the renaissance and reformation
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The Renaissance and Reformation
Renaissance means REBIRTH….Of learning, knowledge, and arts
What is the Renaissance?
1. What were the causes of the Renaissance?2. How did Renaissance ideas spread
northward and influence Northern culture and society?
3. What were the causes and effects of the Protestant Reformation?
4. How did the Catholic response to the Protestant Reformation affect the Catholic Church?
Essential Questions
Society had changed.Why?
Black Death=Less PeopleLess people=Food SurplusFood Surplus=More Money
The Rise of City-StatesItaly was divided into large city-states in the
NorthLarge papal states and kingdoms in the South
I. The Beginning of the Renaissance
Venice = sea tradeMilan = agriculture, silk, weaponsFlorence = bankers
The Renaissance started in ItalyWhy?Cultural diffusion from the CrusadesLocation
Italian City-States
I. HumanismBelieved individuals and accomplishments
were importantHumans were important,
not religionHuman mind was limitlessWrote in vernacular
Vernacular: Everyday speech
Renaissance Ideas
1500s Italy was at war, life was not securePeople began to leave the Catholic Church
Thought the church had failed themSecular means worldly, not of the church
“Renaissance Man”Smart, worldly, artistic, speak Latin
and GreekThe Courtier by Castiglione,
described this man
II. Secular Writers/Beliefs
Written by Machiavelli, a political philosopherBelieved rulers must do what is necessary to
keep control“The ends justify the means”
The Prince
Most people focused on history, geography, politics
Science begins to emerge Problem: It challenged the Catholic ChurchChurch taught geocentricism
Earth=center of the universeScientists taught heliocentricism
Sun=center of the universeCopernicus and Galileo, scientists' who fought
against the Catholic ChurchBoth arrested by the Church
III. Science of the Renaissance
PatronsSomeone who pays for art
Middle Ages: Art was created by anonymous artists
Renaissance: artists worked for whoever paid the most money
IV. Renaissance Art
Florence, ItalyVery wealthy merchantsPatrons of the Arts
Gave $ to artists, intellectuals, musicians
Lorenzo de Medici largest patron
The Medici Family
Painted natural world, realisticStudied Perspective
3DVery different from medieval art
How?Painted some religious scenes, also sculpted
ancient Greek formsShows interest in Classics
Architecture used columns, arches…sound similar?
Styles/Techniques
Perspective
Medieval versus. Renaissance Art
Painter, writer, engineer, architect, mathematician, musician and philosopher
Works: The Last Supper, The Mona LisaFlying machines, canals, designed 1st
machine gun
Leonardo da Vinci
The Last Supper
Sculptors studied anatomy Why? Realism
Won fame with Pieta Sculpture of Mary and Jesus
Works: David, ceiling of the Sistine Chapel
Sistine Chapel Tour
Michelangelo
SculptorWork: David
Donatello
Painter and ArchitectMost famous work is The School of Athens
A fresco, paint on wet plaster
Raphael
Renaissance architectWork: St. Peter’s Basilica
Bramante
St. Peter’s Basilica
The Northern Renaissance
Trade networks across Europe grewTrade was
controlled by the Hanseatic LeagueMerchant organizationOperated to protect
its membersRenaissance ideas spread
through trade from Italy
I. Trading Goods and Ideas
Johannes GutenbergDeveloped the moveable type printing pressTexts were now cheaperCheaper books Ownership increases
Increase in literacy Renaissance ideas spread
Gutenberg Bible 1st book to be printed
Revolution!
Moveable Type
ErasmusPriestChristian HumanismSimple life, education of childrenCondemned by the Catholic Church
Philosophers and Writers
Best known for UtopiaMeant for a
humanist audienceCriticized government,
wanted perfect society based on reason and logic
Sir Thomas More
Greatest English PlaywrightSpread Renaissance ideas to the massesPlays were a shift from religious morals of the
Middle AgesWrote in the vernacularRomeo and Juliet, Macbeth, Hamlet
William Shakespeare
Focused on the role of women
Wrote biographies of royalsWrote guides for
women on moralityChampion of education
and equality for women
Christine de Pisan
Influenced by Italian artistsVery realistic paintersItalians = beauty of ancient Rome and GreeceNorthern = depicted realism of people and
nature
Albrecht DurerPainted oils
Jan van EyckLandscapes and domestic life
Northern artists used religious symbolism
Northern Renaissance Artists
Albrecht Durer
Jan van Eyck
ART Italian Renaissance Northern Renaissance
Subject Matter Interiors, Portraits, Landscapes
Style Symmetrical, Perspective,
BalancedKnown For
Media Frescoes, Sculpture, Oil
Example
Artists Jan van Eyck, Albrecht Durer
Italian v. Northern Renaissance
The Protestant Reformation
Wealth of the church grew, money = corruption
Respect for the church began to dropChurch taxed citizens to pay for projects
Indulgences:The Pope need moneySolution: Sell indulgences
Pardon that reduces time spent in purgatory
“Selling salvation”
I. Problems with the Church
Indulgences
John Wycliffe: 1330s, church should give up possessions
Jan Hus: 1370s, preached against immorality of the Church1412, excommunicated by the Pope, later
burned at the stake
II. Reformers
1517 The Year the Protestant Reformation began!
Luther made complaints about the ChurchCalled the 95 Theses
Thesis: ArgumentWritten in Latin, directed towards church leadersMailed complaints to the church door
Said Indulgences were sinful
Martin Luther
God’s grace cannot be won through works alone
Needed faith for salvationHead of the church is Jesus Christ, NOT the
PopeInsisted on people interpreting the scriptures
for themselvesTranslated Bible into German
Why? So common people can read it.
Luther’s Platforms
1520, Pope Leo X excommunicated LutherExcommunicated: no longer part of the church
1521, summoned to appear before the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V at the Diet of WormsHRE said Luther was an outlaw and
condemned his work1529, HRE Charles V tried to suppress
Luther’s writingHis followers “protested” = Protestants
Reactions to Luther
Luther at the Diet of Worms
Lutheranism = GermanySwitzerland = Ulrich Zwingli
TheocracyCriticized by LutherFollowers often attacked by CatholicsDies in battle 1531
Geneva, Switzerland = John CalvinPreached predestination
God knows who will be saved Church attendance was mandatoryVery strict
The Spread of Protestantism
Scotland = John KnoxRoots of PresbyterianismPresbytery
Governed by clergy and the members
Another group develops: The AnabaptistsBaptized adultsCrime at the time since you were
baptized as an infantWhy? Original Sin
Henry VIIIBecame King of England in 1509, age 17Devout Catholic, denounced LutherBy 1525, wife had only one child (Mary)Needed a male heir, but his wife, Catherine of
Aragone was olderAsked the Pope to annul the marriageProblem:
HRE Charles V was Catherine’s nephewPope said no
Protestantism in England
Reformation ParliamentHenry VII summoned Parliament said England
was no longer under the rule of the Catholic Church
Started his own church, The Anglican ChurchVERY SIMILAR to Catholicism
In American, known as the Episcopal Church
Henry VIII and his solution
Total 6 wives, 3 childrenCatherine of Aragon Mary DivorcedAnne Boleyn Elizabeth BeheadedJane Seymour Edward VI DiedAnn of Cleves No children DivorcedCatherine Howard No children BeheadedKatherine Parr No children Survived
Henry VIII and his wives
At his death, son Edward VI took the throne (son of Jane Seymour) 1547
Edward VI dies 1552Mary (daughter of Catherine of Aragon)
comes to powerKills protestants “Bloody Mary”
Mary dies, Elizabeth I takes throne (daughter of Anne Boleyn)
After Henry VIII
Edward VIMary I
Elizabeth I
Known as The Golden AgeThreatened by Catholics who wanted Mary
Queen of Scots to ruleShe persecuted Catholics
Significance: Firmly established Anglican Church
England under Elizabeth
The Counter Reformation
CorruptionFinancial AbuseLoss of Members to the Protestant
Reformation
Solution: The Counter ReformationResponse of the Catholic Church to criticisms
Problems
SavonarolaPreached sermons against the Catholic ChurchChurch should give up material possessionsInspired people to burn jewelry and trinkets
“Bonfire of the VanitiesExcommunicated and executed in 1498
Early Reformers
Wanted to reform Catholic spirituality and service
Founder: Ignatius of LoyolaEmphasized discipline and obedience to the
churchConcentrated on education
Universities, Colleges, Missions(In the USA: Boston College, Georgetown,
Gonzaga)
The Jesuits
Pope Paul III 1545Needed to redefine beliefs of the ChurchAddressed corruptionIndulgences were abolishedRejected Protestant belief in self-
interpretationChurch should be mysterious to instill faith
Charles Borromeo, Francis of Sales
The Council of Trent
Middle Ages, nuns (women devoted to the church) took care of the poor, orphaned and sick
Reformation: Women more involvedTeresa of Avila
Followed her own regimen of fasting, prayer and sleepInspired many to remain loyal to the
Church
Women and the Church
Teresa of Avila
Church courtTried witches, Protestants, hereticsSpanish Inquisition very harsh
Wanted religious uniformityHad a list of banned books
If read, you lost your soul
The Inquisition
Martin Luther’s 95 theses led to religious freedom
Result:Many different denominations of Christianity
Significance and Effects
Prejudice against Jews and Muslims (from Protestants and Catholics)
Jews forced to live in ghettosWalled off section of city with like-people
Witch Hunts became more frequent (bad harvests)
People were more nationalisticLed to separation of church and state
Persecution and Politics
1494 HRE Charles V invades ItalyFrance, Spain, England all want control of
ItalyItalian WarsCharles V sacks Rome in 1527Significance: Expands Renaissance Ideas
Germany: Peace of AugsburgFrance: Henry of Navarre, Edict of Nantes
Religious Wars
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