timetime, space, and development: an introduction to economic geography space timespace geography...

Time, , Space, and , and Development:Development:

An Introduction to An Introduction to Economic GeographyEconomic Geography

Geography 1010BGeography 1010BTuesday/Tuesday/ThursdayThursday9-11 October 20079-11 October 2007

Ian MacLachlanIan MacLachlanhttp://people.uleth.ca/~maclachlan/

Questions? maclachlan@uleth.caQuestions? maclachlan@uleth.ca11

Review of Last WednesdayReview of Last Wednesday

Regional Economic StructureRegional Economic Structure Growth and Development: Case of Growth and Development: Case of

Coalhurst Coalhurst Economic SectorsEconomic Sectors

Structural Change, DevelopmentStructural Change, Development Global and national scaleGlobal and national scale

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Regional Economic Regional Economic Development TodayDevelopment Today

Generalize about Regional Economic Generalize about Regional Economic DevelopmentDevelopment Modernization TheoryModernization Theory Dependency TheoryDependency Theory

AgglomerationAgglomeration Global Assembly LineGlobal Assembly Line Global OfficeGlobal Office

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Theorizing about Economic Theorizing about Economic DevelopmentDevelopment

Shift from empirical Shift from empirical representations…representations…

to theoretical generalizationsto theoretical generalizations

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Stages of Economic DevelopmentStages of Economic Development

Walter W. Rostow’s EconomicDevelopment Model

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Modernization TheoryModernization Theory

Myth of developmentalismMyth of developmentalism Inevitability of progressInevitability of progress

Exploitation was integral to stagesExploitation was integral to stages

Competition in a crowded fieldCompetition in a crowded field Barriers to growth & developmentBarriers to growth & development

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Dependency TheoryDependency Theory

Marxist theory originating in Latin Marxist theory originating in Latin AmericaAmerica

Core and periphery conceptCore and periphery concept Development of core comes at expense Development of core comes at expense

of peripheryof periphery Colonialism and exploitation by imperial Colonialism and exploitation by imperial

powerspowers Neocolonialism and exploitation by TNCsNeocolonialism and exploitation by TNCs

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Dependency TheoryDependency Theory

Underdevelopment is an active processUnderdevelopment is an active process Underdevelopment ‘develops’Underdevelopment ‘develops’

Uneven exchange of low value resources Uneven exchange of low value resources for high valued manufacturesfor high valued manufactures

Wealth and development of the global Wealth and development of the global core is a product of the poverty and core is a product of the poverty and underdevelopment of the periphery underdevelopment of the periphery

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Regional Economic Regional Economic DevelopmentDevelopment

Structure and growthStructure and growth Classification, structural change and Classification, structural change and

economic developmenteconomic development Scales of analysisScales of analysis

CoalhurstCoalhurst CanadaCanada The WorldThe World

Tools for thought!Tools for thought!

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EVERYTHING IN ITS PLACE: PRINCIPLES OF LOCATION

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CATTLE BUTCHERS

Packinghouse aristocrats

Semiskilled difficult

Hazards Injuries

Knifework bravado

Status stigma

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80

85

90

95

100

105

110

115

Perc

ent

of

manufa

ctu

ring a

vera

ge w

age

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

MEATPACKING WAGES AS A PCT. OF MANUFACTURING

Comparatively well paid!

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EVERYTHING IN ITS PLACE: PRINCIPLES OF LOCATION

Market orientationBeveragesPerishablesNewspapers (printing)

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EVERYTHING IN ITS PLACE: PRINCIPLES OF LOCATION

Raw material orientation Resource processing Grain/oilseed millsMeat packing Mineral ore concentrators

Forest products

Natural Valley Farms, Neudorf, Saskatchewan

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EVERYTHING IN ITS PLACE: PRINCIPLES OF LOCATION

External economies Agglomeration effects

Linkages: up and down

Localization economies Shared access to specialty inputs e.g. labour

Infrastructure (fixed social capital) Infrastructure Social capital

Urbanization economies

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GLOBAL ASSEMBLY LINE

Transnational firm Nineteenth century Teck-Cominco, Alcan (Rio-Tinto, 2007) MacMillan-Bloedel (Weyerhaeuser, 1999) Magna, Bombardier – mfg.

Market access – tariff factories Global sourcing

Intrafirm trade: 75% of US imports by 1970

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GLOBAL ASSEMBLY LINE

World products, global scale Export processing zones Dependent on trade

Local products Cement blocks Newspapers Food service

Global homogenization of preferences? 100 mile diet?

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Source: Boeing Everett, WA, largest building in the world 18

GLOBAL OFFICE

Banking, finance, business services Back office functions

suburbanization Offshoring of back offices Call centres

Technical support Ireland, India, Moncton, Lethbridge

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CONCLUSION

Economic activity shapes regions Global trends Regions constrain economic functions Economic geography:

How people earn their livings How livelihood systems vary by region How economic activities are interconnected in space

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