the immune system
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THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
Julia Viola, Jane Frank, Jacquie Monteleone, and Alexa Saporito
OVERVIEW Overall Purpose:
Identify foreign pathogens and antigens
Recognize a substance as non-self
Allergic/inflammatory response“Eat” pathogens and REMEMBER them for next time
InnateSkin
Mucus membranesSalivaCiliaUrineTears
PhagocytesInflammation
(non-specific)
AdaptiveLymphocytesAntibodies
(specific)
SKIN Primary physical barrier, part of the innate immune system
Releases enzymes to combat pathogens on the surface (sweat)
Hostile environment for bacteria
MUCUS, CILIA, SALIVA, TEARS, URINE Also part of innate immune system Present physical challenges to prevent
pathogens from entering the body Coughing, sneezing – trap invading
bacteria Stomach acid Lysozomes FEVER
SPECIALIZED CELLS Phagocytes
Specialized in finding and destroying bacteria, viruses, and dead or injured body cells
LymphocytesT cellsB cells
Antibodies
IMMUNE RESPONSE EXAMPLE
BONE MARROW Hematopoiesis – all immune system cells
derived from bone marrow Phagocytes:Granulocytes: first to respond by attacking
and eating invadersMacrophages: slower to respond, start as
monocytes and then turn into macrophages once leaving the bloodstream, activate the immune response
Dendritic Cells: capable of fluid filtration of body
LYMPH SYSTEM Primary Organs
Bone MarrowThymus Gland
Secondary OrgansAdenoidsTonsilsSpleenAppendixLymph Nodes
Lymph Alkaline fluid that flows into lymphatic vessels
Protects tissue and organs Lymph NodesSmall and bean-shapedFilter lymph fluid
LYMPHOCYTES Originate in the bone marrow Migrate to parts of the lymphatic systemLymph nodesSpleen Thymus
Two main types: T cells and B cells Lymph vessels transport and store lymph
T AND B CELLS T cells: Helper T – activate B cells
and killer T cells by dividing and producing certain proteins
Killer T – attack cells that have been infected with the intruder
B cells: plasma cell – produces antibodies
memory cell – prolonged life span which allows them to remember former intruders
ANTIBODIES Find and bind to matching antigens
Neutralize toxins and incapacitate viruses (by preventing them from infecting new cells)
THYMUS Produces mature T cells Releases mature T cells into the bloodstream
SPLEEN/TONSILS Immunologic filter of blood B cells become activated and
produce large amount of antibodies
Red blood cells are in the spleen
IMMUNITY AND CANCER Injecting the patient with immune
proteins to stimulate immune response Genetic engineering – isolating genes
for cancer antigens, combining them with a virus and using this as a vaccine
ASTHMA Asthma is a chronic lung disease that
causes episodes of difficult breathing. Asthma symptoms are caused primarily
due to constriction, tightening of the muscles surrounding the airways, and inflammation, soreness, swelling and irritation of the airways in the lungs.
BRONCHIAL TUBE
ASTHMA TRIGGERS
WHAT HAPPENS WHEN SWELLING OF AIRWAYS OCCURS?
Wheezing Shortness of breath Chest tightness Coughing
HOW ARE SYMPTOMS CONTROLLED?
Avoid triggersMedicationEnvironmental changeCurrently there is nothing available to
prevent you from getting asthmaThere are only ways to control asthma and
prevent asthma symptoms
ALLERGIES Allergies are abnormal immune
system reactions to things that are usually harmless to most people.
When you're allergic to something, your immune system overreacts and believes that this substance is harmful to your body or it is responding to a false alarm.
Things that cause allergic reactions, such as certain foods, dust, plant pollen, or medicines, are known as allergens.
ALLERGIES
ALLERGIES The immune system is designed to
identify intruders within the body and get rid of them.
For an allergic person, the immune system has a hard time identifying which are the dangerous intruders, and which ones are ok.
An allergic person has a hypersensitive immune system, which singles out a harmless substance then attacks it.
ALLERGY CAUSES
Everyone has antibodies, the agents of the immune system which fight various kinds of intruders.
The antibody which causes an allergic response is called IgE.
Immunoglobulin E or IgE is found in the lungs, skin and mucous membranes.
In an allergic person, the immune system's IgE can't tell the difference between threatening and non-threatening protein substances.
Interesting note – IgE levels are often higher in people with allergies
ALLERGY SYMPTOMS
Respiratory allergens cause symptoms like sneezing, sniffling, wheezing, coughing, runny nose, itchy eyes, sore throats, etc.
Skin irritants can cause eczema, hives, or other reactions.
Responses to food allergens differ greatly, and in severe cases can cause a possibly fatal condition, called anaphylaxis.
The first time you are exposed to a specific allergen, your body produces large amounts of IgE antibodies to work against that allergen.
Antibodies attach themselves to the cells containing histamine.
After repeated exposure to the allergen, histamine will be released in powerful amounts, causing an outbreak of allergy symptoms.
Histamine is an important chemical in the body, it can cause problems if it is released in the wrong situation.
Allergy symptoms are the body's attempt to eject a substance it identifies to be dangerous.
ALLERGY SYMPTOMS
ALLERGY TREATMENT
Skin Testing Blood Testing Allergy Shots Medication Unfortunately…there is no cure
ANAPHYLAXIS Anaphylaxis is a severe, whole-body
allergic reaction to a chemical that has become an allergen
Large amounts of histamine is released Occurs when the immune system
creates disease fighting anti-bodies (IgE) towards a substance
Life-threatening, can occur at any time
SYMPTOMS Abdominal pain Abnormal (high-pitched)
breathing sounds Anxiety Chest discomfort or
tightness Cough Diarrhea Difficulty breathing Difficulty swallowing Dizziness or light-
headedness
Hives, itchiness Nasal congestion Nausea or vomiting Palpitations Skin redness Slurred speech Swelling of the face, eyes,
or tongue Unconsciousness Wheezing
TREATMENT
Anaphylaxis is an emergency condition that needs professional medical attention right away
Epinephrine by injection (epi-pen) Quickly reverses anaphylactic
symptoms
ANTIBODIESImmunoglobulin A (IgA)Found in: Nose Breathing passages Digestive Tract Ears Eyes Saliva
Protects body surfaces that are exposed to outside invaders
Immunoglobulin G (IgG)Found in: All body fluids
Smallest but most common (75% to 85%) of all antibodies in the body
The only type of antibody that can cross the placenta to help protect baby during pregnancy
ANTIBODIESImmunoglobulin M (IgM)Found in: Blood Lymph Fluid
Largest in sizeFirst type of antibody made in response to an infection
Immunoglobulin E (IgE)Found in: Lungs Skin Mucous membranesCauses body to react against foreign invaders such as: Pollen Fungus spores Pet danderIgE levels higher in people with allergies
ANTIBODIESImmunoglobulin D (IgD)Found in: Small amounts of tissue
that line the belly and chest
Function is not clear
AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE The body’s immune system begins
attacking its own organs and structures
HIV/AIDS: a virus which causes the inactivation of T-cells
Multiple sclerosis: a disease in which the immune system attacks the brain and spinal cord
SOURCES http://www.nobelprize.org/educational/medicine/immunity/immune-detail.html http://www.microbiologybytes.com/iandi/1b.html http://www.austincc.edu/rfofi/NursingRvw/PhysText/Immuno.html http://www.cancerresearch.org/CRI/media/Content/Cancer%20Immunotherapy/Cancer-a
nd-the-Immune-System-The-Vital-Connection.pdf http://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/immuneSystem/immuneCells/Pages/phagocytes.aspx http://www.aboutkidshealth.ca/En/ResourceCentres/BloodandMarrowTransplant/AboutBlo
odandMarrowTransplants/Pages/BoneMarrowandtheImmuneSystem.aspx http://aids.gov/hiv-aids-basics/just-diagnosed-with-hiv-aids/treatment-options/overview-
of-hiv-treatments/
http://www.webmd.com/multiple-sclerosis/guide/ms-treatment?page=2
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