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for the US Department of Energy
Theory of
Semi-Open Sorption
Gas-Fired Heat
Pump Systems and
Early Experimental
Results
Kyle Gluesenkamp Devesh Chugh Saeed MoghaddamOmar Abdelaziz
ACEEE Hot Water Forum, Portland
February 28, 2017
Session 5B
2 Semi-open Sorption HPWH
Acknowledgments
• Department of Energy (Contract DE-EE0006718.00)
• DOE Building Technology Office – Antonio Bouza
– Jim Payne
– Michael Geocaris
3 Semi-open Sorption HPWH
Outline
• Motivation
• Introduction to sorption heat pumps
• Theory of semi-open sorption
• Experimental results from prototype semi-open system
4 Semi-open Sorption HPWH
Water Heater Primary Energy
• HPWHs have highest potential efficiency
• Cost and novelty are current barriers – R&D needed
𝑃𝐸𝑅 = 𝐸𝐹Gas
HPWH
Hot
water
Losses
𝑷𝑬𝑹 ≈ 𝟏. 𝟎 − 𝟏. 𝟓
Ambient
heat
Fuel
𝑃𝐸𝑅 = 𝐸𝐹Gas WH
Hot
water
Losses
𝑷𝑬𝑹 ≈ 𝟎. 𝟔𝟓Fuel
5 Semi-open Sorption HPWH
Water Heater Primary Energy
• Gas-fired HPWHs have highest potential efficiency
• Cost and novelty are current barriers – R&D needed
𝑃𝐸𝑅 = 𝜂𝑔𝑟𝑖𝑑𝐸𝐹
Fuel
Hot
water
Losses
𝑃𝐸𝑅 ≈ 0.33 ∗ 3
𝑷𝑬𝑹 ≈ 𝟏. 𝟎
𝑃𝐸𝑅 = 𝜂𝑔𝑟𝑖𝑑𝐸𝐹Fuel
Electricity Hot water
Losses 𝑃𝐸𝑅 ≈ 0.33 ∗ 0.9
𝑷𝑬𝑹 ≈ 𝟎. 𝟑𝟎
𝑃𝐸𝑅 = 𝐸𝐹
Power
plant
Electric
HPWH
Power
plant
Elec WH
Gas
HPWH
Hot
water
Losses
𝑷𝑬𝑹 ≈ 𝟏 − 𝟏. 𝟓
Ambient
heat
Ambient
heat
Fuel
Electricity
Losses
Losses
6 Semi-open Sorption HPWH
No Gas-fired HPWH on Market
Source: DOE BTO 2016-2020 Multi-Year Program Plan (Feb 2016)
7 Semi-open Sorption HPWH
Vision: New Cost Effective Gas Option
Gluesenkamp, DOE BTO Peer Review, 2013
8 Semi-open Sorption HPWH
What is a Sorption Heat Pump?
Source: http://www.annex34.org/the-magic-of-thermal-cooling
Source: Kuhn, A. (ed.) Thermally
driven heat pumps for heating and
cooling (2013)
9 Semi-open Sorption HPWH
Triple effect H2O/LiBr
Double effect H2O/LiBr
Single effect H2O/LiBr
Various adsorption cycles
Single effect NH3/H2O
Double effect NH3/H2O
Half effect H2O/LiBr
GAX NH3/H2O
Sorption TechnologiesTh
erm
al C
OP
he
atin
g=
Q1/Q
2
2.5
3.5
3
2
1.5
1
Adapted from: K. Gluesenkamp and R. Radermacher, "Heat Activated Cooling Technologies for Small and
Micro CHP Applications," in Small and Micro CHP Systems, R. Beith, Ed., ed Cambridge, UK: Woodhead
Publishing Ltd., 2013.
= Q
0/Q
2
10 Semi-open Sorption HPWH
Semi-open Sorption Architecture
Traditional closed Semi-open
Key component
11 Semi-open Sorption HPWH
Key Component: Semi-open Absorber
12 Semi-open Sorption HPWH
Open Absorption Water Heater
Solu
tio
n
Process water
Oil
Solution
airair
13 Semi-open Sorption HPWH
Main Benefit
K. Gluesenkamp, D. Chugh, O. Abdelaziz, and S. Moghaddam, "Efficiency Analysis of Semi-Open Sorption
Heat Pump Systems," Renewable Energy, 2016.
Significant cost reduction compared with traditional sorption
14 Semi-open Sorption HPWH
Theoretical Efficiency Established
𝛼 ≡ሶ𝑞𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛′′
ሶ𝑞𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛′′ =
1
1 + ൘ሶ𝑞𝑎𝑖𝑟′′
ሶ𝑞𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛′′
𝑞𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑞𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑞𝑎𝑖𝑟
ሶ𝑚𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟
𝑇𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒
𝑇𝑎𝑖𝑟∞
𝑇𝐻𝑇𝐹∞
Gluesenkamp, K., Chugh, D., Abdelaziz, O., and Moghaddam, S., "Efficiency Analysis of Semi-Open Sorption Heat Pump
Systems," Renewable Energy (in press).
𝐶𝑂𝑃ℎ𝑡𝑔 = 1 +𝛼 − 1 𝐿𝑎𝑏𝑠 + 𝐿𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑
𝐿𝑎𝑏𝑠 + 𝐶𝑝,𝑙𝑖𝑞 1 − 𝜀𝑆𝐻𝑋 ∆𝑇𝐷−𝐴 𝐹𝑅
𝛼 =1
1 +𝑈𝐴𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑇𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 − 𝑇𝑎𝑖𝑟
∞
𝑈𝐴𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑛 𝑇𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 − 𝑇𝐻𝑇𝐹∞
𝑇𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 =ሶ𝑞𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛′′ + 𝑈𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑛𝑇𝐻𝑇𝐹
∞ + 𝑈𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑇𝑎𝑖𝑟∞
𝑈𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑛 + 𝑈𝑎𝑖𝑟
ሶ𝑞𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛′′ = ℎ𝑚𝐿𝑎𝑏𝑠 𝑃𝑤,𝑎𝑖𝑟 − 𝑃𝑤,𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑛 𝑇𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒, 𝑋𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑛
Only three measured values
15 Semi-open Sorption HPWH
Efficiency Expected by Theory
Contours of heating COP for closed and semi-open cycles at various ambient conditions.
Parameter Measured value in
prototype
hm 4.9 10-2 g1m−2s−1kPa−1
Uair 2.67 0.15 W1m−2K−1
Usoln 28.6 1.7 W1m−2K−1
Efficiency can be lower or higher than conventional closed absorption cycle, depending on ambient temperature
Gluesenkamp, K., Chugh, D., Abdelaziz, O., and Moghaddam, S., "Efficiency Analysis of Semi-Open Sorption Heat Pump
Systems," Renewable Energy (in press).
16 Semi-open Sorption HPWH
• Favorable for residential application in 3 climate zones,
encompassing 54% of US homes
Garage, crawlspace, or outdoor closet,
42.6%
Inside house, 24.6%
Heated basement,
18.6%
Unheated basement,
11.6%
Attic, 2.6%
Favorable Climates for Semi-open System
17 Semi-open Sorption HPWH
Research Opportunities
Performance improved by lower air side heat transfer…
Lower Uair values improve performance at fixed permeability (hm =0.049 g1m-2s-1kPa-1)
Gluesenkamp, K., Chugh, D., Abdelaziz, O., and `Moghaddam, S.,
Renewable Energy (in press).
18 Semi-open Sorption HPWH
Research Opportunities
Higher membrane permeability at fixed Uair = 2.667 W1m-2K-1 leads to better performance
… and higher moisture mass transfer.
Gluesenkamp, K., Chugh, D., Abdelaziz, O., and `Moghaddam, S.,
Renewable Energy (in press).
19 Semi-open Sorption HPWH
Experimental System Diagram
T
RI
T
RI
T
T
T
T T
T
Absorber
Desorber
Condenser
SHX
T
Steam
generator
Chiller 2
for air to
liquid HX
Chiller 1
for process
water
Air duct
Solution
pump
Desorber
vapor
T
T
RH Solu
tion
Wat
er
Oil
RHRH
Solution
Flow meter
Oil
Flow meter
T
Water
Flow meter
VCondensate
to drain
SO
HX
Oil circulator
T
T
T
20 Semi-open Sorption HPWH
Prototype Evaluation
21 Semi-open Sorption HPWH
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
500 600 700 800 900
CO
P
Cap
acit
y (
W)
Heat input (W)
Capacity(W) COP
Water inlet temperature of 17°C, ambient conditions are 30°C and 70%RH.
Prototype Evaluation
22 Semi-open Sorption HPWH
References
• Gluesenkamp, K., Chugh, D., Abdelaziz, O., and Moghaddam, S., "Efficiency Analysis of Semi-Open Sorption Heat Pump Systems," Renewable Energy (in press).
• D. Chugh, K. Gluesenkamp, O. Abdelaziz, and S. Moghaddam, “A hybrid absorption cycle for water heating, dehumidification, and evaporative cooling.,” in ASME InterPACKICNMM2015, 2015, p. 9.
• Gluesenkamp, K. (2012). Development and Analysis of Micro PolygenerationSystems and Adsorption Chillers. Dissertation University of Maryland.
• Chugh, D., Nasr Isfahani, R., Gluesenkamp, K., Abdelaziz, O., Moghaddam, S. “A novel absorption cycle for combined water heating, dehumidification and evaporative cooling,” International Sorption Heat Pump Conference, March 31 – April 3, 2014, College Park, MD.
• S. Moghaddam, Thin Film-based Compact Absorption Cooling System, WO Patent 2,013,063,210, 2013.
• S. Moghaddam, D. Chugh, R. Nasr Isfahani, S. Bigham, A. Fazeli, D. Yu, M. Mortazavi, and O. Abdelaziz, Open Absorption Cycle for Combined Dehumidification, Water Heating, and Evaporating Cooling, Patent Application WO/2015/116362, PCT/US2015/010757.
• S. Moghaddam and D. Chugh, Novel Architecture for Absorption-based Heaters, Patent Application UF-14697, 2013.
23 Semi-open Sorption HPWH
Discussion
Kyle Gluesenkampgluesenkampk@ornl.gov
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