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The Utilisation of Australia’s

Research Reactor, OPAL

Kith Mendis, John Bennett and Jamie Schulz

Sydney

Introducing ANSTO

• Centre of Australian nuclear expertise

• Home of Australia’s only nuclear reactor

• Australian government science and technology

organisation

• Around 1000 employees

• Addressing issues such as health care,

environment protection, assistance to industry

and regional interactions

OPAL Research Reactor and

applications

Nuclear-based science benefiting all Australians

Research reactor operation

HIFAR operating since 1958 (Shutdown in 2007)

National facilities Centre of Excellence

Neutron beams for science

Radio-isotopes for medicine and industry

Commercial & research irradiations

OPAL Reactor

• Multi-purpose facility – neutron beams,

radiopharmaceuticals, irradiation of materials

• 20 MW thermal power

• Compact core (~300 kW/L)

• Plate type Low Enriched Uranium fuel

• D2O reflector

• Upward coolant flow (light water)

• 2 independent & diverse shutdown systems

Construction Time Lapse

12th August 2006

OPAL opened 20

April 2007

Existing Capabilities

– Education & Training:

• Public Tours and Visits

• Training on Reactor Operation

• Training on Radiation Protection

– Irradiations for Neutron Activation Analysis

– Delayed Neutron Activation Analysis

– Production of Radioisotopes

• Medical radioisotopes for needs of Australia and other

countries

• Range of isotopes for industrial and research purposes

Existing Capabilities

– Irradiations for Geochronology

• Argon Geochronology

• Fission Track Geochronology

– Transmutation Effects

• Neutron Transmutation Doping of Silicon

up to 8 inch diameter

• Materials Irradiation

– Neutron Beam Research

• SANS, neutron diffraction, residual stress

measurement

Existing Capabilities

– Nuclear Analysis capabilities in neutronics,

criticality, thermal-hydraulics and shielding

– Water Tunnel for hydraulic testing and flow

studies

– Cold Neutron Source for beam research over

cold neutron energy range

Potential Capabilities

– Education & Training:

• Teaching programs for physical/ biological

science and nuclear engineering

– Prompt Gamma Neutron Activation Analysis

– Positron Source

– Testing

• Instrument Testing and Calibration

• Loops for Testing Nuclear Fuel

– Neutron Radiography

v Static Radiography

v Motion Radiography

v Tomography

– Hot Neutron Source for beam research using fast

neutrons.

Potential Capabilities

Coolant Channels between

Fuel Plates

Central Control

Rod

Hf Control

Rods

Fuel Assemblies

Fuel Plates

Reactor Core

Reactor Core

Reflector facilities

Pneumatic

transfer system

tubes

PCS suction

line

Si rigs CNS

Core Bulk irradiation

facilities

Radioisotopes for Nuclear

Medicine/ Research Isotopes

• Total of 17 Bulk Irradiation Facilities

arranged in three different classes,

principally for the production of Molybdenum-

99 and Iodine-131

• Total of 55 Long Residence Time Facilities

available for the production of a range of

isotopes for medical and research purposes.

Low Flux Facilities

Mo-99

Medium Flux Facilities

I-131

High Flux Facilities

Bulk irradiation facilities

Irradiations Currently Performed

• Medical Isotopes – Mo99, Iodine 131,

Samarium 153, Chromium 51, Yttrium 90,

Lutetium 177

• Long and Short Residence Time NAA

• Material Irradiations for research and to

determine neutron damage

• Delayed NAA for Uranium Analysis

• Neutron Transmutation Doping of Silicon

Planned Irradiations

• Bulk production of Lutetium 177

• Geochronology samples – Fission Track and

Argon Dating

• Radioactive Tracers – Scandium 46

• Gold 198 Grains

• Brachetherapy Sources – Iodine 125 seeds

Rigs and cans

TARGETS

NOZZLE

Silicon Ingot

Bottom Silicon

Dummy

Silicon Ingot

Silicon Ingot

Lifting Lug

Top Dummy

Results - BIF

LF04

0

2E+13

4E+13

6E+13

8E+13

1E+14

1.2E+14

-200 0 200 400 600 800

Position from top [mm]

Th

erm

al f

lux

measured

MCNP

LF05

0

2E+13

4E+13

6E+13

8E+13

1E+14

1.2E+14

-200 0 200 400 600 800

Position from top [cm]

Th

erm

al f

lux

measured

MCNP

Compare calculations and

measurements

The Production Process

LEU in reactor for

irradiation &

Mo-99 from fission

process

Mo-99 separated Tc-99m Generator

to

Customer

Manufacture of radiopharmaceuticals

6 facilities for silicon irradiation at OPAL suitable for 4”, 5”, 6” and

8” diameter silicon crystals

Facilities are located in the reactor D2O reflector vessel exposed

to a neutron flux with Cd ratio > 1000 (approx)

Silicon irradiation

Silicon crystals are irradiated in

aluminum cans in rotating rigs and

water cooled

Neutron flux range from 2.5E12 to

1.6E13

Customer base – Japan & Europe

electronics suppliers

Applications of NAA and DNAA – environment

– geoscience and mineralogy

– forensics and counter-terrorism

– archaeology

– agriculture and food science

– materials science

– medical science

– metrology

NAA - short residence time facility – ‘self-service’

< 3E13 cm-2 s-1

< 15 minutes

Long residence time facility < 20 hours ~ 9E12 cm-2 s-1

Short and long irradiation NAA cans

NAA results - reference material irradiated in SRT and LRT facilities

0.70

0.75

0.80

0.85

0.90

0.95

1.00

1.05

1.10

1.15

1.20

1.25

1.30

Yb Ce Pr Zn Th As Au Br Sb Mo

Element

Co

nc

en

tra

tio

n -

Me

as

ure

d /

Ce

rtif

ied

June 2009 - Short IF

Aug 2009 - Long IF

DNAA facility

~ 6E12 cm-2 s-1

DNAA can loading device

NAA and DNAA at ANSTO • Australian universities

- archaeology: pottery, ochre, bone, …

- environment: mining, estuarine, …

- geology and mineralogy

• ANSTO

- mineral processing, U

- climate change

- forensics

• Industry

• Government research agencies

– metrology

– geoscience

• INAA method development

• International networks

Utilisation of Irradiation Facilities

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

Operating Cycle

Nu

mb

er o

f Ir

rad

iati

on

s

Beams for neutron scattering science

Beam facilities

Assembly #1

Thermal Beam

Assembly #2

Cold Beam

Assembly #4

Thermal Beam

Assembly #5

Hot Beam

Assembly #3

Cold Beam

(Future)

Reactor face, guide bunker & neutron guides

Mirrotron engineers installing out-

of-pile neutron guides

TG4 CG4

TG1 TG3

Thermal neutron guides run ~ 40m in bunker

150 x 50 mm 300 x 50 mm

neutron guide cross-section

Beams vary from 50 -100 mm wide and from 150 - 300 mm high at exit window

Thermal Neutron Fluxes & Spectra TG1 Au foil measurement

• Φ = 1.24 x 1010

n/cm2/s

(2nd break after Reactor Face)

– Estimate ΦRF ≤ 5.0 x 1010 n/cm2/s

• Φ = 3.3 x 109 n/cm

2/s

(Wombat 45m from Reactor Face)

– c.f. predicted value of 2.4 x 109 n/cm2/s OPAL:TG3@20MW (235U) + OPAL:TG4@300kW & JAERI:T1-4, calibration z =-30, w =0.985 us

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

0 1 2 3 4 5

wavelength (A)

neu

tro

n c

ou

nts

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

18000

20000

TG4 15 Oct, 300kW

TG3 235U 17 Dec (no coll)

TG3 235U 16 Dec (coll)TG4 spectrum

1

2

3

4

5

6

7A B C

vertical

horizontal

TG1 at Wombat

monochromator (view to source)

3.02E+09-3.08E+09

2.96E+09-3.02E+09

2.91E+09-2.96E+09

2.85E+09-2.91E+09

2.79E+09-2.85E+09

2.73E+09-2.79E+09

2.67E+09-2.73E+09

2.62E+09-2.67E+09

2.56E+09-2.62E+09

2.50E+09-2.56E+09

Φ = 2.9 x 109 n/cm2/s

2 % contours

variation:

10% (h) x 2% (v)

Wombat

Cold Neutron Source

• Long wavelength

neutrons are

produced in a

moderator of

liquid D2 (~20 K)

next to the core

of the reactor

M ODERATOR

C ELL J ACKET

D ISPLACER

M ODERATOR

C ELL

D 2 I NLET D 2 O UTLET

H e I NLET

H e O UTLET

Cold Neutron Fluxes & Spectra • Peak in cold neutron spectrum at

reactor face: λ ~ 3 Å

Φ = 3.6 x 109 n/cm2/s

10 % contours

CG4

OPAL:CG4@19MW (235U) + OPAL:TG4@300kW, calibration z =0, w =1.00 us

5000

15000

25000

35000

45000

55000

65000

75000

85000

0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0

wavelength (A)

neu

tro

n c

ou

nts

0

2500

5000

7500

10000

12500

TG4, 300 kW

CG4, 19 MW

1

2

3

4

5

6

7HGFEDCBA

ve

rtic

al

horizontal

CG4: Total Flux at Reactor Face ~ 4.5 metres (view to source)

8.33E+06-9.25E+06

7.40E+06-8.33E+06

6.48E+06-7.40E+06

5.55E+06-6.48E+06

4.63E+06-5.55E+06

3.70E+06-4.63E+06

2.78E+06-3.70E+06

1.85E+06-2.78E+06

9.25E+05-1.85E+06

0.00E+00-9.25E+05

Bragg Institute / Neutron Guide Hall

Operational Neutron Beam Instruments at OPAL

Platypus (Reflectometer)

Wombat (Hi-Intensity

Powder)

Kowari (Residual Stress)

Koala (Single Crystal)

Quokka (SANS)

Echidna (Hi-Resolution

Powder)

Taipan (Thermal TAS)

The Next Generation (under construction)

Kookaburra

(USANS) Pelican

(Polarised Spectrometer) Sika

(Cold TAS)

Bilby

(SANS) Dingo

(Radiography)

Emu

(Backscattering)

Polarization

Spectrometer

Pelican

Reflectometer

Platypus

Residual Stress

Kowari

High Speed

Diffractometer

Wombat

Small Angle

Neutron Scattering

Quokka

Quasi-Laue

Diffractometer

Koala

Three Axis Spectrometers Neutron Scattering

Instruments

at OPAL

High Resolution

Diffractometer

Echidna

Taipan

Sika

USANS

Kookaburra

Radiography

Dingo

Backscattering

Emu

SANS

Bilby

ANSTO’s neutron-beam instruments are used to solve complex research

and industrial problems in many important fields.

Battery Materials on Wombat • Ion-mobility

• Structure-property

relationships

• Cell construction

(cathode/electrolyte

interfaces, microstructure)

Image:http://www.gaston-lithium.com

Battery Materials on Wombat

• In-situ charging/discharging cycling on Wombat

20 115 2q

5min/run

60hrs

Discharged

Charging

Charged

Welded Pipelines on Kowari • Integrity assessment of a welded

branch connection for high-

pressure gas pipeline on KOWARI

- found to be fit for service.

Papers so far from OPAL • 37 papers from 6 instruments (+13 submitted)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

ECHIDNA

(powder)

WOMBAT

(powder)

KOALA (SXD) KOWARI

(strain-

scanner)

PLATYPUS

(reflectometer)

QUOKKA

(SANS)

TAIPAN (3-

axis)

Nu

mb

er

of

refe

ree

d p

ap

ers

(20

07

-20

10

)

submitted

published

Interface with Customers

• Regular contact is maintained with all internal

customers to ensure that their requirements are met in

the delivery of Medical Isotopes and Commercial

Irradiations. In addition:

– Monthly meetings are held with major internal customers at

management level for intermediate and long term planning

– Weekly meetings held with all internal customers to review

irradiation schedules and to receive feedback on client

satisfaction

– Continuous feedback provided to customers when disruptions

occur to reactor operations and irradiation schedules

Future Utilisation

• There has been a significant increase in the

utilisation of reactor facilities in the past 4

years

• Significant achievements have been gained in

the areas of NAA and DNAA and also in

utilising the neutron beam instruments for

research over a wide range of applications

• A strategic plan is in place to further improve

the use of OPAL towards achieving optimum

utilisation of irradiation and beam facilities

Thank you