The Renaissance and Reformation

Renaissance means REBIRTH….Of learning, knowledge, and arts

What is the Renaissance?

1. What were the causes of the Renaissance?2. How did Renaissance ideas spread

northward and influence Northern culture and society?

3. What were the causes and effects of the Protestant Reformation?

4. How did the Catholic response to the Protestant Reformation affect the Catholic Church?

Essential Questions

Society had changed.Why?

Black Death=Less PeopleLess people=Food SurplusFood Surplus=More Money

The Rise of City-StatesItaly was divided into large city-states in the

NorthLarge papal states and kingdoms in the South

I. The Beginning of the Renaissance

Venice = sea tradeMilan = agriculture, silk, weaponsFlorence = bankers

The Renaissance started in ItalyWhy?Cultural diffusion from the CrusadesLocation

Italian City-States

I. HumanismBelieved individuals and accomplishments

were importantHumans were important,

not religionHuman mind was limitlessWrote in vernacular

Vernacular: Everyday speech

Renaissance Ideas

1500s Italy was at war, life was not securePeople began to leave the Catholic Church

Thought the church had failed themSecular means worldly, not of the church

“Renaissance Man”Smart, worldly, artistic, speak Latin

and GreekThe Courtier by Castiglione,

described this man

II. Secular Writers/Beliefs

Written by Machiavelli, a political philosopherBelieved rulers must do what is necessary to

keep control“The ends justify the means”

The Prince

Most people focused on history, geography, politics

Science begins to emerge Problem: It challenged the Catholic ChurchChurch taught geocentricism

Earth=center of the universeScientists taught heliocentricism

Sun=center of the universeCopernicus and Galileo, scientists' who fought

against the Catholic ChurchBoth arrested by the Church

III. Science of the Renaissance

PatronsSomeone who pays for art

Middle Ages: Art was created by anonymous artists

Renaissance: artists worked for whoever paid the most money

IV. Renaissance Art

Florence, ItalyVery wealthy merchantsPatrons of the Arts

Gave $ to artists, intellectuals, musicians

Lorenzo de Medici largest patron

The Medici Family

Painted natural world, realisticStudied Perspective

3DVery different from medieval art

How?Painted some religious scenes, also sculpted

ancient Greek formsShows interest in Classics

Architecture used columns, arches…sound similar?

Styles/Techniques

Perspective

Medieval versus. Renaissance Art

Painter, writer, engineer, architect, mathematician, musician and philosopher

Works: The Last Supper, The Mona LisaFlying machines, canals, designed 1st

machine gun

Leonardo da Vinci

The Last Supper

Mona Lisa

Sculptors studied anatomy Why? Realism

Won fame with Pieta Sculpture of Mary and Jesus

Works: David, ceiling of the Sistine Chapel

Sistine Chapel Tour

Michelangelo

The Pieta

SculptorWork: David

Donatello

Painter and ArchitectMost famous work is The School of Athens

A fresco, paint on wet plaster

Raphael

Renaissance architectWork: St. Peter’s Basilica

Bramante

St. Peter’s Basilica

The Northern Renaissance

Trade networks across Europe grewTrade was

controlled by the Hanseatic LeagueMerchant organizationOperated to protect

its membersRenaissance ideas spread

through trade from Italy

I. Trading Goods and Ideas

Johannes GutenbergDeveloped the moveable type printing pressTexts were now cheaperCheaper books Ownership increases

Increase in literacy Renaissance ideas spread

Gutenberg Bible 1st book to be printed

Revolution!

Moveable Type

ErasmusPriestChristian HumanismSimple life, education of childrenCondemned by the Catholic Church

Philosophers and Writers

Best known for UtopiaMeant for a

humanist audienceCriticized government,

wanted perfect society based on reason and logic

Sir Thomas More

Greatest English PlaywrightSpread Renaissance ideas to the massesPlays were a shift from religious morals of the

Middle AgesWrote in the vernacularRomeo and Juliet, Macbeth, Hamlet

William Shakespeare

Focused on the role of women

Wrote biographies of royalsWrote guides for

women on moralityChampion of education

and equality for women

Christine de Pisan

Influenced by Italian artistsVery realistic paintersItalians = beauty of ancient Rome and GreeceNorthern = depicted realism of people and

nature

Albrecht DurerPainted oils

Jan van EyckLandscapes and domestic life

Northern artists used religious symbolism

Northern Renaissance Artists

Albrecht Durer

Jan van Eyck

ART Italian Renaissance Northern Renaissance

Subject Matter Interiors, Portraits, Landscapes

Style Symmetrical, Perspective,

BalancedKnown For

Media Frescoes, Sculpture, Oil

Example

Artists Jan van Eyck, Albrecht Durer

Italian v. Northern Renaissance

The Protestant Reformation

Wealth of the church grew, money = corruption

Respect for the church began to dropChurch taxed citizens to pay for projects

Indulgences:The Pope need moneySolution: Sell indulgences

Pardon that reduces time spent in purgatory

“Selling salvation”

I. Problems with the Church

Indulgences

John Wycliffe: 1330s, church should give up possessions

Jan Hus: 1370s, preached against immorality of the Church1412, excommunicated by the Pope, later

burned at the stake

II. Reformers

1517 The Year the Protestant Reformation began!

Luther made complaints about the ChurchCalled the 95 Theses

Thesis: ArgumentWritten in Latin, directed towards church leadersMailed complaints to the church door

Said Indulgences were sinful

Martin Luther

God’s grace cannot be won through works alone

Needed faith for salvationHead of the church is Jesus Christ, NOT the

PopeInsisted on people interpreting the scriptures

for themselvesTranslated Bible into German

Why? So common people can read it.

Luther’s Platforms

1520, Pope Leo X excommunicated LutherExcommunicated: no longer part of the church

1521, summoned to appear before the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V at the Diet of WormsHRE said Luther was an outlaw and

condemned his work1529, HRE Charles V tried to suppress

Luther’s writingHis followers “protested” = Protestants

Reactions to Luther

Luther at the Diet of Worms

Lutheranism = GermanySwitzerland = Ulrich Zwingli

TheocracyCriticized by LutherFollowers often attacked by CatholicsDies in battle 1531

Geneva, Switzerland = John CalvinPreached predestination

God knows who will be saved Church attendance was mandatoryVery strict

The Spread of Protestantism

Scotland = John KnoxRoots of PresbyterianismPresbytery

Governed by clergy and the members

Another group develops: The AnabaptistsBaptized adultsCrime at the time since you were

baptized as an infantWhy? Original Sin

Henry VIIIBecame King of England in 1509, age 17Devout Catholic, denounced LutherBy 1525, wife had only one child (Mary)Needed a male heir, but his wife, Catherine of

Aragone was olderAsked the Pope to annul the marriageProblem:

HRE Charles V was Catherine’s nephewPope said no

Protestantism in England

Reformation ParliamentHenry VII summoned Parliament said England

was no longer under the rule of the Catholic Church

Started his own church, The Anglican ChurchVERY SIMILAR to Catholicism

In American, known as the Episcopal Church

Henry VIII and his solution

Total 6 wives, 3 childrenCatherine of Aragon Mary DivorcedAnne Boleyn Elizabeth BeheadedJane Seymour Edward VI DiedAnn of Cleves No children DivorcedCatherine Howard No children BeheadedKatherine Parr No children Survived

Henry VIII and his wives

At his death, son Edward VI took the throne (son of Jane Seymour) 1547

Edward VI dies 1552Mary (daughter of Catherine of Aragon)

comes to powerKills protestants “Bloody Mary”

Mary dies, Elizabeth I takes throne (daughter of Anne Boleyn)

After Henry VIII

Edward VIMary I

Elizabeth I

Known as The Golden AgeThreatened by Catholics who wanted Mary

Queen of Scots to ruleShe persecuted Catholics

Significance: Firmly established Anglican Church

England under Elizabeth

The Counter Reformation

CorruptionFinancial AbuseLoss of Members to the Protestant

Reformation

Solution: The Counter ReformationResponse of the Catholic Church to criticisms

Problems

SavonarolaPreached sermons against the Catholic ChurchChurch should give up material possessionsInspired people to burn jewelry and trinkets

“Bonfire of the VanitiesExcommunicated and executed in 1498

Early Reformers

Wanted to reform Catholic spirituality and service

Founder: Ignatius of LoyolaEmphasized discipline and obedience to the

churchConcentrated on education

Universities, Colleges, Missions(In the USA: Boston College, Georgetown,

Gonzaga)

The Jesuits

Pope Paul III 1545Needed to redefine beliefs of the ChurchAddressed corruptionIndulgences were abolishedRejected Protestant belief in self-

interpretationChurch should be mysterious to instill faith

Charles Borromeo, Francis of Sales

The Council of Trent

Middle Ages, nuns (women devoted to the church) took care of the poor, orphaned and sick

Reformation: Women more involvedTeresa of Avila

Followed her own regimen of fasting, prayer and sleepInspired many to remain loyal to the

Church

Women and the Church

Teresa of Avila

Church courtTried witches, Protestants, hereticsSpanish Inquisition very harsh

Wanted religious uniformityHad a list of banned books

If read, you lost your soul

The Inquisition

Martin Luther’s 95 theses led to religious freedom

Result:Many different denominations of Christianity

Significance and Effects

Prejudice against Jews and Muslims (from Protestants and Catholics)

Jews forced to live in ghettosWalled off section of city with like-people

Witch Hunts became more frequent (bad harvests)

People were more nationalisticLed to separation of church and state

Persecution and Politics

1494 HRE Charles V invades ItalyFrance, Spain, England all want control of

ItalyItalian WarsCharles V sacks Rome in 1527Significance: Expands Renaissance Ideas

Germany: Peace of AugsburgFrance: Henry of Navarre, Edict of Nantes

Religious Wars