theory of semi-open sorption gas-fired heat pump systems ... · 2 semi-open sorption hpwh...

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Theory of

Semi-Open Sorption

Gas-Fired Heat

Pump Systems and

Early Experimental

Results

Kyle Gluesenkamp Devesh Chugh Saeed MoghaddamOmar Abdelaziz

ACEEE Hot Water Forum, Portland

February 28, 2017

Session 5B

2 Semi-open Sorption HPWH

Acknowledgments

• Department of Energy (Contract DE-EE0006718.00)

• DOE Building Technology Office – Antonio Bouza

– Jim Payne

– Michael Geocaris


Outline

• Motivation

• Introduction to sorption heat pumps

• Theory of semi-open sorption

• Experimental results from prototype semi-open system


Water Heater Primary Energy

• HPWHs have highest potential efficiency

• Cost and novelty are current barriers – R&D needed

𝑃𝐸𝑅 = 𝐸𝐹Gas

HPWH

Hot

water

Losses

𝑷𝑬𝑹 ≈ 𝟏. 𝟎 − 𝟏. 𝟓

Ambient

heat

Fuel

𝑃𝐸𝑅 = 𝐸𝐹Gas WH

Hot

water

Losses

𝑷𝑬𝑹 ≈ 𝟎. 𝟔𝟓Fuel


Water Heater Primary Energy

• Gas-fired HPWHs have highest potential efficiency

• Cost and novelty are current barriers – R&D needed

𝑃𝐸𝑅 = 𝜂𝑔𝑟𝑖𝑑𝐸𝐹

Fuel

Hot

water

Losses

𝑃𝐸𝑅 ≈ 0.33 ∗ 3

𝑷𝑬𝑹 ≈ 𝟏. 𝟎

𝑃𝐸𝑅 = 𝜂𝑔𝑟𝑖𝑑𝐸𝐹Fuel

Electricity Hot water

Losses 𝑃𝐸𝑅 ≈ 0.33 ∗ 0.9

𝑷𝑬𝑹 ≈ 𝟎. 𝟑𝟎

𝑃𝐸𝑅 = 𝐸𝐹

Power

plant

Electric

HPWH

Power

plant

Elec WH

Gas

HPWH

Hot

water

Losses

𝑷𝑬𝑹 ≈ 𝟏 − 𝟏. 𝟓

Ambient

heat

Ambient

heat

Fuel

Electricity

Losses

Losses


No Gas-fired HPWH on Market

Source: DOE BTO 2016-2020 Multi-Year Program Plan (Feb 2016)


Vision: New Cost Effective Gas Option

Gluesenkamp, DOE BTO Peer Review, 2013


What is a Sorption Heat Pump?

Source: http://www.annex34.org/the-magic-of-thermal-cooling

Source: Kuhn, A. (ed.) Thermally

driven heat pumps for heating and

cooling (2013)


Triple effect H2O/LiBr

Double effect H2O/LiBr

Single effect H2O/LiBr

Various adsorption cycles

Single effect NH3/H2O

Double effect NH3/H2O

Half effect H2O/LiBr

GAX NH3/H2O

Sorption TechnologiesTh

erm

al C

OP

he

atin

g=

Q1/Q

2

2.5

3.5

3

2

1.5

1

Adapted from: K. Gluesenkamp and R. Radermacher, "Heat Activated Cooling Technologies for Small and

Micro CHP Applications," in Small and Micro CHP Systems, R. Beith, Ed., ed Cambridge, UK: Woodhead

Publishing Ltd., 2013.

= Q

0/Q

2


Semi-open Sorption Architecture

Traditional closed Semi-open

Key component


Key Component: Semi-open Absorber


Open Absorption Water Heater

Solu

tio

n

Process water

Oil

Solution

airair


Main Benefit

K. Gluesenkamp, D. Chugh, O. Abdelaziz, and S. Moghaddam, "Efficiency Analysis of Semi-Open Sorption

Heat Pump Systems," Renewable Energy, 2016.

Significant cost reduction compared with traditional sorption


Theoretical Efficiency Established

𝛼 ≡ሶ𝑞𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛′′

ሶ𝑞𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛′′ =

1

1 + ൘ሶ𝑞𝑎𝑖𝑟′′

ሶ𝑞𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛′′

𝑞𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑞𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑞𝑎𝑖𝑟

ሶ𝑚𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟

𝑇𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒

𝑇𝑎𝑖𝑟∞

𝑇𝐻𝑇𝐹∞

Gluesenkamp, K., Chugh, D., Abdelaziz, O., and Moghaddam, S., "Efficiency Analysis of Semi-Open Sorption Heat Pump

Systems," Renewable Energy (in press).

𝐶𝑂𝑃ℎ𝑡𝑔 = 1 +𝛼 − 1 𝐿𝑎𝑏𝑠 + 𝐿𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑

𝐿𝑎𝑏𝑠 + 𝐶𝑝,𝑙𝑖𝑞 1 − 𝜀𝑆𝐻𝑋 ∆𝑇𝐷−𝐴 𝐹𝑅

𝛼 =1

1 +𝑈𝐴𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑇𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 − 𝑇𝑎𝑖𝑟

∞

𝑈𝐴𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑛 𝑇𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 − 𝑇𝐻𝑇𝐹∞

𝑇𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 =ሶ𝑞𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛′′ + 𝑈𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑛𝑇𝐻𝑇𝐹

∞ + 𝑈𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑇𝑎𝑖𝑟∞

𝑈𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑛 + 𝑈𝑎𝑖𝑟

ሶ𝑞𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛′′ = ℎ𝑚𝐿𝑎𝑏𝑠 𝑃𝑤,𝑎𝑖𝑟 − 𝑃𝑤,𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑛 𝑇𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒, 𝑋𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑛

Only three measured values


Efficiency Expected by Theory

Contours of heating COP for closed and semi-open cycles at various ambient conditions.

Parameter Measured value in

prototype

hm 4.9 10-2 g1m−2s−1kPa−1

Uair 2.67 0.15 W1m−2K−1

Usoln 28.6 1.7 W1m−2K−1

Efficiency can be lower or higher than conventional closed absorption cycle, depending on ambient temperature

Gluesenkamp, K., Chugh, D., Abdelaziz, O., and Moghaddam, S., "Efficiency Analysis of Semi-Open Sorption Heat Pump

Systems," Renewable Energy (in press).


• Favorable for residential application in 3 climate zones,

encompassing 54% of US homes

Garage, crawlspace, or outdoor closet,

42.6%

Inside house, 24.6%

Heated basement,

18.6%

Unheated basement,

11.6%

Attic, 2.6%

Favorable Climates for Semi-open System


Research Opportunities

Performance improved by lower air side heat transfer…

Lower Uair values improve performance at fixed permeability (hm =0.049 g1m-2s-1kPa-1)

Gluesenkamp, K., Chugh, D., Abdelaziz, O., and `Moghaddam, S.,

Renewable Energy (in press).


Research Opportunities

Higher membrane permeability at fixed Uair = 2.667 W1m-2K-1 leads to better performance

… and higher moisture mass transfer.

Gluesenkamp, K., Chugh, D., Abdelaziz, O., and `Moghaddam, S.,

Renewable Energy (in press).


Experimental System Diagram

T

RI

T

RI

T

T

T

T T

T

Absorber

Desorber

Condenser

SHX

T

Steam

generator

Chiller 2

for air to

liquid HX

Chiller 1

for process

water

Air duct

Solution

pump

Desorber

vapor

T

T

RH Solu

tion

Wat

er

Oil

RHRH

Solution

Flow meter

Oil

Flow meter

T

Water

Flow meter

VCondensate

to drain

SO

HX

Oil circulator

T

T

T


Prototype Evaluation


0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1100

1200

500 600 700 800 900

CO

P

Cap

acit

y (

W)

Heat input (W)

Capacity(W) COP

Water inlet temperature of 17°C, ambient conditions are 30°C and 70%RH.

Prototype Evaluation


References

• Gluesenkamp, K., Chugh, D., Abdelaziz, O., and Moghaddam, S., "Efficiency Analysis of Semi-Open Sorption Heat Pump Systems," Renewable Energy (in press).

• D. Chugh, K. Gluesenkamp, O. Abdelaziz, and S. Moghaddam, “A hybrid absorption cycle for water heating, dehumidification, and evaporative cooling.,” in ASME InterPACKICNMM2015, 2015, p. 9.

• Gluesenkamp, K. (2012). Development and Analysis of Micro PolygenerationSystems and Adsorption Chillers. Dissertation University of Maryland.

• Chugh, D., Nasr Isfahani, R., Gluesenkamp, K., Abdelaziz, O., Moghaddam, S. “A novel absorption cycle for combined water heating, dehumidification and evaporative cooling,” International Sorption Heat Pump Conference, March 31 – April 3, 2014, College Park, MD.

• S. Moghaddam, Thin Film-based Compact Absorption Cooling System, WO Patent 2,013,063,210, 2013.

• S. Moghaddam, D. Chugh, R. Nasr Isfahani, S. Bigham, A. Fazeli, D. Yu, M. Mortazavi, and O. Abdelaziz, Open Absorption Cycle for Combined Dehumidification, Water Heating, and Evaporating Cooling, Patent Application WO/2015/116362, PCT/US2015/010757.

• S. Moghaddam and D. Chugh, Novel Architecture for Absorption-based Heaters, Patent Application UF-14697, 2013.


Discussion

Kyle [email protected]

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theory of semi-open sorption gas-fired heat pump systems ... · 2 semi-open sorption hpwh...

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