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The Utilisation of Australia’s
Research Reactor, OPAL
Kith Mendis, John Bennett and Jamie Schulz
Sydney
Introducing ANSTO
• Centre of Australian nuclear expertise
• Home of Australia’s only nuclear reactor
• Australian government science and technology
organisation
• Around 1000 employees
• Addressing issues such as health care,
environment protection, assistance to industry
and regional interactions
OPAL Research Reactor and
applications
Nuclear-based science benefiting all Australians
Research reactor operation
HIFAR operating since 1958 (Shutdown in 2007)
National facilities Centre of Excellence
Neutron beams for science
Radio-isotopes for medicine and industry
Commercial & research irradiations
OPAL Reactor
• Multi-purpose facility – neutron beams,
radiopharmaceuticals, irradiation of materials
• 20 MW thermal power
• Compact core (~300 kW/L)
• Plate type Low Enriched Uranium fuel
• D2O reflector
• Upward coolant flow (light water)
• 2 independent & diverse shutdown systems
Construction Time Lapse
12th August 2006
OPAL opened 20
April 2007
Existing Capabilities
– Education & Training:
• Public Tours and Visits
• Training on Reactor Operation
• Training on Radiation Protection
– Irradiations for Neutron Activation Analysis
– Delayed Neutron Activation Analysis
– Production of Radioisotopes
• Medical radioisotopes for needs of Australia and other
countries
• Range of isotopes for industrial and research purposes
Existing Capabilities
– Irradiations for Geochronology
• Argon Geochronology
• Fission Track Geochronology
– Transmutation Effects
• Neutron Transmutation Doping of Silicon
up to 8 inch diameter
• Materials Irradiation
– Neutron Beam Research
• SANS, neutron diffraction, residual stress
measurement
Existing Capabilities
– Nuclear Analysis capabilities in neutronics,
criticality, thermal-hydraulics and shielding
– Water Tunnel for hydraulic testing and flow
studies
– Cold Neutron Source for beam research over
cold neutron energy range
Potential Capabilities
– Education & Training:
• Teaching programs for physical/ biological
science and nuclear engineering
– Prompt Gamma Neutron Activation Analysis
– Positron Source
– Testing
• Instrument Testing and Calibration
• Loops for Testing Nuclear Fuel
– Neutron Radiography
v Static Radiography
v Motion Radiography
v Tomography
– Hot Neutron Source for beam research using fast
neutrons.
Potential Capabilities
Coolant Channels between
Fuel Plates
Central Control
Rod
Hf Control
Rods
Fuel Assemblies
Fuel Plates
Reactor Core
Reactor Core
Reflector facilities
Pneumatic
transfer system
tubes
PCS suction
line
Si rigs CNS
Core Bulk irradiation
facilities
Radioisotopes for Nuclear
Medicine/ Research Isotopes
• Total of 17 Bulk Irradiation Facilities
arranged in three different classes,
principally for the production of Molybdenum-
99 and Iodine-131
• Total of 55 Long Residence Time Facilities
available for the production of a range of
isotopes for medical and research purposes.
Low Flux Facilities
Mo-99
Medium Flux Facilities
I-131
High Flux Facilities
Bulk irradiation facilities
Irradiations Currently Performed
• Medical Isotopes – Mo99, Iodine 131,
Samarium 153, Chromium 51, Yttrium 90,
Lutetium 177
• Long and Short Residence Time NAA
• Material Irradiations for research and to
determine neutron damage
• Delayed NAA for Uranium Analysis
• Neutron Transmutation Doping of Silicon
Planned Irradiations
• Bulk production of Lutetium 177
• Geochronology samples – Fission Track and
Argon Dating
• Radioactive Tracers – Scandium 46
• Gold 198 Grains
• Brachetherapy Sources – Iodine 125 seeds
Rigs and cans
TARGETS
NOZZLE
Silicon Ingot
Bottom Silicon
Dummy
Silicon Ingot
Silicon Ingot
Lifting Lug
Top Dummy
Results - BIF
LF04
0
2E+13
4E+13
6E+13
8E+13
1E+14
1.2E+14
-200 0 200 400 600 800
Position from top [mm]
Th
erm
al f
lux
measured
MCNP
LF05
0
2E+13
4E+13
6E+13
8E+13
1E+14
1.2E+14
-200 0 200 400 600 800
Position from top [cm]
Th
erm
al f
lux
measured
MCNP
Compare calculations and
measurements
The Production Process
LEU in reactor for
irradiation &
Mo-99 from fission
process
Mo-99 separated Tc-99m Generator
to
Customer
Manufacture of radiopharmaceuticals
6 facilities for silicon irradiation at OPAL suitable for 4”, 5”, 6” and
8” diameter silicon crystals
Facilities are located in the reactor D2O reflector vessel exposed
to a neutron flux with Cd ratio > 1000 (approx)
Silicon irradiation
Silicon crystals are irradiated in
aluminum cans in rotating rigs and
water cooled
Neutron flux range from 2.5E12 to
1.6E13
Customer base – Japan & Europe
electronics suppliers
Applications of NAA and DNAA – environment
– geoscience and mineralogy
– forensics and counter-terrorism
– archaeology
– agriculture and food science
– materials science
– medical science
– metrology
NAA - short residence time facility – ‘self-service’
< 3E13 cm-2 s-1
< 15 minutes
Long residence time facility < 20 hours ~ 9E12 cm-2 s-1
Short and long irradiation NAA cans
NAA results - reference material irradiated in SRT and LRT facilities
0.70
0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00
1.05
1.10
1.15
1.20
1.25
1.30
Yb Ce Pr Zn Th As Au Br Sb Mo
Element
Co
nc
en
tra
tio
n -
Me
as
ure
d /
Ce
rtif
ied
June 2009 - Short IF
Aug 2009 - Long IF
DNAA facility
~ 6E12 cm-2 s-1
DNAA can loading device
NAA and DNAA at ANSTO • Australian universities
- archaeology: pottery, ochre, bone, …
- environment: mining, estuarine, …
- geology and mineralogy
• ANSTO
- mineral processing, U
- climate change
- forensics
• Industry
• Government research agencies
– metrology
– geoscience
• INAA method development
• International networks
Utilisation of Irradiation Facilities
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
Operating Cycle
Nu
mb
er o
f Ir
rad
iati
on
s
Beams for neutron scattering science
Beam facilities
Assembly #1
Thermal Beam
Assembly #2
Cold Beam
Assembly #4
Thermal Beam
Assembly #5
Hot Beam
Assembly #3
Cold Beam
(Future)
Reactor face, guide bunker & neutron guides
Mirrotron engineers installing out-
of-pile neutron guides
TG4 CG4
TG1 TG3
Thermal neutron guides run ~ 40m in bunker
150 x 50 mm 300 x 50 mm
neutron guide cross-section
Beams vary from 50 -100 mm wide and from 150 - 300 mm high at exit window
Thermal Neutron Fluxes & Spectra TG1 Au foil measurement
• Φ = 1.24 x 1010
n/cm2/s
(2nd break after Reactor Face)
– Estimate ΦRF ≤ 5.0 x 1010 n/cm2/s
• Φ = 3.3 x 109 n/cm
2/s
(Wombat 45m from Reactor Face)
– c.f. predicted value of 2.4 x 109 n/cm2/s OPAL:TG3@20MW (235U) + OPAL:TG4@300kW & JAERI:T1-4, calibration z =-30, w =0.985 us
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
0 1 2 3 4 5
wavelength (A)
neu
tro
n c
ou
nts
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
18000
20000
TG4 15 Oct, 300kW
TG3 235U 17 Dec (no coll)
TG3 235U 16 Dec (coll)TG4 spectrum
1
2
3
4
5
6
7A B C
vertical
horizontal
TG1 at Wombat
monochromator (view to source)
3.02E+09-3.08E+09
2.96E+09-3.02E+09
2.91E+09-2.96E+09
2.85E+09-2.91E+09
2.79E+09-2.85E+09
2.73E+09-2.79E+09
2.67E+09-2.73E+09
2.62E+09-2.67E+09
2.56E+09-2.62E+09
2.50E+09-2.56E+09
Φ = 2.9 x 109 n/cm2/s
2 % contours
variation:
10% (h) x 2% (v)
Wombat
Cold Neutron Source
• Long wavelength
neutrons are
produced in a
moderator of
liquid D2 (~20 K)
next to the core
of the reactor
M ODERATOR
C ELL J ACKET
D ISPLACER
M ODERATOR
C ELL
D 2 I NLET D 2 O UTLET
H e I NLET
H e O UTLET
Cold Neutron Fluxes & Spectra • Peak in cold neutron spectrum at
reactor face: λ ~ 3 Å
Φ = 3.6 x 109 n/cm2/s
10 % contours
CG4
OPAL:CG4@19MW (235U) + OPAL:TG4@300kW, calibration z =0, w =1.00 us
5000
15000
25000
35000
45000
55000
65000
75000
85000
0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0
wavelength (A)
neu
tro
n c
ou
nts
0
2500
5000
7500
10000
12500
TG4, 300 kW
CG4, 19 MW
1
2
3
4
5
6
7HGFEDCBA
ve
rtic
al
horizontal
CG4: Total Flux at Reactor Face ~ 4.5 metres (view to source)
8.33E+06-9.25E+06
7.40E+06-8.33E+06
6.48E+06-7.40E+06
5.55E+06-6.48E+06
4.63E+06-5.55E+06
3.70E+06-4.63E+06
2.78E+06-3.70E+06
1.85E+06-2.78E+06
9.25E+05-1.85E+06
0.00E+00-9.25E+05
Bragg Institute / Neutron Guide Hall
Operational Neutron Beam Instruments at OPAL
Platypus (Reflectometer)
Wombat (Hi-Intensity
Powder)
Kowari (Residual Stress)
Koala (Single Crystal)
Quokka (SANS)
Echidna (Hi-Resolution
Powder)
Taipan (Thermal TAS)
The Next Generation (under construction)
Kookaburra
(USANS) Pelican
(Polarised Spectrometer) Sika
(Cold TAS)
Bilby
(SANS) Dingo
(Radiography)
Emu
(Backscattering)
Polarization
Spectrometer
Pelican
Reflectometer
Platypus
Residual Stress
Kowari
High Speed
Diffractometer
Wombat
Small Angle
Neutron Scattering
Quokka
Quasi-Laue
Diffractometer
Koala
Three Axis Spectrometers Neutron Scattering
Instruments
at OPAL
High Resolution
Diffractometer
Echidna
Taipan
Sika
USANS
Kookaburra
Radiography
Dingo
Backscattering
Emu
SANS
Bilby
ANSTO’s neutron-beam instruments are used to solve complex research
and industrial problems in many important fields.
Battery Materials on Wombat • Ion-mobility
• Structure-property
relationships
• Cell construction
(cathode/electrolyte
interfaces, microstructure)
Image:http://www.gaston-lithium.com
Battery Materials on Wombat
• In-situ charging/discharging cycling on Wombat
20 115 2q
5min/run
60hrs
Discharged
Charging
Charged
Welded Pipelines on Kowari • Integrity assessment of a welded
branch connection for high-
pressure gas pipeline on KOWARI
- found to be fit for service.
Papers so far from OPAL • 37 papers from 6 instruments (+13 submitted)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
ECHIDNA
(powder)
WOMBAT
(powder)
KOALA (SXD) KOWARI
(strain-
scanner)
PLATYPUS
(reflectometer)
QUOKKA
(SANS)
TAIPAN (3-
axis)
Nu
mb
er
of
refe
ree
d p
ap
ers
(20
07
-20
10
)
submitted
published
Interface with Customers
• Regular contact is maintained with all internal
customers to ensure that their requirements are met in
the delivery of Medical Isotopes and Commercial
Irradiations. In addition:
– Monthly meetings are held with major internal customers at
management level for intermediate and long term planning
– Weekly meetings held with all internal customers to review
irradiation schedules and to receive feedback on client
satisfaction
– Continuous feedback provided to customers when disruptions
occur to reactor operations and irradiation schedules
Future Utilisation
• There has been a significant increase in the
utilisation of reactor facilities in the past 4
years
• Significant achievements have been gained in
the areas of NAA and DNAA and also in
utilising the neutron beam instruments for
research over a wide range of applications
• A strategic plan is in place to further improve
the use of OPAL towards achieving optimum
utilisation of irradiation and beam facilities
Thank you