industrial revolution 1700 – 1900 chapter 25. industrial revolution definition: the greatly...
TRANSCRIPT
Industrial Revolution
1700 – 1900
Chapter 25
Industrial Revolution
Definition: the greatly increased output of machine-made goods that began in the mid 1700’s
Agricultural Rev. paves the way
Changes in agriculture helped lead to changes in the way goods were producedEnclosuresSeed drillCrop rotation
* As the population grew… people sought work in factories
1636 1830
1905
Today
Images: LOC & Discover Edu.
Why England?
Politics Stability No wars on their soil Laws to protect businesses
Economics Investments Bank loans
Factors of production- resources needed to produce goods and services Land= natural resources
Water power and coal Iron ore for machine construction Rivers for inland transportation Harbors for merchant ships
Labor= people to work Capital= wealth ($$$)
More Inventions
Transportation Steam
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/victorians/launch_ani_beam_engine.shtml
New roads (turnpikes) Railroads- steam locomotives
Effects Cheap way to transport materials and finished products Jobs for miners and RR workers Transportation for fishing and agricultural products Travel to and from cities for work and pleasure
Inventions Spur Industrialization
Textile industry Cotton gin Fly shuttle (doubled weaving output) Spinning Jenny (used 8 threads at a time to weave
cloth) Water frame (power source) Spinning Mule (combined the jenny with water frame) Power loom
* Factories emerged b/c these machines were HUGE!
Images from LOC and Discover education
Positive Effects of Industrialization
Higher wages in factories than farms Higher standard of living Technological advancement and inventions Hope for improvement in lives among poor More jobs in cities- Urbanization (city building)
movement of people to cities London and Manchester
A Manchester Factory
1840'S view of mills 2) Same view in 1976
www.conservationtech.com/x-MILLTOWNS/RL-Photo...
Negative Effects of Industrialization
Cities grew too quicklyNo development plans for sanitation, building
codes, no police protection, not enough education or housing
Poor factory conditionsEpidemics due to no sanitation and close
living quarters Life span= 17 yrs in cities, 38 yrs in rural areas
Industrial Age Class Structure
Landowners- “old money people” or Noblility Middle Class- skilled workers, professionals,
business people, wealthy farmers, bankers, factory owners, etc. Upper and lower middle class emerged
Upper- govt workers, doctors, lawyers, factory managers, etc.
Lower- Skilled workers (mechanics, toolmakers, printers, etc) Both enjoyed a comfortable standard of living
The Working Class
Those who simply worked in factories and businesses
Eventually saw loss of jobs due to machines Working Conditions Long hours Injuries No government protection Women and children were cheap labor
Industrial Revolution
The Spread of Industrialization
Reforming the Industrial World
Chapter 25 Sections 3 & 4
US Industrial Age
Land, Labor and Capital +++++ Began in the textile industry
1789- Samuel Slater emigrated to the US and built a spinning machine from memory and a “borrowed” partial design plan
Most factories were in the northeast until after the Civil War
Expanded Railroads Inventions- telephone, electrical expansion, light bulb
Corporations Develop
Entrepreneur- person who organizes, manages and takes risks on a business
Stock- sale of a business with some rights of ownership
Corporation- a business owned by stock holders who share in the profits formed when small businesses merged
**** Goal= raise $ to expand business to make more $$$$$$ ****
Industrialization of Continental Europe Napoleonic Wars = negative effects
Halted trade Interrupted communications InflationWide gap in wealth b/t Britain and others
Belgium = 1st to industrialize Had resources and another “borrowed” design
Others Industrialize…or Don’t
Those that did…. Were hampered by politics, and scattered resources Industrialized in regions or based on resources Copied British models & even sent kids to England RR linked the industrial regions Had many social and economic problems
Those that did not…. Had few resources to work with Were mountainous (Austria and Spain) and RR could not be used for
transportation and expansion France
Avoided social & economic problems due to strong agricultural industry
Really became industrialized after 1830 when govt controlled RR
Impact of Industrialization
Global inequality- powerful industrialized nations hold more power over less-developed nations
Imperialism- policy of extending one country’s rule over many other lands
US and Western Europe industrialized, Asia and Africa remained agricultural
Revolutionized every aspect of daily life!
Philosophers of Industrialization
Laissez faire- “let-do” economic policy that favors free markets by letting industry and business set working conditions w/out govt interference Came out of the Enlightenment Adam Smith A Wealth of Nations economic liberty
guaranteed economic progress through 3 natural laws of economics
Self interest Competition Supply and demand
Capitalism & Laissez Faire
Economic system in which factors of production (land, labor, capital) are owned by private individuals 1798 population growth>food supply
w/out war and epidemics to kill people off, they would be poor and miserable
1917 permanent under class = poverty When resources and labor are cheap, wages and prices would be
low Believed wages would decrease as pop. Increased
Core Belief of laissez faire philosophy Government should not help poor workers Creating minimum wage laws = upset to free market system
Lower profits and undermine production of wealth
Contrasting Views
Utilitarianism- ideas, institutions, and actions should be based on their usefulness and Government should promote the greatest good for the greatest number of people
Utopia- a reform approach in which factory owners “took care of” workers’ needs
Socialism
F.O.P are owned by the public and operate for the good of all
Grew out of beliefs in progress, concern for social justice and that government should plan the economy
Government control would eliminate poverty and social injustices
Radical Socialism
Karl Marx- Communist Manifesto Haves and have notsPredicted worker revolts leading to workers
controlling the government and then a class-less society
Pure Communism= a complete socialism in which all the factors of production would be owned by “the people,” no private ownership and all goods/services shared equally
Reform Movements
Labor Unions- fought for better working conditions, higher wages, and government regulation of businesses Strike- refusal to work Government response – laws to outlaw unions that were
later appealed (England) Laws- government investigations
Factory Act of 1833- no workers under age 9, 8 hrs. for 9-12 year olds and 12 hours for 13-17 year olds
Mines Act 1842- no women or children in mines Ten Hours Act of 1847- 10 hr. days for women and
children
Spread of Reforms
US government also set labor laws, but the Supreme Court disagreed and left them up to states
Abolishment of Slavery England 1833 USA 1865 Ended in all Colonies in 1888 (Brazil was last)
Women’s rights Push for equal pay and voting rights began
Reforms also occurred in education (Free, public for all) and prisons (protections for criminals)
Democratic ideals began to spread to other areas
The Age of Imperialism
Chapter 27
The Scramble for Africa
lism – the seizure of a country or territory by a stronger country
Africa before Imperialism100s of languages and ethnic groupsMostly traditional beliefs (some Muslim and
Christian influence)Some empires and some villages
The Scramble for Africa
Why was Europe not involved earlier?Africa was too vastAfrica was too tough to navigate/exploreAfrica had their own trade networks, didn’t
need EuropeansAfrica had some tough armies for protection
The Scramble for Africa
Forces that drove ImperialismEuropean Superiority – “We’re more civilized
than they are.” Nationalism – Pride in your country, and its
accomplishmentsSocial Darwinism – Survival of the FittestMissionary work – to “save the heathens”
The Berlin Conference (1913)
14 European Nations 0 African Nations Why- to divide Africa among the
Europeans to avoid conflicts Results- Colonization, separated tribes,
united rival groups. (Long term effects continue today- Rwanda)
Europeans in Muslim Lands
Ottomans were failing weak leadership, corrupt gov’t, economic
problems
Why- EXCELLENT position as a cross-roads for trade between Europe, Africa, and Asia
British Imperialism in India
Why colonize in India?Because of the potential economic impact that
it could have for the Europeans.Britain considered India the “Jewel in the
crown” of their expansion efforts.TONS of awesome natural resourcesLOCATION for trade.
British Imperialism in India
Positives1) Built Railroads2) Built roads3) Built Hospitals4) Built dams, bridges, and
irrigation5) Sanitation a public health
improved6) Schools and colleges were
built, so literacy improved7) Cleared India of bandits and
thieves
Negatives1) British held most of the
political and economic power
2) British were racists3) Famine caused because
Indians were reliant on cash-crops instead of food crops
4) Revolts lead to persecution and death
Imperialism in Southeast Asia
Who was involved in South East Asia? Dutch Portuguese British French United States
Results: Typical improvements to the countries colonized, and typical resentment for “intruding.” (very similar to India)
Summary of Imperialism
IMPERIALISM CAUSES
1) Nationalism
2) Economic Competition
3) Missionary Spirit
DEFINITION
the seizure of a country or territory by a stronger country
EFFECTS
1) Colonization
2) Economic Expansion
3) Christianization
Rise of Nationalism
Comparing the Nation-State in Germany and Japan
Political Thoughts
Conservative- protecting the national monarchies (wealthy property owners and nobility)
Liberal- power to elected parliaments. only educated and landowners would vote (middle-class business owners merchants)
Radical- drastic changes- democracy for all
Blurring the lines….
Nationalism- loyalty to the nation of people sharing a common culture and history
Nation-state: a nation with an independent government that represents itself to the world and defends it’s territory (In 1815 only 3 existed)
Effects of Nationalism
Positive Overcome differences
for common good Overthrow of colonial
rule Democratic govts Competition leading
to advancements
Negative Forced assimilation Ethnic cleansing Extreme movements Competition leading
to war
Types of Nationalist Movements
Unification: Mergers of politically divided, but culturally unified lands (Germany)
Separation: culturally distinct groups resist unification or break away (Greeks)
State-building: culturally distinct groups form a new state and single culture (USA)
Time-line (Germany)
Break-up of old Empires (Austrian) 1815- 39 German states- loose federation 1848- Prussia writes a liberal constitution 1968- Otto von Bismarck- master of real
politics- Prime Minister Took over control (violated the
Constitution)
Bismarck’s Policies
1868- Prussia and Austria form alliance- war with Denmark- win landQuick victory increased national pride
7-Weeks War: caused trouble between Prussia and Austria- took control of N. Germany
1870- French declare war on Prussia (manipulated by Bismarck)
Franco-Prussian War
Who- France and Prussia Why- Supposed insult on Prussian King Final stage in German unification- now
Southern Germany was on board
King Wilhelm I of Prussia declared KAISER
Five Great European Powers Emerge Congress of Vienna- England, France,
Austria, Prussia and Russia
By 1871 Germany and Britain were most powerful: Shifted balance of power
CONCEPT CHECK
Fold your paper into 4- sections
Choose 4 items to define via picture notesNationalism Nation State
Conservative Liberal
Radical Otto von Bismarck
Five Great Powers
The Age of Democracy and Progress1815 - 1914Chapter 26
Sections 1-4
Reforms and Activism
Cause- changes and problems that resulted from industrialization and urbanization
Suffrage right to vote was only given to about 5% of British who owned a lot of land
Reform Bill of 1832- wealthy middle class (bankers, factory owners, merchants) were granted suffrage
The Chartist Movement
Wrote the People’s Charter in 1838 Demands- suffrage for all men, annual
Parliamentary elections, secret ballots, pay for Parliament members, etc.
Not until the early 1900’s did most demands become law in England- annual elections was the only one not met
Suffrage for Women
Began in the 1800’s Resistance- too radical a break with tradition
and women were not capable of participating in politics
WSPU (Women’s Social and Political Union) became militant and members were arrested and imprisoned
Women were given the right to vote after WWI in both England and the USA
France, Dreyfus, and Zionism
France’s Third Republic-established in 1875, lasted 60 years
Threatened by monarchists, aristocrats, clergy and military leaders who wanted monarchy or military rule
Dreyfus- Jewish Army officer falsely accused of selling military secrets
Anti-Semitism- prejudice against Jews led to mass exodus from Eastern Europe to America
Zionism- the desire for a Jewish homeland (Israel) in Palestine began in the 1890’s
19th Century Progress
Power Gasoline- internal combustion engine- automobiles Electricity- by 1870 to power machines
Communication Bell’s telephone (1876) Marconi’s radio (1895) could send Morse Code with out wires
Transportation Automobile- Germans in 1880’s hand made and were expensive Ford- assembly line made cars affordable (Model T was first built
in 1908 and cost $850. by 1916 it was $300. and 3.5 million were being driven
Wright Brothers- flight in 1903 began the airline industry
New Ideas in medicine
Pasteur= discovered bacteria and process to kill germs in liquids= Pasteurization
Lister= germ killing liquids for wounds and kept hospitals clean
Public officials realized that bacteria caused diseases and developed sewage and plumbing systems
Researchers developed vaccines for yellow fever, typhus, typhoid fever, diphtheria and yellow fever
New ideas in science
Darwin’s theory of evolution- natural selection= there is not enough food, so species compete- the “fittest” survive by being the best adapting to their environment
Chemistry and physics= elements, atoms, Pierre and Marie Curie discovered radium and
plutonium that let off energy called radioactivity
New ideas in social sciences
Social Darwinism= survival of the fittest in society- led to racism
New discoveries of cultures led to archaeology, anthropology and sociology
Psychology Pavlov= actions are unconscious reactions to experiences Freud= unconscious mind (impulses, memories, and
desires) drives how we act* Challenged Enlightenment and belief that humans could
protect themselves through reason
Test Review
Nationalism, Imperialism, and Industrialization
Test Review What happened to the Ottoman Empire by 1914?
In the first ½ of the 1800s who would be a political liberal? Conservative? Radical?
What are key characteristics of Nationalism?
What groups would be influenced by nationalist movements of the 1800s?
Test Review
What were the results of the Berlin Conference?
What were the Five Great Powers?
What were some political tactics that Otto von Bismarck used to unite German states?
Which nation changed by 1871?
Test Review
What was divine right used to support?
What system of government did England have by the end of the 1600s?
Why did nation-states form more slowly in Eastern Europe than in Western Europe?
Test Review
What nation did Japan model its constitution after?
What idea did the Japanese adopt from the Americans during the Meiji era?
What effect did Commodore Perry have on the Japanese?
Test Review
What is crop rotation?
How did crop rotation effect crop yields?
What were the effects of the agricultural revolution?
What are the three factors of production?
Test Review
Where would you find a water frame and spinning wheel in the late 1700s?
What were improvements during the Industrial Revolution?
What were some of the negatives associated with industrialization?
Test Review
How did Britain attempt to protect its industrial secrets?
What were some reasons why England was first to industrialize?
Why would a person want to be a stock-holder in a corporation?
Test Review
What caused urbanization of cities?
What was the main reason for a shorter life-span in urban areas?
In what areas did problems caused by industrialization and urbanization lead to reform movements?
Test Review
How did the new middle class change British society?
How did the steam engine and railroad benefit industry and society?
Who was Karl Marx, what did he write, and what economic system did he defend?
Test Review
What is the laissez-faire policy?
Who was Adam Smith, what did he write, what system did he defend?
What is the relationship between communism and socialism?
Test Review
What was the purpose of the People’s Charter of 1838?
Before voting reforms, who could vote in Britain?
When did women earn suffrage?
Test Review
How did world-wide industrialization effect relationships between nations that were and were not industrialized?
Why was India the “Jewel in the Crown” of England?
What is paternalism and how did Europeans use it in their colonies?