totality power point
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Villanueva, Jenness Jeanne J.BSN 136
Principle of Totality
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An individual has the right to cut off, mutilate or remove any
defective or worn out non functioning part of his body; to
dispose of his organs or to destroy their capacity to function
"Only insofar as the general well-being of the whole body
requires it."
The whole is greater than any of its parts. We have a duty to
preserve the integrity of our bodies.
Hence, one may conclude that mutilation is licit according to
the Principle of Totality when it is necessary for the good of the
entire body.
The Concept of Principle of Totality
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1. A diseased part is harmful to the whole body. The Principle of
Totality unanimously agrees upon a legitimate sacrifice of a part
for the good of the whole.
2. Another question pertains to "the predicament of a person who
was ordered by a tyrant to cut off his own hand." The Principle of
Totality hold that the "self-inflicted mutilation was licit" when
"the sacrifice of the part was" to safeguard the whole.
3. The Principle of Totality justified "the subordination of the
part to the whole."
The Concept of Principle of Totality
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Philosophical and Theological Foundations of the
Principle of Totality
The roots of the principle of totality are spread through the
writings of Aristotle and Aquinas.
St. Bonaventure and the Scholastic moral theologians also
expressed the idea of the principle of totality.
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Philosophical and TheologicalFoundations of the Principle of Totality
This principle has been used for many centuries as ajustification for mutilation. Concerning the official teaching on
the principle of totality, we find application of the principlevery briefly in Casti Connubii (no. 23) by Pius XI and, in awider perspective in the writings of Pius XII. Althoughmoralists had incorporated the teachings of Aquinas on thesubordination of the part to the whole, Pius XII made manyofficial statements regarding the medico-moral application ofthe principle. He first named it as the principle of totality (13thSeptember 1952, in his allocution to the Italian Society ofHistopathologists).
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Examples in Clinical Setting
Suppose a man's foot is gangrenous should he consent to an
amputation?
- Since the amputation will save the patient's life and he can
still walk through the aid of crutches or artificial limbs, he can
consent to an operation. The burse can help the patientunderstand this.
Another case is "the necessity to amputate an extremity." The
example is that "the foot of a person is caught in the railroad track asthe train rapidly approaches."
- The Principle of Totality justified "the subordination of the
part to the whole."
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Examples in Clinical Setting
Sex change operation.
- Concerning penal amputation, the Principle of Totality never
justifies mutilation against innocent persons. The Principle of
Totality observes that individual life is greater than "any
component good of that life" and hence the former should notbe subordinated to the latter. So only those who are entrusted
with the good of the community can deprive the individual of
his life.
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Principle of Totality
Villanueva, Jenness Jeanne J.BSN 136
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