transforming transport - urban mobility...

TRANSFORMING TRANSPORTIN SEOUL

FROM CAR TO PUBLIC TRANSPORT

(Mike) Gyeng Chul KIM Ph.D., P.E.,Prof.

Gachon Univ. S Korea(Ex-President, Korea Transport Institute)

gckim1004@gmail.com

(Take Transit, Enjoy more time of your Life)

(0)(0)

(Take Transit, Enjoy more time of your Life)

Population(now)Metro Seoul : 10 M

Greater Seoul : 24 M

Some years agoSeoul

Some years agoSeoul

Seoul in 1970s

Extreme traffic congestionHustle and bustle to get on/off the bus

Traffic flow disruptionPassengers exiting buses three lanes away

(Take Transit, Enjoy more time of your Life)

Chaos ? (1970-1990) Registered vehicles: 50 times

1970: 60 thousand 2000 : over 2 million Registered vehicles: 50 times

1970: 60 thousand 2000 : over 2 million[Registered Vehicles in Seoul]

0

5,00,000

10,00,000

15,00,000

20,00,000

25,00,000

30,00,000

35,00,000

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

Year No. of Registered Vehicles

(Take Transit, Enjoy more time of your Life)

Congestion, Air Pollution, Traffic Accident,Discomfort, Dis-amenity, Un-controllable

Reduction : # of Circuits

(1970-1980)- 7-8 times/day/bus- 1,069 p/day/bus

- Golden Goose

(1990-2000)- 3-4 times/day/bus

- 506 p/day/bus- Black Swan

Triple Loss (P-G-O)(Take Transit, Enjoy more time of your Life)

WHY ? “ Revitalization of BUS ”WHY ? “ Revitalization of BUS ”

Declining Trend : Every year 0.8 M.P. down

Private Operator BANKRUPTCY 103 (`90) → 58 (`02)

Gov. SUBSIDY 9M USD (`99) → 105.6M USD (`02)

Trend of bus ridershipTrend of bus ridership

1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

3,500

(Million.Pax / year)

(Take Transit, Enjoy more time of your Life)

Gridlock in Seoul in 90’sAir Pollution and Cancer Occurrence

Energy Consumption IncreaseTraffic Accidents

Discomfort

Government subsidy increase

(Take Transit, Enjoy more time of your Life)

Seoul, Paradigm ShiftSustainable Urban Transport

Seoul, Paradigm ShiftSustainable Urban Transport

65% Transit (B+S)

Car-spaceReduction Policy

Car-spaceReduction Policy

(1)(1)

(Take Transit, Enjoy more time of your Life)

6 Key Success Factors

Construction of overpasses(1970-1990)

10

Traffic CongestionRelief

ByOverpasses

Common Sense

Construction in 1978

Construction of 106 overpasses

11

Figure: Number of overpasses from the 1960s to the 2000sSource: Kim et al, 2011

Spreading of critical intersections

12

Figure: More than 3 times occurred corridors of critical speed (less than 15k/m)Source: Joonho Kim et al,

Urban Railway Network Expansion

13

1st Phase (~1985) 2nd Phase (~2001) 3rd Phase (~2012)

4 Lines,

115 Stations

(134.9km)

8 Lines,

263 Stations

(286.9km)

13 Lines,

521 Stations

(825.2km)

Paradigm shift

Demolition (48)or

Construction (106)14

Flyover ? -- for what?Another parking space?

□ Restoration of Cheong-gye-cheon Decrease of car-traffic volume: 125,000 veh/day

Before After (Sep. 2005)

□ Reform of Seoul Plaza 2004. 5. 1 Open → Restrain Traffic Flow → Ped. Square

Before After(May 2004)

Passenger-car Reduction Policy

(Take Transit, Enjoy more time of your Life)

Car space Transit facilitiesChengryangri station

Before After (2004)(Take Transit, Enjoy more time of your Life)

Bus ReformComprehensiveMaster Plan

+

See Future

Bus ReformComprehensiveMaster Plan

+

See Future

(2)(2)

(Take Transit, Enjoy more time of your Life)

6 Key Success Factors

(Take Transit, Enjoy more time of your Life)

Korean Institution ( Integrated + Future )

1. Integrated administrationfor a nationwide integrated transport system

Integrated MinistryMo L I T

(Land use + Infrastructure + Transport )

- Urban Transport Improvement ACT.

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Korean Institution ( Integrated + Future )

2. Future thinking administrationfor a Future Planning

Future MinistryMo SIFP(Future Planning + Creative + ICTs + Science)http://english.msip.go.kr/index.do

2020,2030,2050 forecast and analyze?What is our future?

UrbanizationMotorization

S-Curve

300 T/F

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Master PlanTransport + Land Use

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http://www.seoul.co.kr/news/newsView.php?id=20110406015018

StrongAuthority and

Think Tank

StrongAuthority and

Think Tank

(3)(3)

(Take Transit, Enjoy more time of your Life)

6 Key Success Factors

1) What is the Vision ? (World Best Transit City)

2) What is the Goal, Strategic Keyword?

Competitiveness Public Transport QualityNumeric measurement : 65% by TransitTarget Year : in 3 years

3) What is “Mission Statement”, ?( Take Transit, Enjoy more time for Life)

KSF: Set Vision, Goal, Mission statement

- Reducing parking lots at city hall (40050)- Monday, Mass Transit Day (Bus + Subway)- Reducing parking lots, increase parking fee- Give-up Car

KSF : Me-First from City Hall

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- National Think Tank : KOTI- Metropolitan Gov. : SDI ( SI )

Think Tank : KOTI and SDI

CommissionedResearch

PrimeMinister’s

Office

KOTILocal

GovernmentMOLIT

CommissionedResearch

Policy Support

NRCS

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SolidBudget

SolidBudget

(4)(4)

(Take Transit, Enjoy more time of your Life)

6 Key Success Factors

Finance Innovation

Fuel Tax, PPP, Value Capturing (add)

Oil Taxation vs. Oil Subsidy

India

Korea$ 1.51/l

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

Gasoline Diesel

US

$/Li

ter

VAT

Education Tax

Mileage Tax

Fuel Tax

ProductionCost

We have no budget?Source: Korea National Oil Corporation(2012), http://www.opinet.co.kr/chart.do?cmd=oilknow.saleprice.list

Self-funded Authority

( Infra fundGasoline Tax, etc…)

When introduce?: It’s the TIME !

- International Oil-price down(Tax adding )

Where do we use ?Public Transport ( Op-cost )Infrastructure(Rail, Port, Ex..) Car User and Future Generation

(Take Transit, Enjoy more time of your Life)

ICT BasedScientific

Administration

ICT BasedScientific

Administration

(5)(5)

(Take Transit, Enjoy more time of your Life)

6 Key Success Factors

Thanks : National Data-based Center (ICT)

(DATA) Bus Management System

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T- Money Card Data

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Scientific Administration

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Credit card

Payment for Public transport

Mobile Phone

Technology? Yes! What’s side benefit ?Transparency Improvement -100% Clear !

PoliticalLeadership

PoliticalLeadership

(6)(6)

(Take Transit, Enjoy more time of your Life)

6 Key Success Factors

□ Lessons : Political LeadershipInnovation Leaders in KOREA

M.B. LeeM.B. Lee

KenLivingstone,London

KenLivingstone,London

Junghee ParkJunghee Park

(Take Transit, Enjoy more time of your Life)

Demonstration Against CRP, November, 2003

□ Consensus Building: It was not easy!Political support and communications were critical

- Consensus building (4200, 2n3d meeting)

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Making Consensus..Conflict Resolution :

Next generation“ What’s your dream?”

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Hope Wall in CheonGyeCheon

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Communication ChannelCommunication Channel

We should not depriveour children of theirfuture

People orientedpolicy, not car

(Take Transit, Enjoy more time of your Life)

6 Key Lessons from Seoul :Other Cities have undertaken similar initiatives?

• Comprehensive Master Plan HolisticWin-Win-Win Situation for all residents(even Car users),PT customers and providers, Governments

• ICT-based Integration key part of Reform• Paradigm Shift :TDM and Land-use plan• Strong Authority and Think Tank, for implementation

• Leadership and Political will : Communications• Solid Budget – we have no money!

–Make Strong champion and spread out

Sustainable City:

1. Where the Rich and Poor use publictransport and NMT (heaven),not a place where everyone(inc. the Poor) has

and use cars(disaster).2. Good Public Transport(PT) service Discourage car ownership – sustainable.

(ex) Poor Public Transport :Make mother’s life misery, encourage Car.

:At Bus stop, a Mother with 2 children(free)

I am very SORRY!

46http://www.mb.com.ph/campaign-begins/

http://www.unescap.org/ttdw/Publications/TPTS_pubs/bulletin82/b82_Chapter4.pdf

(Take Transit, Enjoy more time of your Life)

1)Congestion

2)Air Pollution

3) High Fatalities

Plz Think Out-of-Box“ Problems cannot be solved at the same level

of awareness that created them.”-Albert Einstein –

자료출처: http://inside.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2013/04/19/2013041900625.html

Miracle of Han River

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1955, After Korean warExtreme Poverty

2012, Seoul,GangNam

To developing countries – Can-Do spirit- We are ready to share our experience

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http://english.koti.re.kr/board/special/index.asp?code=koti&mCode=040400

Knowledge Sharing Program(special report)

Break the pattern, Think differentlyNOT for Vehicles, BUT for People

gckim1004@gmail.com(Take Transit, Enjoy more time of your Life)

(Mike) Gyeng Chul KIM, Ph.D., P.E., Prof.,Ex-President

The Korea Transport Institute

50

It is TIME to change

What time is it for …..?