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Achieving Nations Competitiveness
Through Science, Technology, and Innovation
Yanuar Nugroho
Deputy Chief of Staff for Analysis and Strategic Issues
On Sicial, Cultural, and Ecological Affairs
Executive Office of the President, Republic Indonesia
yanuar.nugroho@ksp.go.id
Solo, 9 August 2016
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Making Innovation Works Lesson Learned From Other Countries (1/5)
Clarity on Science & Technology policy framework underpins the Innovation System in the UK
Clear vision
Clear direction
Clear priority
Clear institutional setup
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VISION REGARDING RESEARCH AGENDA HAS TO
FIRST BE DEFINED
Learning from European Research Area ERA (Green
Paper 04.04.07)
1. ERA Vision:
The European Research Area will deeply root
knowledge in society and free Europes knowledge
potential in all its dimensions: people, infrastructures,
organisations, funding, knowledge circulation and
global cooperation (p.9)
2. Making ERA vision reality
1. Promoting mobility of researchers
2. Developing research infrastructures
3. Strengthening research institutions
4. Sharing knowledge
5. Optimising research programme and priorities
6. International cooperation
GRAND CHALLENGES SHOULD THEN BE
DESIGNED TO STIMULATE RESEARCH STREAMS
GRAND CHALLENGES
are of sufficient scale and scope to capture the
public and political imagination, create widespread
interest among scientific and business communities
and NGOs and inspire younger people. They must be
capable of acting as an important tool for percolating
attention at all levels of society all the way down to
civil society and the public at large. (EUR 23326,
2008:37)
CRITERIA for the GC:
1. Is it relevant to address at the EU level?
2. Is there a clear research dimension contribution?
3. Is it feasible as an economic or social investment?
problem of embeddedness
Making Innovation Works Lesson Learned From Other Countries (2/5)
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GRAND CHALLENGES SHOULD THEN BE
DESIGNED TO STIMULATE RESEARCH STREAMS
(continued)
PRIORITIZATION WOULD HELP TO OPTIMIZE
RESOURCE ALLOCATION
GRAND CHALLENGES
1. Water security
2. Energy security
3. Disease
4. Sustainable
development
5. Aging & demography
6. Globalisation
7. Social cohesion
8. Work-life balance
9. Behavioural change
10. Trust in governments
11. Urbanisation
12. Prosperity & Stability
13. Exclusion & poverty
14. Social pathologies
15. Coexistence &
conflicts
16. Crime & corruption
17. Ethics of science &
technology
18. Knowledge divides
19. Techno-security
20. Food security
FRAMEWORK PROGRAMME 7 (FP-7)
RESEARCH PRIORITISATION
1. Information & Communication
Technology
2. Health (including medical)
3. Transport
4. Nanotechnology
5. Energy (including
renewable/green energy)
6. Food and Agro (including
consumption)
7. Environment (including climate
change)
8. Space
9. Security
10. Social Sciences & Humanities
1. Ideas (blue-sky res.)
2. People
3. Capacities
4. EUratom
5. Joint Research Capacity
Making Innovation Works Lesson Learned From Other Countries (3/5)
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ROBUST INSTITUTIONAL SETUP WOULD THEN TAKE AGENDA INTO SUCCESSFUL IMPLEMENTATION
Institutional linkage and framework of coordination UK example
Funding and Research Direction
EU Level |European Research Council
UK Level |UK Research Council
Research and Commercialisation
Universities and Patent Office
Private Sector Third Sector
Research Prioritisation and
Localisation
Local/ Regional Agencies
Researc
h fie
ld R
esearc
h f
ield
Remarks
Clear & measurable research agenda and
priorities evaluation
State direction, but organic evolution and
emergence NOT forced.
S&T Act 1967: ministries have great
flexibilities to make/change adopt systems
of innovation can coordination be
legislated?
Making Innovation Works Lesson Learned From Other Countries (4/5)
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LESSON LEARNED FROM OTHER REGIONS
Some lessons learned EU strong research policy
o Aho report criticising failure to meet Lisbon target
o Triple Helix as norm, despite (heavy) criticisms
BRIC strong leadership
o Clear technology policy (or at least, technological visions)
o State plays a central role
SEA clear objective
o Singapore: clear policy, lead by state, influenced by business, supplied by university; (civil) society
left behind market; services and service industries
o Thailand: policy transfer, referring to EU techno park as manifestation of TH practices; strong role
of government; central role of culture creative and services industry
o Malaysia: technology centre; strong role of government, high level of institutional coordination; high
participation of (civil) society; but lacking systems at national level
India wide participation
o Strong role of (civil) society, clear policy objective, facilitated by state, influenced by brain circulation
Making Innovation Works Lesson Learned From Other Countries (5/5)
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Critics to the Triple Helix Model
(Etzkowitz & Leydesdorff, 2000)
On Emergence Innovations and Why
engaging the Third Sector
When separate, local efforts connect
with each other as networks, then
strengthen as communities of practice,
suddenly and surprisingly a new
system emerges at a greater level of
scale.(Wheatley & Frieze, 2006)
Knowledge is also produced in the third
sector
Jugaad innovation in India one of a
clear example that explains Emergence
ACADEMIA
STATE INDUSTRY
THIRD
SECTOR
Emergence innovations introduce the needs to transform collaboration
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Radio
Komunitas K
FM Dukun
MGL
Radio
Komunitas
Lintas Merapi
Deles Klaten
Radio
Komunitas
MMC FM Selo
Boyolali
Radio
Komunitas
Gema Merapi FM
Cangkringan
Sleman
Radio
Komunitas
LAHARA FM
Jumoyo MGL
Connecting 5 community radio in Merapi's slope with online media, as disaster awareness and preparedness media in normal situation. When crisis occurs, JALIN Merapi functions as early warning system and coordinating stakeholders (local community members, volunteers, donors, media, etc.). In 2010, mainstream media used JALIN Merapi's information as the main reference on Mt. Merapi's eruption.
JALIN Merapis Media Convergence: Community Radio + Two-way Communication Radio + CCTV + Fixed Telephone+ SMS Gateway + Website + Instant Messenger + Live Audio Streaming + Social Media
Selected Case Study Local example Jalin Merapi
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100 NATIONAL
PRIORITIES 2015
335 NATIONAL
PRIORITIES 2016
10 CLUSTERS
OVERSIGHTED BY KSP
Current national focus and priorities are in need of quality STI and Research outputs
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Research and Evidence Based Policy Making is key to Improve National Competitiveness
Competitiveness pillars can be leveraged through STI, research and
evidence based policy making
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We need to improve our current Science, Technology, Innovation (STI) Inputs and Outputs
International Publication Comparison Among
The ASEAN Countries - 1996-2014 Registered Patent Comparison Among Selected ASEAN
Countries (USPTO 2005-2014)
Researchers/
Million Citizen 1,071 765 2,590 7,000 8,000
GERD/ PDB 0.08% 0.39% 1.1% 2.0% 4.1%
Indonesias STI inputs lags behind the neighboring countries
resulting in unsurprisingly poor outputs
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Key Takeaway - Revitalizing management of STI with Epistemic Community being the centerpiece is imperative
STI Management
Revitalization
STI resource and
ecosystem
improvement
Push for Evidence
Based Policy Making
Recommendations Action Items
Revisit roles and functions of the STI actors (DRN, Ristekdikti, LIPI,
BPPT, AIPI, etc.) to create an Epistemic Community in Indonesia which has
the technocratic/ scientific influence rather than political
Strengthening network and collaboration within the community and among
STI stakeholders, including government, academic, private, and third sector
Integrate research and STI agenda in Indonesia including harmonization
with the nations development agenda
Reforming researchers career path as the attempt to boost research output
and productivity
Develop clear roadmap to support the case of increasing R&D
expenditure to GDP or national budget ratio
Ensuring policy makers to make decision based on data while optimizing
findings based on research
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THANK YOU
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Appendix
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PEOPLE INNOVATION SHOULD NOT BE OVERLOOKED - Jalin Merapi (2/2)
It was 5 November 2010, 19.30 [Indonesia time], when a call from a voluntary fieldworker alerted us. We received an emergency request from our Post at Wedi, Klaten, who just received refugees and now needed 6,000 portion of nasi bungkus (rice meal). That phone call was so desperate, asking us to tell the public about the need. We did not dare to promise anything as it was already night time. Who could have provided that much rice meal in such circumstance? However, we kept trying. Our admin team did everything they could. Some called other Posts but we did not get what we needed. Not even close. At 19.55, Nasir tweeted: #DONASI nasbung utk 6000 pengungsi di Pusdiklatpor Depo Kompi C, Wedi, Klaten. MALAM INI | Candy 081XXXXXXXXX [literally: #DONATION ricemeal for 6000 refugees at Pusdiklatpor Depo Kompi C, Wedi, Klaten, TONIGHT | Candy 081XXXXXXXX].
We knew the tweet was re-tweeted by the followers of @Jalin Merapi. In half an hour, the phone rang again. The very volunteer in Klaten told us, gladly, that they have received the rice meal for the 6000 refugees. He wanted us to tell the public about the matter so that there would be no excess of rice meal. We were so glad and felt relieved. One of us tweeted: #DONASI Puslatpur Depo Kompi C, Wedi, Klaten sdh kelebihan stok nasbung. Air minum masih dibutuhkan [literally: #DONATION Puslatpur Depo Kompi C, Wedi, Klaten has received more than enough rice meals. Fresh water is still needed]. (ASD, Jalin Merapi volunteer, interview and written testimony, emailed 15/12/10)
@JalinMerapi > 44.000 follower
From Outside
Indonesia 45% Other 61%
COMPETITIVENESS THROUGH SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION
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PEOPLE INNOVATION OFTEN RESULTS IN A MORE EFFICIENT SOLUTION
Sub-district mobile internet service centre
(M-PLIK) vs. ICTs for Emergency Situation
(TIKUS DARAT)
o Government vs. Civil society initiatives
o Top-down vs. Bottom-up
o 40-50k USD per unit vs. 5-15k USD per unit
COMPETITIVENESS THROUGH SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION
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RESULTS OF MULTI STAKEHOLDERS COLLABORATIONS LEARNING FROM OTHER COUNTRIES (2/2)
The Jaipurfoot
The need: prosthetics for the poor, which are durable, can be used for religious purposes (sitting on the floor), can be produced by low-skilled labours
Result: Jaipurfoot costs US$30 (in the US: US$8k)
Buffalo School by Chaipattana Foundation
Modernisation in agriculture has brought modern machinery, rapidly replacing buffaloes that in the past always played an important role in rice cultivation and had a close relationship with the farmer's life.
Tractors start to be used widely but there are problems: tractor damages the soil and farmers fall deeply into debt to buy tractors.
When the farmers want to use buffaloes again, they do not know how to control them; and vice versa, the buffaloes, which have been away from the field, cannot plough anymore.
COMPETITIVENESS THROUGH SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION
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Selected Case Studies (1/2) Examples from India
Mangalyaan
India becomes the first Asian country to reach Mars, the 4th in the world
Costs only US$75 million, three-quarter of the cost to make Gravity movie (compared to NASAs US$600 million mission to Mars)
Tata Swach The need: clean, affordable water in remote, excluded
society.
Tata Chemicals innovated and invented a portable water purifier using nanotechnology, which does not require energy or electricity to operate, and has a replaceable filter (swach means clean in Hindi).
Technology: rice-husk ash combined with nanotechnology
Result: Each Swach costs Rs999 (US$22.50); sale projection: one million units per year; won the Gold Medal of the Asian Innovation Awards 2010; market expansion to Africa, Southeast Asia and Latin America
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18 Sept 2011 15 Sept 2012 5 Nov 2012 31 December 2012
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RESULTS OF MULTI STAKEHOLDERS COLLABORATIONS LOCAL EXAMPLES
Multistakeholder
action research :
PENCERAH
NUSANTARA
Deployment of voluntary, team-based healthcare service at the most remote areas of Indonesia to be integrated with the local system
Involvement of government (central and local), private sector, civil society, media, academics.
Data collection and subsequent analyses over time
Started 2011, in 7 locations, with 35 volunteers
Outcomes:
o Improvement of health and well being in the locations of deployment
o The model is adopted as the governments priority in 2015, in 120 locations, with nearly 1,000 health workers
SMS 1708
Website
http://lapor.ukp.go.id
Mobile Apps.
Blackberry / Android
Social Media Apps.
@lapor_UKP4
By November 2013: - Over 200.000 users - 1,400 reports per day - Connected to 534 municipals - Connected to 64 ministries
+6285277227XXX (12 Sept 2011):
A bridge at North Singkil District collapsed due to 2006 earthquake and has never been
fixed since. Probably, this is because we do not have a local parliamentarian
representing us at provincial level. The existence of this bridge is crucial to connect
villages in the region.
COMPETITIVENESS THROUGH SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION
http://lapor.ukp.go.id
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REFLECTIONS: WHY INNOVATION AND COLLABORATIONS MATTER
o Fostering public participation in development policy making
o Mobilising public knowledge and intelligence in shaping the future (foresight) through participatory policymaking and budgeting
Widening citizens
participation: Beyond click
activism
Collectively creating safer
environment
Pushing for clean, transparent,
accountable, and effective
bureaucracy that delivers
quality public services
o Wider public participation (including private sector and civil society) in developing and monitoring development using ICTs (social/new media, mobile technologies) is one of the factors that make development sustainable.
o With ICT innovations, citizens can strategise their movement to demand for better public services, which will also drive for more transparent, accountable, and effective government performance.
COMPETITIVENESS THROUGH SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION
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