the industrial revolution chapter 25. i. beginnings of the industrial revolution increased output of...
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The Industrial RevolutionThe Industrial Revolution
Chapter 25Chapter 25
I. Beginnings of the Industrial I. Beginnings of the Industrial RevolutionRevolution
Increased output of machine-made Increased output of machine-made goodsgoods
Began in England in 1700sBegan in England in 1700s Had resources to support it (water power Had resources to support it (water power
and coal, iron ore, rivers, harbors)and coal, iron ore, rivers, harbors) Had all 3 Had all 3 factors of productionfactors of production::
1.1. LandLand2.2. LaborLabor3.3. Capital (wealth)Capital (wealth)
Spread to Europe and North AmericaSpread to Europe and North America People wove textiles by hand before the I.R.People wove textiles by hand before the I.R.
Beginnings of the Industrial Beginnings of the Industrial Revolution (cont’d)Revolution (cont’d)
Agricultural Revolution helped Agricultural Revolution helped jumpstart the I.R. jumpstart the I.R.
Wealthy landowners bought more Wealthy landowners bought more land, called land, called enclosuresenclosures (b/c they put (b/c they put fences around them.)fences around them.) Experimented with more productive Experimented with more productive
methods, which led to methods, which led to crop rotationcrop rotation: : rotated crops to restore nutrients to the rotated crops to restore nutrients to the soil. soil.
Important InventionsImportant Inventions
1.1. Cotton Gin by Eli Cotton Gin by Eli WhitneyWhitney
Separated raw Separated raw cotton from the cotton from the seedsseeds
American cotton American cotton production went production went from 1.5 million from 1.5 million pounds to 85 pounds to 85 million poundsmillion pounds
Important InventionsImportant Inventions
2.2. Steam Engine by James WattSteam Engine by James Watt Invented a much more efficient engine Invented a much more efficient engine
with help of with help of entrepreneur entrepreneur (Boulton); (Boulton); organizes, manages, and takes on the organizes, manages, and takes on the risks of businessrisks of business
Led to steam boats and steam Led to steam boats and steam powered locomotives (trains)powered locomotives (trains)
Important InventionsImportant Inventions
3.3. RailroadRailroad Spurred industrial growthSpurred industrial growth Created hundreds of thousands of new Created hundreds of thousands of new
jobsjobs Boosted agricultural and fishing Boosted agricultural and fishing
industries (could now transport their industries (could now transport their products far away)products far away)
Encouraged people to take distant city Encouraged people to take distant city jobsjobs
Impacts of IndustrializationImpacts of Industrialization
1.1. Widened the wealth gap between Widened the wealth gap between industrialized and non-industrialized industrialized and non-industrialized countriescountries
But it strengthened their ties meaning:But it strengthened their ties meaning:--industrialized countries needed raw --industrialized countries needed raw
materials for their factories to run (from materials for their factories to run (from less developed places)less developed places)
--saw the non-industrialized countries as --saw the non-industrialized countries as markets to sell their productsmarkets to sell their products
--leads to imperialism--one country’s rule over --leads to imperialism--one country’s rule over another landanother land
Impacts of Industrialization (cont’d)Impacts of Industrialization (cont’d)
2.2. Transformed SocietyTransformed Society Gave Europe tremendous Gave Europe tremendous
economic powereconomic power Population, health, and wealth Population, health, and wealth
eventually rose, despite harsh eventually rose, despite harsh working conditionsworking conditions
Development of a middle class Development of a middle class created better education and created better education and democratic participation democratic participation
II. Rise of SocialismII. Rise of Socialism
BackgroundBackground I.R. increased the gap between rich I.R. increased the gap between rich
and poorand poor Business leaders wanted the gov’t to Business leaders wanted the gov’t to
stay out of business affairsstay out of business affairs Reformers thought gov’t should play Reformers thought gov’t should play
an active role to improve conditionsan active role to improve conditions Workers wanted more rights and Workers wanted more rights and
protectionprotection
Philosophers of IndustrializationPhilosophers of Industrialization
Laissez faireLaissez faire: economic policy of : economic policy of letting owners of industry and letting owners of industry and business set working conditions business set working conditions without interference (“hands off” “let without interference (“hands off” “let do” policy)do” policy)
Adam SmithAdam Smith Defended the idea of free economyDefended the idea of free economy The Wealth of Nations The Wealth of Nations economic economic
liberty guaranteed economic progressliberty guaranteed economic progress
Philosophers of IndustrializationPhilosophers of Industrialization
Smith and others laid the foundation Smith and others laid the foundation for for CapitalismCapitalism: economic system : economic system where the factors of production where the factors of production (land, labor, capital) are privately (land, labor, capital) are privately owned and money is invested in owned and money is invested in business ventures to make a profitbusiness ventures to make a profit
Rise of SocialismRise of Socialism
In contrast to laissez-faire, others In contrast to laissez-faire, others believed governments should believed governments should intervene in businessintervene in business
SocialismSocialism: factors of production are : factors of production are owned by the public and operate for owned by the public and operate for the welfare of all. the welfare of all.
Rise of Socialism (cont’d)Rise of Socialism (cont’d)
Karl MarxKarl Marx The Communist ManifestoThe Communist Manifesto: book : book
outlining his radical ideas of Socialism outlining his radical ideas of Socialism (communism)(communism)
A form of complete socialism in which A form of complete socialism in which the means of production would be the means of production would be owned by the people (all goods and owned by the people (all goods and services would be shared equally.)services would be shared equally.)
Reform MovementReform Movement
The gap b/t rich and poor failed to The gap b/t rich and poor failed to widen like Marx predicted because of widen like Marx predicted because of reforms set by the govt’s. reforms set by the govt’s. Workers joined Workers joined unionsunions: voluntary labor : voluntary labor
associationsassociations Unions went on Unions went on strikestrike: refusal to work; : refusal to work;
to get better working conditions/wagesto get better working conditions/wages
Reform Movement (cont’d)Reform Movement (cont’d)
Reform laws createdReform laws created Child labor lawsChild labor laws Women labor lawsWomen labor laws Britain abolished slavery in 1825; U.S. in Britain abolished slavery in 1825; U.S. in
18651865 Free public educationFree public education
U.S. Civil War and Expansion
Ch. 26 Section 3
IV. U.S. Civil War
Background• 1803 Thomas Jefferson bought Louisiana
Purchase from Napoleon. (doubled the size of the U.S.)
• 1819 Spain gave up Florida• 1846 Great Britain gave part of the Oregon
Territory to the U.S.
U.S. Civil War (cont’d)
• 1836 Texans revolted from Mexico and won independence
• 1845 Texas annexed by U.S. (Mexico still claimed Texas so U.S. and Mexico fought the Mexican-American War)
• 1853 Gadsden Purchase: U.S. got its modern day boundaries
• Led to Manifest Destiny: the idea that the U.S. had the right and duty to rule North America from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean • Helped justify kicking Native Americans off of their lands
Civil War Begins
• All the new territory led to conflicts on whether the new land should enter the Union as Free or Slave states.
• This separated the North and South • North: farms and industry; relied on mostly free
workers• South: Farms (cotton); relied mostly on slaves
Civil War Begins
• 1860-Abraham Lincoln elected president. • South really angry and secedes: withdrew from the union• April 12, 1861 Confederates fired on Fort Sumter and the
Civil War began• North won in April 1865 due mostly to a larger population,
better transportation and resources, and more factories
Civil War (cont’d)
• 1863 Emancipation Proclamation issued by President Lincoln: declared all slaves in the states of rebellion to be free.
• 13th Amendment passed after the war: abolished slavery in the U.S.
• Reconstruction: 1865-1877 Union troops occupied the south to enforce constitutional policies
Post-Civil War
• Civil War sped economy greatly, by 1914 the U.S. was a major industrial power.
• Immigration grew rapidly; by 1914 20 million had moved from Europe and Asia
• Leads to transcontinental railroad and other important inventions.
1919thth Century Inventions Century Inventions
Ch. 26 Section 4Ch. 26 Section 4
V. 19V. 19thth Century Inventions Century Inventions
Thomas Edison: light bulb, phonographThomas Edison: light bulb, phonograph Alexander Graham Bell: telephoneAlexander Graham Bell: telephone Henry FordHenry Ford
Assembly lineAssembly line: line of workers : line of workers
who each put a single piece who each put a single piece
on unfinished cars as they on unfinished cars as they
passed on a moving beltpassed on a moving belt Wright Brothers: airplaneWright Brothers: airplane
1919thth Century Inventions (cont’d) Century Inventions (cont’d)
Germ Theory of DiseaseGerm Theory of Disease Led to pasteurizationLed to pasteurization Sterilization in hospitalsSterilization in hospitals Plumbing and sewage systemsPlumbing and sewage systems Vaccines for typhus, typhoid fever, yellow Vaccines for typhus, typhoid fever, yellow
fever, etc. fever, etc.
1919thth Century Inventions Century Inventions (cont’d)(cont’d)
Charles DarwinCharles Darwin Theory of EvolutionTheory of Evolution: idea of change through : idea of change through
natural selection; everything evolved from natural selection; everything evolved from earlier living formsearlier living forms
John Dalton: atomsJohn Dalton: atoms Dmitri Mendeleev: periodic tableDmitri Mendeleev: periodic table Marie Curie: radioactivity- energyMarie Curie: radioactivity- energy
The Age of Imperialism
Chapter 27
VI. The Scramble for Africa
Imperialism – the seizure of a country or territory by a stronger country
Africa before Imperialism 100s of languages and ethnic groups Mostly traditional beliefs (some Muslim and
Christian influence) Some empires and some villages
The Scramble for Africa
Forces that drove Imperialism European Superiority – “We’re more civilized than
they are.” Nationalism – Pride in your country, and its
accomplishments Social Darwinism – Survival of the Fittest Missionary work – to “save the heathens”
Imperialistic Countries from Europe in African Areas
British Imperialism in India
Britain began to colonize in India in the 1600s
Why colonize in India? Because of the potential economic impact
that it could have for the Europeans (it would make them even richer!)
Britain considered India the “Jewel in the crown” of their expansion efforts.
British Imperialism in India
Positives1) Built Railroads2) Built roads3) Built Hospitals4) Built dams, bridges, and
irrigation5) Sanitation a public health
improved6) Schools and colleges were built,
so literacy improved7) Cleared India of bandits and
thieves
Negatives1) British held most of the
political and economic power2) British were racists3) Famine caused because
Indians were reliant on cash-crops instead of food crops
4) Revolts lead to persecution and death
British Imperialism in India
Indians became more demanding for their rights. They hated the fact that the British were there.
Sepoy Mutiny Nationalism grew for the
Indians
Imperialism in Southeast Asia Who was involved in Southeast Asia?
Dutch Portuguese British French United States
Results: Typical improvements to the countries colonized, and typical resentment for “intruding.”
Summary of Imperialism
IMPERIALISM CAUSES
1) Nationalism
2) Economic Competition
3) Missionary Spirit
DEFINITION
the seizure of a country or territory by a stronger country
EFFECTS
1) Colonization
2) Economic Expansion
3) Christianization
VII. China and VII. China and JapanJapanChapter 28Chapter 28
ChinaChina
Opium WarOpium War Chinese were addicted to Opium Chinese were addicted to Opium
(which the British smuggled into (which the British smuggled into China)China)
Sea Battles: British won (of course)Sea Battles: British won (of course) Acquired Hong KongAcquired Hong Kong
Extraterritorial rightsExtraterritorial rights (foreigners were (foreigners were not subject to Chinese law in their not subject to Chinese law in their ports)ports)
Changes in ChinaChanges in China
Disagreement over modernizationDisagreement over modernization Empress Cixi (tso-shee)- Empress Cixi (tso-shee)- Self-Self-
strengthening Movementstrengthening Movement updated China’s education and military updated China’s education and military
systemssystems built few factories built few factories
USA feared China would be colonized USA feared China would be colonized so it declared the so it declared the Open Door PolicyOpen Door Policy China would be open to all merchantsChina would be open to all merchants
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