
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GE /October 3, 2015
Memory PolariBation
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GE /October 3, 2015
&hoice of PolariBation
•7n order to pro-ide PeCibilit# moderndistance rela#s o>er a choice +ithrespect to polariJation o% 'roundo-ercurrent direction %unctions
)olta'e polariJation
urrent polariJation ual polariJation
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GE /October 3, 2015
Ground Directional Elements;*ilot!aided schemes usin' 'round mho distance rela#s
ha-e inherentl# limited %ault resistance co-era'e;Ground directional o-er current protection usin' eitherne'ati-e or Jero seuence can be a use%ul supplement to'i-e more co-era'e %or hi'h resistance %aults
;irectional discrimination based on the 'round uantities
is %ast # (ccurate an'ular relations bet+een the Jero and
ne'ati-e seuence uantities establish -er# uic&l#because
urin' %aults Jero and ne'ati-e!seuence currents
and -olta'es build up %rom -er# lo+ -alues8practicall# %rom Jero9
The pre!%ault -alues do not bias the de-elopin'%ault components in an# direction
i h
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GE /October 3, 2015
Distance Schemes
*ilot (ided$chemes
o &ommunicationet7een Distance
elays
&ommunicationet7een Distance
relays
on!*ilot (ided$chemes
8$tep istance9
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GE /October 3, 2015
Step Distance Schemes• Kone 1
Trips +ith no intentional time dela#
@nderreaches to a-oid unnecessar# operation %or %aults be#ondremote terminal
T#pical reach settin' ran'e A0!0D o% K:• Kone 2
$et to protect remainder o% line
O-erreaches into adQacent line/euipment
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GE /October 3, 2015
J L
S J L
S
()()
()()
LocalLocal
emotemot
ee
Step Distance Schemes
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GE /October 3, 2015
J L
S J L
S
()()
()()
EndEnd
(one(one
EndEnd
(one(one
LocalLocal
emotemot
ee
Step Distance Schemes
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GE /October 3, 2015
J L
S
()()
()()
Jrea>eJrea>e
rr
TrippeTrippe
dd
J L
S
Jrea>eJrea>e
rr
&losed&losed
LocalLocal
emotemot
ee
Step Distance Schemes
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GE /October 3, 2015
J L
S
()()
()()
J L
S
(. #time(. #time
delayed$delayed$
emotemot
LocalLocal
Step Distance Schemes
(. #time(. #time
delayed$delayed$
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GE /October 3, 2015
J L
S
()()
J L
S
(. #time(. #time
delayed$delayed$
Step Distance Schemes
(5 #remote(5 #remote
ac>up$ac>up$
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GE /October 3, 2015
Step Distance Protection
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GE /October 3, 2015
Local Relay – Z2Local Relay – Z2
Zone 2 PKPZone 2 PKP
Local RelayLocal Relay Remote RelayRemote Relay
Remote Relay – Z4Remote Relay – Z4
Zone 4 PKPZone 4 PKP
Over LapOver Lap
Distance elay &oordination
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GE /October 3, 2015
J L
S J L
S
&ommunication&ommunication
&hannel&hannel
LocalLocal
elayelayemoteemote
elayelay
eed For Pilot !ided Schemes
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GE /October 3, 2015
Pilot &ommunications&hannels• istance!based pilot schemes traditionall# utiliJesimple on/o> communications bet+een rela#s, but canalso utiliJe peer!to!peer communications and GOO$Emessa'in' o-er di'ital channels
• T#pical communications media include
*ilot!+ire 850FJ, .0FJ, (T9
*o+er line carrier
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GE /October 3, 2015
Distance-ased PilotProtection
Pil t !id d Di t J d S h
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GE /October 3, 2015
Pilot-!ided Distance-Jased Sche
DTT A Direct nder-reaching TransferTrip
PTT A Permissi8e nder-reachingTransfer Trip
POTT A Permissi8e O8er-reachingTransfer Trip
'yrid POTT A 'yrid Permissi8e O8er-reaching Transfer Trip
D&J A Directional &omparison Jloc>ingScheme
D&J A Directional &omparison
nloc>ing Scheme
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GE /October 3, 2015
Direct nderreachingTransfer Trip #DTT$
• "euires onl# underreachin' 8"@9 %unctions +hicho-erlap in reach 8Kone 19
•(pplied +ith B$R channel
G@(" %reuenc# transmitted durin' normalconditions
T"7* %reuenc# +hen one "@ %unction operates
• $cheme does not pro-ide trippin' %or %aults
be#ond "@ reach i% remote brea&er is open orchannel is inoperati-e
• ual pilot channels impro-e securit#
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GE /October 3, 2015
Bus
Line
Bus
Zone 1
Zone 1
DTT Scheme
i i d hi
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GE /October 3, 2015
Permissi8e nderreachingTransfer Trip #PTT$
• "euires both under 8"@9 ando-erreachin' 8"O9 %unctions
• 7dentical to @TT, +ith pilot trippin'si'nal super-ised b# "O 8Kone 29
PTT S h
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.0 /
GE /October 3, 2015
Bus
Line
Bus
Zone 1
Zone 2
Zone 2
Zone 1
To protect end of line
& Local Trip Zone 2
Rx PP
OR Zone !
PTT Scheme
P i i O hi
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.1 /
GE /October 3, 2015
Permissi8e O8erreachingTransfer Trip #POTT$
• "euires o-erreachin' 8"O9 %unctions 8Kone29
• (pplied +ith B$R channel
G@(" %reuenc# sent in stand!b# T"7* %reuenc# +hen one "O %unction
operates
• o trip %or eCternal %aults i% pilot channel isinoperati-e
• Time!dela#ed trippin' can be pro-ided
POTT S h
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GE /October 3, 2015
Bus
Line
Bus
Zone 1
Zone 2
TripLine
Breakers
OR
t
Rx
Tx
!D
"Z1#
"Z1#
o
Zone 1
Zone 2
Zone 2
Zone 1
POTT Scheme
POTT Scheme
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GE /October 3, 2015
POTT Scheme
POTT A Permissi8e O8er-reachingPOTT A Permissi8e O8er-reaching
Transfer TripTransfer Trip
J L
S J L
S
EndEnd
(one(one
&ommunication&ommunication&hannel&hannel
POTT Scheme
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GE /October 3, 2015
LocalLocalelayelay
emoteemoteelayelay
emoteemote
elayelay
FWD %FWD %GDGD
Ground Dir O& F7dGround Dir O& F7d
OO
Local elay A (.Local elay A (.
(OE . PHP(OE . PHP
LocalLocal
elay FWDelay FWD
%%GDGD
Ground Dir O&Ground Dir O&F7dF7d
OO
T%PT%P
emote elay A (.emote elay A (.
$%&& &'
(OE .(OE .
PHPPHP
$%&& R'
&ommunicat&ommunicat
ion &hannelion &hannel
POTT Scheme
POTT Scheme
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GE /October 3, 2015
POTT TX 4
POTT TX 3
POTT TX 2
POTT TX 1 A to GA to G
to G to G
! to G! to G
"#lt$ P%a&e"#lt$ P%a&e
Local RelayLocal Relay Remote RelayRemote Relay
POTT RX 4
POTT RX 3
POTT RX 2
POTT RX 1
( om
m uni c a t i on s
(
h a nn e l ) s *
POTT Scheme
POTT Scheme
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GE /October 3, 2015
Local RelayLocal Relay Remote RelayRemote Relay
$%&& &' ZO'( 2 OR ZO'( 2 OR
G') )IR O! *+)G') )IR O! *+)
!omm#n$cat$on!omm#n$cat$on
!%annel!%annel
TRIPTRIP
G') )IR O! R(VG') )IR O! R(VG') )IR O! R(VG') )IR O! R(V $%&& R'
tarttart
T$merT$merT$merT$mer
(-p$re(-p$re
G') )IR O! *+)G') )IR O! *+)
POTT Scheme&urrent re8ersal eample
POTT Scheme
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GE /October 3, 2015
Local RelayLocal Relay
OpenOpen
Remote RelayRemote Relay
Remote *+)Remote *+)
IIG')G')
$%&& &'
Remote – Z2Remote – Z2
!omm#n$cat$on!omm#n$cat$on
!%annel!%annel
$%&& R'
OP('OP('
$%&& &'
!omm#n$cat$on!omm#n$cat$on
!%annel!%annel
$%&& R'
TRIPTRIP
POTT SchemeEcho eample
' id POTT
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.A /
GE /October 3, 2015
'yrid POTT
• 7ntended %or three!terminal lines and+ea& in%eed conditions
• Echo %eature adds securit# durin' +ea&in%eed conditions
• "e-erse!loo&in' distance and ocelements used to identi%# eCternal %aults
' id POTT
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. /
GE /October 3, 2015
Bus
Line
Bus
Zone 1
Zone 2
Zone 2
Zone 1 Zone $
LocalRe%ote
&eaksyste%
'yrid POTT
Directional &omparison
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0 /
GE /October 3, 2015
Directional &omparisonJloc>ing #D&J$
• "euires o-erreachin' 8"O9 trippin' and bloc&in'89 %unctions
• O/OBB pilot channel t#picall# used 8ie, *:9
Transmitter is &e#ed to O state +henbloc&in' %unction8s9 operate
"eceipt o% si'nal %rom remote end bloc&strippin' rela#s
• Trippin' %unction set +ith Kone 2 reach or 'reater• loc&in' %unctions include Kone 3 re-erse andlo+!set 'round o-ercurrent elements
D&J Scheme
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1 /
GE /October 3, 2015
Bus
Line
Bus
Zone 1
Zone 2
Zone 2
Zone 1
LocalRe%ote
D&J Scheme
Directional &omparison
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2 /
GE /October 3, 2015
. ,
. ,
(n/ Zone(n/ Zone
!omm#n$cat$on !%annel!omm#n$cat$on !%annel
Directional &omparisonJloc>ing #D&J$
Directional &omparison
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3 /
GE /October 3, 2015
Directional &omparisonJloc>ing #D&J$%nternal Faults
Local RelayLocal Relay Remote RelayRemote Relay
Local Relay – Z2Local Relay – Z2
Zone 2 PKPZone 2 PKP
TRIP T$merTRIP T$mer
tarttart
*+) I*+) IG')G')
G') )IR O! *0/G') )IR O! *0/
OR OR +ir ,loc R''O'O
TRIPTRIP
(-p$re/(-p$re/
Directional &omparison
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4 /
GE /October 3, 2015
Local RelayLocal Relay Remote RelayRemote Relay
Remote Relay – Z4Remote Relay – Z4
Zone 4 PKPZone 4 PKP
R(V IR(V IG')G')
G') )IR O! RevG') )IR O! Rev
OR OR
+IR ,.%(/ &'
Local Relay – Z2Local Relay – Z2
Zone 2 PKPZone 2 PKP
+ir ,loc R'
!omm#n$cat$on!omm#n$cat$on
!%annel!%annel
*+) I*+) IG')G')
G') )IR O! *0/G') )IR O! *0/
OR OR
TRIP T$merTRIP T$mer
tarttart 'o TRIP'o TRIP
Directional &omparisonJloc>ing #D&J$Eternal Faults
Directional &omparison
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5 /
GE /October 3, 2015
Directional &omparisonnloc>ing #D&J$
• (pplied to *ermissi-e O-erreachin' 8*O"9schemes to o-ercome the possibilit# o% carrier si'nalattenuation or loss as a result o% the %ault
• @nbloc&in' pro-ided in the recei-er +hen si'nal is
lost 7% si'nal is lost due to %ault, at least one
permissi-e "O %unctions +ill be pic&ed up
@nbloc&in' lo'ic produces short!duration T"7*
si'nal 8150!300 ms9 7% "O %unction not pic&edup, channel loc&out occurs until G@(" si'nalreturns
D&J Scheme
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. /
GE /October 3, 2015
Bus
Line
Bus
Trip
Line
Breakers
Tx1"'n(Block#
)or*ard
)or*ard
Tx2"Block#
)or*ard
Rx2
Rx1
to
!D to
!D
!D
!D
Lockout
"Block#
"'n(Block#
D&J Scheme
Directional &omparison
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/
GE /October 3, 2015
. ,
. ,
(n/ Zone(n/ Zone
!omm#n$cat$on !%annel!omm#n$cat$on !%annel
Directional &omparisonnloc>ing #D&J$
Directional &omparison
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A /
GE /October 3, 2015
Directional &omparisonnloc>ing #D&J$ormal conditions
Local RelayLocal Relay Remote RelayRemote Relay0AR+1 &'0AR+1 R'
!omm#n$cat$on!omm#n$cat$on
!%annel!%annel
0AR+! &' 0AR+! R''O Lo&& o G#ar/'O Lo&& o G#ar/
*K !arr$er*K !arr$er *K !arr$er*K !arr$er
'O Perm$&&$on'O Perm$&&$on
'O Lo&& o G#ar/'O Lo&& o G#ar/
'O Perm$&&$on'O Perm$&&$on
Loa/ !#rrentLoa/ !#rrent
Directional &omparison
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/
GE /October 3, 2015
Directional &omparisonnloc>ing #D&J$ormal conditions/ channel failure
Local RelayLocal Relay Remote RelayRemote Relay0AR+1 &'0AR+1 R'
!omm#n$cat$on!omm#n$cat$on
!%annel!%annel
0AR+! &' 0AR+! R'
*K !arr$er*K !arr$er *K !arr$er*K !arr$er
Lo&& o G#ar/Lo&& o G#ar/
loc T$mer tarte/loc T$mer tarte/
Lo&& o G#ar/Lo&& o G#ar/
loc T$mer tarte/loc T$mer tarte/
Loa/ !#rrentLoa/ !#rrent
2% R'
2% R'
loc )!.loc )!.
#nt$l G#ar/ OK #nt$l G#ar/ OK
(-p$re/(-p$re/
loc )!.loc )!.
#nt$l G#ar/ OK #nt$l G#ar/ OK
(-p$re/(-p$re/
Lo&& o !%annelLo&& o !%annel
Directional &omparison
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A0 /
GE /
October 3, 2015
Directional &omparisonnloc>ing #D&J$%nternal fault/ healthy channel
Local RelayLocal Relay Remote RelayRemote Relay0AR+1 &'0AR+1 R'
!omm#n$cat$on!omm#n$cat$on
!%annel!%annel
0AR+! &' 0AR+! R'
*K !arr$er*K !arr$er *K !arr$er*K !arr$er
Lo&& o G#ar/Lo&& o G#ar/
Perm$&&$onPerm$&&$on
&RI$1 &'
Local Relay – Z2Local Relay – Z2
Zone 2 PKPZone 2 PKP
&RI$1 R'
&RI$! &'
TRIPTRIP
Remote Relay – Z2Remote Relay – Z2
ZO'( 2 PKPZO'( 2 PKP
TRIP Z1TRIP Z1
&RI$! R'
Directional &omparison
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A1 /
GE /
October 3, 2015
Directional &omparisonnloc>ing #D&J$%nternal fault/ channel failure
Local RelayLocal Relay Remote RelayRemote Relay0AR+1 &'0AR+1 R'
!omm#n$cat$on!omm#n$cat$on
!%annel!%annel
0AR+! &' 0AR+! R'
*K !arr$er*K !arr$er *K !arr$er*K !arr$er
&RI$1 &'
Local Relay – Z2Local Relay – Z2
Zone 2 PKPZone 2 PKP
2% R'
&RI$! &'
TRIPTRIP
Remote Relay – Z2Remote Relay – Z2
ZO'( 2 PKPZO'( 2 PKP
TRIP Z1TRIP Z1
2% R'
Lo&& o G#ar/Lo&& o G#ar/
Lo&& o !%annelLo&& o !%annel
Lo&& o G#ar/Lo&& o G#ar/
loc T$mer tarte/loc T$mer tarte/
)#rat$on T$mer tarte/)#rat$on T$mer tarte/(-p$re/(-p$re/
edundancy &onsiderations
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A2 /
GE /
October 3, 2015
edundancy &onsiderations
• "edundant protection s#stems increase dependabilit# o%the s#stem
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A3 /
GE /
October 3, 2015
. ,
. ,
(n/ Zone(n/ Zone
!omm#n$cat$on !%annel 1!omm#n$cat$on !%annel 1
!omm#n$cat$on !%annel 2!omm#n$cat$on !%annel 2
Lo&& o !%annel 2Lo&& o !%annel 2
A') !%annel&A') !%annel&
$%&& .ess Reliable$%&& .ess Reliable
+(, .ess 3ecure+(, .ess 3ecure
OR !%annel&OR !%annel&
$%&& 4ore Reliable$%&& 4ore Reliable
+(, 4ore 3ecure+(, 4ore 3ecure
4ore (hannel 3ecurity4ore (hannel 3ecurity 4ore (hannel +ependability4ore (hannel +ependability
edundant &ommunications
edundant Pilot Schemes
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A4 /
GE /
October 3, 2015
edundant Pilot Schemes
Pilot elay Desirale
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A5 /
GE /
October 3, 2015
• 7nte'rated %unctions
+ea& in%eedecho
line pic&!up 8$OTB9
• asic protection elements used to &e# the
communicationdistance elements
%ast and sensiti-e 'round 8Jero andne'ati-e seuence9 directional 7Os +ith
current, -olta'e, and/or dual polariJation
Pilot elay Desirale!ttriutes
Pilot elay Desirale
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A. /
GE /
October 3, 2015
*re!pro'rammed distance!based pilot schemesirect @nder!reachin' Trans%er Trip 8@TT9
*ermissi-e @nder!reachin' Trans%er Trip 8*@TT9
*ermissi-e O-erreachin' Trans%er Trip 8*OTT9
F#brid *ermissi-e O-erreachin' Trans%er Trip 8FS
*OTT9
loc&in' scheme 89
@nbloc&in' scheme 8@9
Pilot elay Desirale!ttriutes
Security for dual-rea>er
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A /
GE /
October 3, 2015
Security for dual-rea>erterminals• rea&er!and!a!hal% and rin' bus terminals arecommon desi'ns %or transmission lines
• $tandard practice has been to
sum currents %rom each circuit brea&er
eCternall# b# parallelin' the Ts use eCternal sum as the line current %orprotecti-e rela#s
• Bor some close!in eCternal %ault e-ents, poor
T per%ormance ma# lead to improper operationo% line rela#s
Security for dual-rea>er
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AA /
GE /
October 3, 2015
Security for dual-rea>erterminals
(ccurate Ts preser-e there-erse current directionunder +ea& remote in%eed
Security for dual-rea>er
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A /
GE /
October 3, 2015
Security for dual-rea>erterminals
$aturation o% T1 ma#in-ert the line current asmeasured %romeCternall# summatedTs
Security for dual-rea>er
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0 /
GE /
October 3, 2015
Security for dual rea>erterminals • irect measurement o%
currents %rom both circuitbrea&ers allo+s the use o%super-isor# lo'ic to pre-entdistance and directionalo-ercurrent elements %romoperatin' incorrectl# due toT errors durin' re-erse%aults• (dditional bene6ts o% direct
measurement o% currents independent Bprotection %or each circuitbrea&er
independent
Security for dual-rea>er
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1 /
GE /
October 3, 2015
Security for dual rea>erterminals$uper-isor# lo'ic should
not a>ect speed or sensiti-it# o% protection elements correctl# allo+ trippin' durin' e-ol-in' eCternal!to!
internal %ault conditions
determine direction o% current Po+ throu'h eachbrea&er independentl#
• oth currents in BW direction → internal %ault• One current BW, one current "E) → eCternal %ault
allo+ trippin' durin' all %or+ard/internal %aults
bloc& trippin' durin' all re-erse/eCternal %aults
initiall# bloc& trippin' durin' e-ol-in' eCternal!to!internal %aults until second %ault appears in %or+arddirection loc& is then li%ted to permit trippin'
Single-pole Tripping
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2 /
GE /
October 3, 2015
Single pole Tripping
• istance rela# must correctl# identi%# a$:G %ault and trip onl# the circuit brea&erpole %or the %aulted phase
• (utoreclosin' and brea&er %ailure %unctionsmust be initiated correctl# on the %ault e-ent
• $ecurit# must be maintained on the
health# phases durin' the open polecondition and an# reclosin' attempt
Out-of-Step &ondition
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3 /
GE /
October 3, 2015
Out of Step &ondition
• Bor certain operatin' conditions, ase-ere s#stem disturbance can causes#stem instabilit# and result in loss o%
s#nchronism bet+een di>erent'eneratin' units on an interconnecteds#stem
Out-of-Step elaying
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4 /
GE /
October 3, 2015
Out of Step elaying
Out!o%!step bloc&in' rela#s
Operate in conQunction +ith mho trippin' rela#s topre-ent a terminal %rom trippin' durin' se-eres#stem s+in's out!o%!step conditions
*re-ent s#stem %rom separatin' in an indiscriminatemanner
Out!o%!step trippin' rela#s Operate independentl# o% other de-ices to detect out!
o%!step condition durin' the 6rst pole slip
7nitiate trippin' o% brea&ers that separate s#stem inorder to balance load +ith a-ailable 'eneration onan# isolated part o% the s#stem
Out-of-Step Tripping
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5 /
GE /
October 3, 2015
Out of Step Tripping The locus muststa# %or sometime bet+een theouter and middlecharacteristics
ing
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. /
GE /
October 3, 2015
Po7er S7ing Jloc>ing(pplications
;Establish a bloc&in' si'nal %or stable po+er s+in's8*o+er $+in' loc&in'9
;Establish a trippin' si'nal %or unstable po+er s+in's8Out!o%!$tep Trippin'9
"esponds to;*ositi-e!seuence -olta'e and current
Series-compensated lines
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/
GE /
October 3, 2015
Series compensated lines
+Xs
,-XL Infinte
Bus
ene6ts o% series capacitors
• "eduction o% o-erall I: o% lon' lines• 7mpro-ement o% stabilit# mar'ins• (bilit# to adQust line load le-els• :oss reduction• "eduction o% -olta'e drop durin' se-eredisturbances• ormall# economical %or line len'ths ; 200 miles
Series-compensated lines
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A /
GE /
October 3, 2015
Series compensated lines
+Xs
,-XL Infinte
Bus
$s create un%a-orable conditions %or protecti-e
rela#s and %ault locators• O-erreachin' o% distance elements• Bailure o% distance element to pic& up on lo+!current %aults• *hase selection problems in sin'le!pole trippin'
applications• :ar'e %ault location errors
Series-compensated lines
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/
GE /
October 3, 2015
Series compensated linesSeries &apacitor 7ith MO+
Series-compensated lines
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100 /
GE /
October 3, 2015
Series compensated lines
Series-compensated lines
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101 /
GE /
October 3, 2015
Series compensated lines#namic "each ontrol
Series-compensated lines
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102 /
GE /
October 3, 2015
Series compensated lines#namic "each ontrol %or ECternal Baults
Series-compensated lines
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103 /
GE /
October 3, 2015
Se es co pe sa ed es#namic "each ontrol %or ECternal Baults
Series-compensated lines
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104 /
GE /
October 3, 2015
p#namic "each ontrol %or 7nternal Baults
Distance Protection Loo>ing
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105 /
GE /
October 3, 2015
gThrough a Transformer
• *hase distance elements can be set to seebe#ond an# 3!phase po+er trans%ormer
• Ts )Ts ma# be located independentl# on
di>erent sides o% the trans%ormer• Gi-en distance Jone is de6ned b# )T location8not Ts9
• "each settin' is in Ωsec, and must ta&e intoaccount location ratios o% )Ts, Ts and-olta'e ratio o% the in-ol-ed po+er trans%ormer
Transformer Group
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10. /
GE /
October 3, 2015
p&ompensation
Depending on location of VTs and CTs, distance relaysDepending on location of VTs and CTs, distance relays
need to compensate for the phase shift and magnitudeneed to compensate for the phase shift and magnitude
change caused by the power transformer change caused by the power transformer
Setting ules
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10 /
GE /
October 3, 2015
g
• Trans%ormer positi-e seuence impedance mustbe included in reach settin' onl# i% trans%ormer liesbet+een )Ts and intended reach point
• urrents reuire compensation onl# i% trans%ormerlocated bet+een Ts and intended reach point
• )olta'es reuire compensation onl# i% trans%ormerlocated bet+een )Ts and intended reach point
• ompensation set based on trans%ormerconnection -ector 'roup as seen %rom Ts/)Ts
to+ard reach point
Distance elay Desirale
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10A /
GE /
October 3, 2015
;
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10 /
GE /
October 3, 2015
;Bor impro-ed PeCibilit#, it is desirable to ha-e the
%ollo+in' parameters settable on a per Jone basis Kero!seuence compensation
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110 /
GE /
October 3, 2015
;(dditional %unctions
O-ercurrent elements 8phase, neutral, 'round,directional, ne'ati-e seuence, etc9
rea&er %ailure
(utomatic reclosin' 8sin'le three!pole9
$#nc chec& @nder/o-er -olta'e elements
;$pecial %unctions
*o+er s+in' detection
:oad encroachment
*ilot schemes
y!ttriutes
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